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Demographic, socioeconomic, and urbanization level variations in Parkinson’s disease (PD) are rarely investigated, especially in Asia. This study describes an eight-year trend in PD incidence and prevalence in Taiwan as well as assessing the effects of sociodemographics and urbanization on the incidence and prevalence of PD. The data analyzed were...
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... Parkinson's disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease with a relentlessly progressive course of illness, with an increasing incidence (ranged 10 to 50/100,000 personyears) and prevalence (ranged 100 to 300/100,000 population) with age globally [1][2][3]. PD is characterized by tremors, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability [1]. Nonmotor symptoms such as anxiety, apathy, cognitive dysfunction, and depression were also noted in PD patients, with depression being the most prevalent and distressing symptom [4]. ...
... PD incidence and prevalence in Taiwan also has shown a remarkably increasing trend [3]. In a systemic analysis, the global burden of PD was found to have more than doubled from 1990 to 2016 [6]. ...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disease with a relentlessly progressive course of illness. This study aimed to assess the dyadic dynamics of benefit finding (BF), demoralization, and stigma on the depression severity of PD patients and their caregivers. This study used a cross-sectional design with purposive sampling. In total, 120 PD patients and 120 caregivers were recruited from the neurological ward or neurological outpatient clinic of a medical center in Taiwan from October 2021 to September 2022. PD patients and their caregivers were enrolled and assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Benefit Finding scale, Demoralization Scale, Stigma Subscale of the Explanatory Model Interview Catalogue, and Taiwanese Depression Questionnaire. Among the 120 patients and 120 caregivers that successfully completed the study, 41.7% (N = 50) and 60% (N = 72) were female, respectively. The most common psychiatric diagnoses of both the PD patients (17.5%) and their caregivers (13.3%) were depressive disorders. Using structural equation modeling, we found that the stigma, BF, and demoralization of PD patients might contribute to their depression severity. Demoralization and stigma of PD patients’ caregivers might also contribute to the depression severity of PD patients. Caregivers’ BF and demoralization were significantly linked with their depression severity. PD patients’ BF degree and their caregivers’ BF degree had significant interactive effects. Both patients’ and their caregivers’ stigma levels had significant interactive effects. Clinicians should be aware of and manage these contributing factors between PD patients and their caregivers in order to prevent them from exacerbating each other’s depression.
... One population-based follow-up study from Taiwan reported that the rate of CHF in a PD group was 2.4 times higher than in a control group [16]. Similarly, Park et al. reported a high association between cardiovascular diseases and PD, with a hazard risk of 1.65 (95% CI, 1.52-1.78) ...
The purpose of this nationwide longitudinal follow-up study is to investigate the relationship between Parkinson’s disease (PD) and congestive heart failure (CHF) patients in Korea. Patient data were collected using the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) Health Screening (HEALS) cohort. The International Classification of Diseases 10-CM code G-20 distinguished 6475 PD patients who were enrolled in the PD group. After removing 1039 patients who were not hospitalized or attended an outpatient clinic less than twice, the total number of participants was reduced to 5436 individuals. Then, 177 patients diagnosed before 1 January 2004 were removed for relevancy, leaving us with 5259 PD patients. After case–control matching was completed using 1:5 age- and gender-coordinated matching, 26,295 people were chosen as part of the control group. The Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and the Kaplan–Meier technique were used to assess the risk of CHF in patients with Parkinson’s disease. After controlling for age and gender, the hazard ratio of CHF in the PD group was 5.607 (95% confidence interval (CI), 4.496–6.993). After that, the hazard ratio of CHF in the PD group was modified against for comorbid medical disorders, resulting in a value of 5.696 (95% CI, 4.566–7.107). In subgroup analysis, CHF incidence rates were significantly increased in the PD group compared to the control group (males and females; aged ≥ 65 and <65; the non-diabetes and diabetes, hypertension and non-hypertension, and dyslipidemia and non-dyslipidemia subgroups). This nationwide longitudinal study shows a higher incidence rate of CHF in PD patients.
