Table 2 - uploaded by Masashi Mizuno
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
In the natural world, there are many creatures with venoms that have interesting and varied activities. Although the sea anemone, a member of the phylum Coelenterata, has venom that it uses to capture and immobilise small fishes and shrimp and for protection from predators, most sea anemones are harmless to man. However, a few species are highly to...
Citations
... There is no doubt that human envenomation caused by marine animals is an actual problem, but not all current recommended first-aid treatments have been proven, though most have a solid basis and appear effective [8]. The symptoms of envenomation can range from mild local reactions to life-threatening systemic manifestations [9][10][11], depending on the type of marine organism involved and the severity of the envenomation [12][13][14][15][16]. These symptoms may subside, but the toxin present in the victim's body can still cause delayed complications, which are often underestimated but may manifest themselves at a later time, such as in multiple organ dysfunction. ...
... Sea anemones use venomous stings to catch prey and defend themselves. Although most species pose little threat to humans, some have highly toxic venoms that can be dangerous [11]. Although envenomation caused by sea anemones is not frequent and severe, they constitute a unique example worthy of consideration in this work. ...
Envenomation by marine animals poses a significant health concern globally, affecting both local residents and tourists in coastal regions. The primary objective of this review is to critically evaluate the existing scientific literature to determine the most effective first-aid treatment for envenomations caused by marine animals, specifically whether hot-water immersion (HWI) or ice-pack treatment (IPT) provides the best immediate care. This comprehensive review covers a wide range of marine envenomations, from jellyfish stings to stingray injuries. While our focus is primarily on the efficacy of HWI and IPT, we also explore the role of cold-water treatment as a result of its relevance and similarity to ice-pack applications. In addition, we examine other treatments mentioned in the literature, such as medications or vinegar, and highlight their findings where applicable. To provide a clear and structured overview, we summarised the articles in separate tables. These tables categorise the type of research conducted, the marine species studied, the region of origin of the marine species, and the key findings of each study. Our analysis of the available evidence indicates a general consensus in the scientific community on the effectiveness of HWI or IPT for envenomation by marine animals. However, when treating those injuries, it is crucial to consider all factors since there is no universally superior treatment due to the diverse nature of marine habitats.
... Platinum based regimen, known as a cause of anaemia due to its toxic effects on bone marrow and kidneys. [15][16][17][18][19][20] ...
HIGHLIGHTS
1. This retrospective cohort study found an increase in the diagnosis of malnutrition between the IMT method and NRI.
2. A significant correlation was found between preoperative malnutrition and the incidence of anaemia after adjuvant chemotherapy for ovarian cancer patients.
3. There were no significant correlations in this study in the incidence of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: To observe correlation of nutritional status using Nutritional Risk Index with the side effects of adjunctive haematological chemotherapy.
Materials and Methods: This study was a retrospective cohort study observing whether or not hematologic side effects occurred during chemotherapy based on medical records of postoperative ovarian cancer patients receiving adjuvant chemotherapy.
Results: Sixty-eight subjects with age range of 31-50 years (44.1%) multipara (68.8%), and advanced stage (52.1%) were observed. An increase was found in the diagnosis of malnutrition between the IMT method and NRI, which was 18.7% compared to 43.7%. A significant correlation was found between preoperative malnutrition and the incidence of anaemia after adjuvant chemotherapy for ovarian cancer patients (p=0.002). Whereas, in the event of leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, there were no significant correlations with p=0.675 and p=0.415, respectively.
Conclusion: There was an increase in malnutrition rate with the use of NRI compared with BMI and there was a significant correlation between malnutrition and side effects of anaemia in patients with ovarian cancer who underwent surgery and continued with adjuvant chemotherapy.
... Venom components from Cnidaria contain an essentially unexploited source of novel bioactive compounds. Because of this many research groups have been working to understand these components to investigate if they have utility as a possible source of novel biotherapeutics [8,12,14,27,[59][60]66,[86][87][88][89]. ...
... The venom toxin PsTX-T of the Sea Anemone Phyllodiscus semoni can be utilised in the analysis of pathology, and in the development of therapeutic approaches in the condition haemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) [89]. ...
... TRPV1 and Acid-Sensing Ion Channels (ASICs) are important drugs in drug discovery for the treatment of pain and several components of Sea Anemones have been found to block these receptors. From the Sea Anemone Heteractis crispa was discovered TRPV1 inhibitors named APHC1, APHC2 and APHC3 which could be utilised as analgesics [8,89,[130][131][132]. An N-acylamino acid called Bunodosine was discovered in the venom of the Sea Anemone Bunodosoma cangicum could be utilised as an analgesia as it is thought to activate serotonin receptors [133]. ...