... In Taiwan, the incidence of PD was 0.028% in adult patients aged > 40 years [21]. In another study in Taiwan, the agesex-standardized incidence of PD ranged from 0.033% to 0.036%, according to different years [22]. In North America, the incidence of PD among those older than 65 years old ranged from 0.11% to 0.21% [23]. ...
Purpose:
To investigate the incidence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases in adult patients with voiding dysfunction and videourodynamics (VUDS) proven urethral sphincter dysfunction.
Methods:
This retrospective analysis reviewed the medical charts of patients aged > 60 years who underwent VUDS for non-prostatic voiding dysfunction from 2006 to 2021. A chart review was performed to search for the occurrence and treatment of CNS diseases after the VUDS examination up to 2022. The diagnosis of CNS disease, such as cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), Parkinson's disease (PD), and dementia, by neurologists was also retrieved from the charts. Based on the VUDS findings, patients were divided into the following subgroups: dysfunctional voiding (DV), poor relaxation of the external sphincter (PRES), and hypersensitive bladder (HSB) and coordinated sphincter subgroups. The incidence of CVA, PD, and dementia in each subgroup was recorded and compared among them using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Results:
A total of 306 patients were included. VUDS examinations revealed DV in 87 patients, PRES in 108, and HSB in 111. Among them, 36 (11.8%) patients had CNS disease, including CVA in 23 (7.5%), PD in 4 (1.3%), and dementia in 9 (2.9%). Among the three subgroups, the DV group had the highest incidence rate of CNS disease (n = 16, 18.4%), followed by PRES (n = 12, 11.1%) and HSB (n = 8, 7.2%). However, no significant difference was noted in the incidence of CNS disease across the three subgroups. Nevertheless, the incidence of CNS disease was higher in patients with DV and PRES than that in the general population.
Conclusions:
The incidence of CNS diseases was high in patients aged > 60 years with voiding dysfunction due to urethral sphincter dysfunction. Patients with VUDS-confirmed DV had the highest incidence of CNS disease among the three subgroups.
... Stable or slightly decreasing trends have been reported in Western countries, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the Netherlands during the 2010s (Akushevich et al., 2013;Horsfall et al., 2013;Blin et al., 2015;Darweesh et al., 2016;Evans et al., 2016). Conversely, several studies have reported an annual increase in PD incidence (Liu et al., 2016;Savica et al., 2016). In the Minnesota population aged ≥70 years old and older, the incidence of PD increased from 0.80 per 1,000 person-years to 1.37 per 1,000 person-years over 30 y (Savica et al., 2016). ...
... In the Minnesota population aged ≥70 years old and older, the incidence of PD increased from 0.80 per 1,000 person-years to 1.37 per 1,000 person-years over 30 y (Savica et al., 2016). An increasing trend has also been identified in Taiwan, which is included in the far-eastern Asian countries along with Korea (Liu et al., 2016). This increasing trend may be attributed to better recognition of PD in older patients with comorbidities. ...
Introduction
We aimed to investigate the incidence of Parkinson’s disease (PD) by age and year for each sex as well as the modifiable risk factors for PD. Using data from the Korean National Health Insurance Service, 938,635 PD and dementia-free participants aged ≥40 years who underwent general health examinations were followed to December 2019.
Methods
We analyzed the PD incidence rates according to age, year and sex. To investigate the modifiable risk factors for PD, we used the Cox regression model. Additionally, we calculated the population-attributable fraction to measure the impact of the risk factors on PD.
Results
During follow-up, 9,924 of the 938,635 (1.1%) participants developed PD. The incidence of PD increased continuously from 2007 to 2018, reaching 1.34 per 1,000 person-years in 2018. The incidence of PD also increases with age, up to 80 y. Presence of hypertension (SHR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.14), diabetes (SHR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.31), dyslipidemia (SHR = 1.12, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.18), ischemic stroke (SHR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.17 to 1.36), hemorrhagic stroke (SHR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.47), ischemic heart disease (SHR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17), depression (SHR = 1.61, 95% CI 1.53 to 1.69), osteoporosis (SHR = 1.24, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.30), and obesity (SHR = 1.06, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10) were independently associated with a higher risk for PD.
Discussion
Our results highlight the effect of modifiable risk factors for PD in the Korean population, which will help establish health care policies to prevent the development of PD.
... The chromatographic analysis of Africanized bee venom revealed the presence of apamin (6.78 ± 0.06 µg·mL −1 ), phospholipase A2 (30.63 ± 0.15 µg·mL −1 ) and melittin (137.47 ± 0.13 µg·mL −1 ) (Figure 1), which are quantitatively different from those identified in the venom from European bees [7,14]. To date, there are no studies reporting the use of venom from Africanized bees for the treatment of PD, the second most frequent neurodegenerative disorder in the world [27,28]. Sobral et al. (2016) [29] analyzed samples from the Africanized BV (Apis mellífera L.) coming from the northeastern region of Portugal, identifying melittin as the most abundant compound (86.72 ± 0.50 µg.mL −1 ), followed by fosfolipase A2 (11.36 ± 0.18 µg.mL −1 ) and apamin (1.80 ± 0.03 µg.mL −1 ), corroborating our results and strengthening the interest of these biomarkers as important pharmacological tools. ...
This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of the Africanized bee venom (BV) and its mechanisms of action after 6-hydroxydopamine-(6-OHDA)-induced lesion in a mice model. Prior to BV treatment, mice received intrastriatal microinjections of 6-OHDA (no induced dopaminergic neuronal death) or ascorbate saline (as a control). BV was administered subcutaneously at different dosages (0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 mg·Kg −1) once every two days over a period of 3 weeks. The open field test was carried out, together with the immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis. The chemical composition of BV was also assessed, identifying the highest concentrations of apamin, phospholipase A2 and melittin. In the behavioral evaluation, the BV (0.1 mg·Kg −1) counteracted the 6-OHDA-induced decrease in crossings and rearing. 6-OHDA caused loss of dopaminergic cell bodies in the substantia nigra pars compacta and fibers in striatum (STR). Mice that received 0.01 mg·Kg −1 showed significant increase in the mean survival of dopaminergic cell bodies. Increased astrocytic infiltration occurred in the STR of 6-OHDA injected mice, differently from those of the groups treated with BV. The results suggested that Africanized BV has neuroprotective activity in an animal model of Parkinson's disease.
... According to research on population-based studies, the prevalence estimates of individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) range from 139 to 961 per 100,000 people, depending on the countries under investigation and the methods employed for calculating the estimates [1][2][3][4][5]. As PD is characterized by the progressive death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta [6,7], patients with PD suffer from akinesia, bradykinesia, and rigidity of the laryngeal muscles [8][9][10], and these symptoms in turn affect their speech performances [7,11]. ...
The purpose of the study is to investigate how much of variance in Parkinson’s Disease (PD) individuals’ speech intelligibility could be predicted by seven speech fluency indicators (i.e., repetition, omission, distortion, correction, unfilled pauses, filled pauses, and speaking rate). Speech data were retrieved from a database containing a reading task produced by a group of 16 English-speaking individuals with PD (Jaeger, Trivedi & Stadtchnitzer, 2019). The results from a multiple regression indicated that an addition of 54% of variance in the speech intelligibility scores among individuals with PD could be accounted for after the speakers’ PD severity level measured based on Hoehn and Yahr’s (1967) disease stage was included as a covariate. In addition, omission and correction were the two fluency indicators that contributed to the general intelligibility score in a statistically significant way. Specifically, for every one-unit gain in the number of correction and omission, speech intelligibility scores would decline by 0.687 and 0.131 point (out of a 7-point scale), respectively. The current study hence supported Magee, Copland, and Vogel’s (2019) view that the language production abilities and quantified dysarthria measures among individuals with PD should be explored together. Additionally, the clinical implications based on the current findings were discussed.
... 21 It is likely that PDD is multifactorial including genetic, demographic, environmental and medical comorbidities. 22 Vascular risk factors have been associated with cognitive deficits and dementia in general population, but their role on cognitive dysfunction in PD is still unclear. 23,24 Little researches has examined it as a potential factor that could be controlled. ...