Cnidarians are soft bodied animals possessing complex venom systems which have evolved to allow for the capture of arthropod and vertebrate prey, as well as to defend themselves against such predators. The effects of these venoms on humans, as a result of envenomation, has been studied for many decades, whereas the possibility of using these proteins to fight human disease is in its infancy. Drug discovery utilisation of Cnidarian venoms has been hampered by availability of animals and suitable extraction techniques that allow for study of such protein toxins. Studies of toxins that have been suitably purified for drug discovery have, by in large, only investigated target engagement and negated to investigate other drug like properties such as absorption, dispersion, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This chapter will review the sourcing of Cnidaria for drug discovery, extraction of venom components, actions of venoms on drug relevant targets and their suitability as drug like molecules.
... Al generar poros en la membrana celular se produce apoptosis de las células por lo que, además de la lesión cutánea, se desarrolla lesión renal aguda y síndrome hemolítico urémico. (Mizuno, M. et al., 2012), (Mizuno, M. 2016). ...
... Existe además de la citotoxicidad directa, un fenómeno de vasoconstricción con disminución del flujo sanguíneo renal que induce a la necrosis tubular aguda. (Spielman, F.J. et al., 1982), (Guess, H.A. et al., 1982), (Mizuno, M. et al., 2000), (Deekajorndech, T. et al., 2004), (Mizuno, M. et al., 2007), (Shizato, et al., 2008), (Mizuno, M. et al., 2012), , , el riñón en las enFermeDaDes tropicales neFropatías por toxinas animales, inFecciones y parásitos (Cegolon, L. et al., 2013), (Lu, X.Z. et al., 2013), (Li, R. et al., 2014), (Mariottini, G.L. 2014), (Sitprija, V. et al., 2016), (Zhang, H. et al., 2017), (Maldonado, E. et al., 2017), (Alvarez, C. et al., 2017), (Prentis, P.J. et al., 2018), (Leychenko, E. et al., 2018), (Tsutsui, K. et al., 2018), . ...
... As reported by Rojko et al. (2016) and Madio et al. (2019) sea anemone venom with more than type of one toxin and most have effective cytolytic effects on invertebrate and vertebrates. In mammals, sea anemone toxins motive distinctive kinds of syndromes, which include hepatic failure (Garcia et al., 1994), nephrotoxicity (Mizuno et al., 2012), cardiotoxicity (Bruhn et al., 2001) and neurotoxicity (Madio et al., 2019). These hazard outcomes vary notably due to difference in susceptibility amongst individuals, toxin awareness and how toxin injures the body. ...
... The most identified observations observed were atrophy and congestion of glomerular tuft, vacuolation of epithelial lining renal tubules, proliferation, cellular cast in the lumen of renal tubules, interstitial inflammatory cells infiltration, vacuolation and focal renal hemorrhage (Fig.7-9). These findings corroborated with the findings of previous study on the toxins isolated from different types of sea anemones (Mizuno et al., 2012). According to these investigators, the actual cell processes underlying the sea anemone toxins triggered nephrotoxicity are not but fully understood. ...
Aim: To study the poisonous effects of crude extract and fractionated protein of sea anemone Gyrostoma helianthus on histological and biochemical parameters in male rats. Methodology: Live specimens of Gyrostoma helianthus were collected from Jeddah coast, fixed in ethanol, dried and powdered to obtain the crude residue extract. Some of the crude extract were ultra-filtered to produce protein fractions of 1 and 3KDa. The LD50 of crude extract powder was estimated for male rats and momentary repeated subacute dosing (1/4 LD50) for 7 days was carried out to obtain toxicity data. Histological examination of liver and kidney sections were carried out. Serum whole protein, total albumin, ALT and LDH were estimated by standard protocol. Results: The LD50 of crude extract was 20.32 mg kg-1 for male rats. In acute and subsequent sub-acute toxicity, neurological symptoms such as convulsions, paralysis, tremors, and ataxia were observed overdose exposure. At the end of exposure to subacute dose histopathological changes like hemolyzed blood and atrophy of glomerular tuft in kidney and fatty changes, vacuolation, necrosis, and infiltration in liver was noted. Furthermore, vital significant increase in total protein, ALT and LDH and reduced bilirubin in serum of treated groups was observed as compared to the control. Interpretation: The present study emphasizes the toxicological, behavioral, biochemical, and histological bioactivity of crude extract and protein fractions of 1 and 3 KDa of Gyrostoma helianthus sea anemone, which is commonly found in the Red Sea. The tested extracts were found to be active at a concentration 5.08 mg kg-1. The yielded effects may interpret treatment strategies of toxicological and pharmacologic intervention. Key words: Biochemistry, Gyrostoma helianthus, Histopathology, Toxicity
... Most sea anemones are harmless to humans [1], but a few of them are highly toxic. The toxin occasionally causes dermatitis and allergic shock, but it seldom causes multiple organ failure [2], hemolysis, and renal injuries, indicating hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) [1]. ...