... 10,15,17 However, most previous studies have been conducted in western countries and information for Asian PD populations, especially subcontinent are lacking. 15,22 Due to significant sociocultural differences, findings from western populations may not be directly extrapolated to this region. PDD have been shown to vary widely between different countries. ...
... PDD have been shown to vary widely between different countries. 22 However, limited information on this topic, the association between PD and the risk of dementia needs to be further explored. Thus the study was designed to estimate the frequency of PPD, and to evaluate clinical, vascular, socioeconomic and demographic aspects that may contribute to PDD among the cases with PD. ...
Background: Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is a common consequence during the course of the disease.
It deeply influences patients’ prognosis, quality of life, caregiver burden and economic strain. However, effective
treatment for PDD is currently unclear. Clinical and demographic predictors for this comorbidity are not well studied.
Objectives: To investigate putative risk factors for the development of dementia in patients with Parkinson’s
disease (PD) attending a tertiary care and teaching hospital in Bangladesh.
Methods: One hundred thirty-one consecutive PD cases were enrolled in this cross-sectional study; whose
disease duration was more than a year. Comparison was done between demented and non-demented PD
cases. Structural CNS diseases including secondary parkinsonism were excluded by clinically and MRI of brain
for all cases. Dementia was evaluated based by DSM-IV and assessed using mini-mental state examination
(MMSE) score and Parkinson’s disease dementia short screen (PDD-SS) score. Severity of disease was
evaluated by Hoehn and Yahr stage (H-Y I to V). Depression was assessed using DSM-IV. Data were analysed
on a logistic regression model using SPSS v 23.
Results: The overall frequency of dementia was 38%. The mean (SD) age of the demented and non-demented
PD cases was 73.32(8.86) and 63.98 (6.19) years respectively. On multivariate logistic regression model, age
³70 years [OR=4.25, p=0.031], diabetes [OR=5.37, p=0.019], hypertension [OR=7.63, p=0.011], disease duration
³5 years [OR=10.01, p<0.001], H-Y stage e” 3 [OR= 9.52, p<0.001] and depression [OR=8.79, p<0.001] were
significantly associated with PDD.
Conclusion: In this study of PD cases, overall risks of dementia were advancing age, diabetes, hypertension,
longer disease duration, higher disease stage and presence of depressive illness.
Keywords: Parkinson’s disease, Dementia, Mini mental state examination, Depression
... 21 It is likely that PDD is multifactorial including genetic, demographic, environmental and medical comorbidities. 22 Vascular risk factors have been associated with cognitive deficits and dementia in general population, but their role on cognitive dysfunction in PD is still unclear. 23,24 Little researches has examined it as a potential factor that could be controlled. ...
... 10,15,17 However, most previous studies have been conducted in western countries and information for Asian PD populations, especially subcontinent are lacking. 15,22 Due to significant sociocultural differences, findings from western populations may not be directly extrapolated to this region. PDD have been shown to vary widely between different countries. ...
... PDD have been shown to vary widely between different countries. 22 However, limited information on this topic, the association between PD and the risk of dementia needs to be further explored. Thus the study was designed to estimate the frequency of PPD, and to evaluate clinical, vascular, socioeconomic and demographic aspects that may contribute to PDD among the cases with PD. ...
Background: Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) is a common consequence during the course of the disease. It deeply influences patients’ prognosis, quality of life, caregiver burden and economic strain. However, effective treatment for PDD is currently unclear. Clinical and demographic predictors for this comorbidity are not well studied. Objectives: To investigate putative risk factors for the development of dementia in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) attending a tertiary care and teaching hospital in Bangladesh. Methods: One hundred thirty-one consecutive PD cases were enrolled in this cross-sectional study; whose disease duration was more than a year. Comparison was done between demented and non-demented PD cases. Structural CNS diseases including secondary parkinsonism were excluded by clinically and MRI of brain for all cases. Dementia was evaluated based by DSM-IV and assessed using mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score and Parkinson’s disease dementia short screen (PDD-SS) score. Severity of disease was evaluated by Hoehn and Yahr stage (H-Y I to V). Depression was assessed using DSM-IV. Data were analysed on a logistic regression model using SPSS v 23. Results: The overall frequency of dementia was 38%. The mean (SD) age of the demented and non-demented PD cases was 73.32(8.86) and 63.98 (6.19) years respectively. On multivariate logistic regression model, age ³70 years [OR=4.25, p=0.031], diabetes [OR=5.37, p=0.019], hypertension [OR=7.63, p=0.011], disease duration ³5 years [OR=10.01, p<0.001], H-Y stage e” 3 [OR= 9.52, p<0.001] and depression [OR=8.79, p<0.001] were significantly associated with PDD. Conclusion: In this study of PD cases, overall risks of dementia were advancing age, diabetes, hypertension, longer disease duration, higher disease stage and presence of depressive illness. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 2021; 47(2): 192-198
... Lesions initially occur in the dorsal motor nucleus of the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves and anterior olfactory nucleus. Thereafter, less vulnerable nuclear grays and cortical areas gradually become affected (26). The spinal cord lesions may contribute to clinical symptoms (pain, constipation, poor balance, lower urinary tract complaints, and sexual dysfunction) that occur during the premotor and motor phases of sporadic PD (27). ...
Parkinson's disease (PD) is recognized as the
most common neurodegenerative disorder
after Alzheimer's disease. Lower urinary tract symptoms are
common in patients with PD, either storage symptoms (overactive
bladder symptoms or OAB) or voiding symptoms. The most
important diagnostic clues for urinary disturbances are provided
by the patient's medical history. Urodynamic evaluation allows
the determination of the underlying bladder disorder and may
help in the treatment selection. Pharmacologic interventions
especially anticholinergic medications are the first-line option
for treating OAB in patients with PD. However, it is important
to balance the therapeutic benefits of these drugs with their
potential adverse effects. Intra-detrusor Botulinum toxin injections,
electrical stimulation were also used to treat OAB in those
patients with variable efficacy. Mirabegron is a β3-agonist that
can also be used for OAB with superior tolerability to anticholinergics.
Desmopressin is effective for the management of
nocturnal polyuria which has been reported to be common in
PD. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) surgery is effective in improving
urinary functions in PD patients. Sexual dysfunction is also
common in PD. Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors are first-line
therapies for PD-associated erectile dysfunction (ED). Treatment
with apomorphine sublingually is another therapeutic option for
PD patients with ED. Pathologic hypersexuality has occasionally
been reported in patients with PD, linked to dopaminergic agonists.
The first step of the treatment of hypersexuality consists of
reducing the dose of dopaminergic medication. This review summarizes
the epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, genetics,
clinical manifestations, diagnostic test, and management of PD.
Lastly, the urologic outcomes and therapies are reviewed.
... increase in age-adjusted incidence of PD between 1997 and 2014 6 . Additionally, a study in Taiwan reported a slight increase in PD incidence from 2002 to 2009 from 33.5 to 36.6 per 100,000 based on a national health service insurance database 26 , and a study from South Korea reported an increase in the period from 2010 to 2015 from 73.2 per 100,000 to 88.7 per 100,000 among people aged 50 years and more 4 . On the other hand, a previous US study in Olmsted county did not report a change in incidence of PD between 1976 and 1990 27 , and in a US study using Medicare data the incidence of PD remained stable between 1992 and 2005 7 . ...
Parkinson’s disease (PD) has the fastest rising prevalence of all neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. However, it is unclear whether its incidence has increased after accounting for age and changes in diagnostic patterns in the same population. We conducted a cohort study in individuals aged ≥50 years within a large UK primary care database between January 2006 and December 2016. To account for possible changes in diagnostic patterns, we calculated the incidence of PD using four case definitions with different stringency derived from the combination of PD diagnosis, symptoms, and treatment. Using the broadest case definition, the incidence rate (IR) per 100,000 person years at risk (PYAR) was 149 (95% CI 143.3–155.4) in 2006 and 144 (95% CI 136.9–150.7) in 2016. In conclusion, the incidence of PD in the UK remained stable between 2006 and 2016, when accounting for age and diagnostic patterns, suggesting no major change in underlying risk factors for PD during this time period in the UK.