... Most sea anemones are harmless to humans [1], but a few of them are highly toxic. The toxin occasionally causes dermatitis and allergic shock, but it seldom causes multiple organ failure [2], hemolysis, and renal injuries, indicating hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) [1]. Phyllodiscus semoni can cause acute renal failure [2]. ...
... The severity of sea anemone sting depends on the amount of venom, nature of toxicity, size of the sting relative to the surface area of the victim, and victim's general health [10]. In animal studies, the venom of Phyllodiscus semoni, a family of sea anemones, induces acute renal injury [1]. In a rat model, sea anemone venom binds directly to the glomeruli, and it acts as a nephrotoxin [1]. ...
Background
Some sea anemone toxins cause renal injuries resembling hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). To date, only a few cases of HUS caused by sea anemone stings have been reported. In this case report, we have described an HUS case caused by a sea anemone sting.
Case presentation
In November 2019, a 37-year-old man with no underlying disease was admitted to our hospital. He presented with intense pain, a rash on, and swelling in his right thigh. Two days prior, he had been stung by a sea anemone while scuba diving in Cebu, Philippines. His blood tests revealed renal dysfunction, and his platelet count was normal. However, on day three, the platelet count decreased rapidly. His blood haptoglobin level decreased, and schistocytes were identified on the peripheral blood smear. We suspected thrombotic microangiopathy and started the conventional treatment, comprising hemodialysis, blood transfusion, and antibiotic administration. ADAMTS-13 and genetic test results associated with atypical HUS were normal. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed with HUS caused by a sea anemone toxin.
Conclusions
HUS caused by a sea anemone toxin is rare, but it is a serious medical disease. Clinicians should consider HUS in patients with such clinical presentations, and they should make prompt treatment-related decisions.
... The serum creatinine levels tend to decrease to a normal or near normal value within 2 days after mice have improved their condition. The design of the study might have allowed this recovery to take place suggesting that the renal damaging ability of the venom can only be observed during administration but diminishes after days of renal recovery [39,40]. ...
Constant research into the pharmaceutical properties of marine natural products has led to the discovery of many potentially active agents considered worthy of medical applications. Genus Conus, which approximately comprises 700 species, is currently under every researcher’s interest because of the conopeptides in their crude venom. Conopeptides have a wide range of pharmacological classes and properties. This research focused on the crude venom of Conus striatus to assess its analgesic activity, mutagenicity, nephrotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in mice. The crude venom was extracted from the conus snails and the protein concentration was determined using Bradford’s method. The analgesic activity of the venom was determined using the hot-plate method and standard IFCC method was used to determine the alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Evaluation of mutagenicity was done using micronucleus assay and the nephrotoxicity of the venom was determined using Kidney Coefficient and serum creatinine concentration. The maximum tolerable dose (MTD) of the crude venom was found to be 75 ppm. The venom exhibited potent analgesic activity even higher than the positive control (Ibuprofen). Most of the analgesic drugs can usually impact damage in the liver and kidneys. However, AST and ALT results revealed that the venom has no adverse effects on the liver. Although the venom increased the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes, making it mutagenic, with MTD concentration’s mutagenicity comparable to the positive control methyl methanesulfonate (MMS). The kidney coefficients, on the other hand, showed no significant difference between the treated groups and that of the untreated group. The serum creatinine also showed a concentration-dependent increase; with MTD treated mice got the highest creatinine concentration. However, MTD/2 and MTD/4 showed no significant difference in creatinine levels with respect to the untreated groups. Hence, the nephrotoxicity of the venom was only evident when used at higher concentration. The venom exhibited potent analgesic activity indicated that the C. striatus crude venom extract could have a potential therapeutic component as analgesic drugs that displayed no hepatic damage. This study also suggests that for this venom to be utilized for future medical applications, their usage must be regulated and properly monitored to avoid nephrotoxic effect.
... However, symptoms such as inflammation and tissue necrosis are often observed after sea anemone stings. A case reported that a Japanese adult developed dermatitis with severe swelling and ulceration at the site of contact and acute kidney injuries including cytolysis and hemolysis in multiple renal tissues after he accidentally touched P. semoni [97]. Venom extracted from P. semoni has also shown the nephrotoxicity in rat after the administration of 0.03 mg of venom [98]. ...
A group of stable, water-soluble and membrane-bound proteins constitute the pore forming toxins (PFTs) in cnidarians. They interact with membranes to physically alter the membrane structure and permeability, resulting in the formation of pores. These lesions on the plasma membrane causes an imbalance of cellular ionic gradients, resulting in swelling of the cell and eventually its rupture. Of all cnidarian PFTs, actinoporins are by far the best studied subgroup with established knowledge of their molecular structure and their mode of pore-forming action. However, the current view of necrotic action by actinoporins may not be the only mechanism that induces cell death since there is increasing evidence showing that pore-forming toxins can induce either necrosis or apoptosis in a cell-type, receptor and dose-dependent manner. In this review, we focus on the response of the cellular immune system to the cnidarian pore-forming toxins and the signaling pathways that might be involved in these cellular responses. Since PFTs represent potential candidates for targeted toxin therapy for the treatment of numerous cancers, we also address the challenge to overcoming the immunogenicity of these toxins when used as therapeutics.
... The venom of sea snake caused deaths with symptoms of ATN (Acute Tubular Necrosis) and renal ischemia [14]. Local people performed traditional medicine to treat the snake bite victim with consuming traditional Chinese medicine consists of some pills and mineral water. ...
The population of herpetofauna (Class: Reptilia, Amphibia) is continuously declining throughout the world. Moreover, habitat changes such deforestation drive rapidly to declining process. Human communities play an important role in conserving the herpetofauna by maintaining and improving the harmonious relationship between human and environment. Therefore, these association will strongly support the conservation of herpetofauna and their habitats. This study is aimed to survey the herpetofauna communities, explore the local people perspective on herpetofauna, and the relationship between human and herpetofauna. We found 12 species observed in this survey that included to 3 order of herpetofauna: anura, squamata and testudines. Local people recognized herpetofauna species around them well and do not harm them because of their roles, such as part of nature (39%), bioindicator (33%), myth (17%), and economic value (11%). We also revealed the local knowledge on herpetofauna, as 14 local names and their roles. Despite Kuala Tungkal is a strategic area for the national port development that probably impacts herpetofauna microhabitat, it needs serious attention on herpetofaunal issues.
... Many natural toxins from animals induce renal injuries in humans, with most coming from land animals. Briefly, envenomation by bees, vipers, cobras, scorpions, and spiders is a known potential cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) or acute renal failure (Mizuno et al. 2012). Interestingly, the stings of the Lonomia caterpillar (Lonomia obliqua) and the brown spider (Loxosceles sp.) have induced AKI in South America and direct nephrotoxic effects have been shown in human and/or animal models (Gamborgi et al. 2006;Luciano et al. 2004;Lung and Mallory 2000;Tambourgi et al. 2010;Tambourgi and van den Berg 2014). ...
... In contrast, injuries caused by sea anemones are relatively infrequent because most are fixed on or near the seafloor and generally do not move by themselves. Although most sea anemone toxins are only mildly harmful to humans, causing injuries such as mild to moderate dermatitis, there are reports of envenomation by some species having extremely toxic effects in humans, including severe swelling and necrotizing dermatitis accompanied with skin ulceration, and some cases have even been accompanied with systemic reactions such as systemic shock syndrome, hepatic failure, and AKI (Mizuno et al. 2012;Mizuno 2016). Reports of envenomation by sea anemones causing AKI in humans are rare, although it is possible that envenomation can induce AKI through direct toxic effects, abnormal hemodynamics, allergic reactions, hemolysis, and rhabdomyolysis (Mizuno et al. 2012;Mizuno 2016). ...
... Although most sea anemone toxins are only mildly harmful to humans, causing injuries such as mild to moderate dermatitis, there are reports of envenomation by some species having extremely toxic effects in humans, including severe swelling and necrotizing dermatitis accompanied with skin ulceration, and some cases have even been accompanied with systemic reactions such as systemic shock syndrome, hepatic failure, and AKI (Mizuno et al. 2012;Mizuno 2016). Reports of envenomation by sea anemones causing AKI in humans are rare, although it is possible that envenomation can induce AKI through direct toxic effects, abnormal hemodynamics, allergic reactions, hemolysis, and rhabdomyolysis (Mizuno et al. 2012;Mizuno 2016). To date, some sea anemone toxins such as Bc-2 from Bunodosoma caissarum, equinatoxin (EqTx-II) from Actinia equina, APETx2 from Anthopleura elegantissima, anthopleurins from Anthopleura xanthogrammica, PTX-A from Heteractis crispa, and AneTx from the genus Anemonia have been identified and analyzed in detail (Al-Sabi et al. 2006;Blanchard et al. 2012;Frazão et al. 2012;Jin et al. 2010;Soletti et al. 2008). ...
