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Age-specific survivorship (lx ) curves of Rachiplusia nu (solid line) and Chrysodeixis includens (dashed line) reared with artificial diet at 27 ± 2 C, 70–75% RH and 14:10 h L:D.
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Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Chrysodeixis (= Pseudoplusia) includens (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are 2 economically important species in soybean in northern Argentina. Life cycle, reproductive and population parameters of R. nu and C. includens reared on artificial diet were determined under controlled environmental conditions. Fecundity incre...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... individuals reached the adult stage (Table 1). The life expectancy curve showed 3 periods of high mortality for this spe- cies (Fig. 2). The first period was from egg stage to first larval instar, the second period occurred from the first to second instar and the third one was from second to third instar. The survivorship curves of the 2 species (Fig. 3) resemble the theo- retical type I (Rabinovich, ...
Citations
... 11,14,15 In a large-scale sampling study performed during the 2019 and 2020 soybean seasons, R. nu represented <1% of the lepidopteran larvae found on commercial soybean fields in Brazil. 16 By contrast, R. nu was historically a key pest of soybean in Argentina, 12,17,18 where it was also a major defoliator of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and several horticultural crops. 12 From 2021 onwards, R. nu has been reported to cause injury to Bt soybean expressing Cry1Ac insecticidal protein (event MON 87701 × MON 89788) in Brazil and Argentina. ...
BACKGROUND
Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) and Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) are major Plusiinae pests of soybean in the Southern Cone region of South America. In recent decades, C. includens was the main defoliator of soybean in Brazil, but from 2021 onwards, R. nu emerged as an important soybean pest in various regions of the country. Here, we characterize the differential susceptibility and resistance to insecticides in these Plusiinae pests from two soybean regions of Brazil.
RESULTS
Except for spinetoram and chlorfenapyr (comparable lethality against both species) and a Bt‐based biopesticide (more lethal for C. includens), the tested insecticides showed higher lethality against R. nu than against C. includens, but populations of the same species, even separated by long distances, presented similar resistance levels. For both species, the 90% lethal concentration (LC90) values of most insecticides were higher than the field‐recommended dose. Nevertheless, the field‐recommended doses of spinetoram, metaflumizone, emamectin benzoate, cyclaniliprole and chlorfenapyr showed comparable control efficacy against both species, whereas indoxacarb, chlorantraniliprole, flubendiamide, teflubenzuron and chlorfluazuron were more lethal for R. nu, and methoxyfenozide and the Bt‐based insecticide were more lethal for C. includens. Thiodicarb, methomyl and lambda‐cyhalothrin showed low lethality against both species.
CONCLUSIONS
Large interspecific differences in the susceptibility to insecticides was found in major Plusiinae pests of soybean in Brazil. Furthermore, variations in susceptibility to insecticides occurred consistently among species and populations, regardless of the collection site and thus despite unequal temporal and spatial exposure to insecticides. These results demonstrate that accurate species identification is essential for effective control of Plusiinae in soybean. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
... These events also confer glyphosate tolerance and control the most frequent soybean defoliating caterpillars Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner 1818) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) and Chrysodeixis includes (Walker 1858) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which are considered important pests across much of the Americas (Boernel et al. 1992;Abot et al. 1995;Bernardi et al. 2012;Borlotto et al. 2015;Perini et al. 2021). These events also control Rachiplusia nu (Guenée 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham 1914) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (Macrae et al. 2005), which are considered important lepidopteran pests in Uruguay and Argentina (Pastrana 2004;Barrionuevo et al. 2012;Perini et al. 2020). Recently, there is evidence of field-evolved resistance to MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean by R. nu and C. aporema (Horikoshi et al. 2021b). ...
Soybean plants that express various insecticidal proteins of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis have been widely adopted globally in many crop systems. This technology effectively controls the main defoliating pest species in most countries and reduces insecticide spray requirements. However, widespread use of Bt crops also generates high selection pressure against pest populations, leading to resistance concerns. Refuge areas are established to delay this phenomenon, but little is known about their other ecological functions. We evaluated the role of non-Bt soybean refuge areas regarding the abundance and richness of predator species in Bt soybean and non-Bt fields. For 2 years, herbivore and predatory arthropods were sampled in 28 soybean fields (RR/Bt) and their non-Bt soybean refuge areas (RR/noBt) in Uruguay, throughout the whole crop cycle. Landscape crop diversity (1 km radius) was characterized by its richness and evenness. Arthropod abundance and richness were analyzed using general linear mixed models. The abundance and richness of predators (Araneae, Coccinellidae, Heteroptera and Chrysopidae) found in Bt soybean were positively associated with the values recorded in refuge areas, independently of the diversity of the surrounding landscape. This relationship was not affected by changes in the distance between sampling points (within 800 m). The abundance of stink bugs and leaf-feeding caterpillars in Bt soybean was positively associated with refuge area values. Our results reinforce the importance of refuge areas, not only due to their role in resistance management, but also as preservation areas of beneficial fauna within a landscape approach to Integrated Pest Management in agroecosystems.
... In addition to protecting against the insect species already mentioned, MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean also offers protection against larval injury caused by Rachiplusia nu (Guenée, 1852) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham, 1914) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) 1 . Rachiplusia nu and C. aporema are historically considered key soy lepidopteran pests in Argentina [22][23][24] ; in Brazil, however, the occurrence of these species in soybean fields has historically been restricted to reasonably low levels in the mid-south region of the country [25][26][27] . Cases of unexpected injury to the MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean caused by "loopers" were identified during the 2020/21 crop season. ...
... The development of resistance of R. nu and C. aporema to MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean may have also been influenced by the biological characteristics of these species and of the cropping systems in Brazil. Historically, R. nu has been a soybean pest in the southern part of South America (Rio Grande do Sul state in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina) 24,26,45 . In a prior field survey in 2019 and 2020, R. nu occurred at a low level in Brazil 7 . ...
Widespread adoption of MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean, expressing Cry1Ac Bt protein and glyphosate tolerance, has been observed in Brazil. A proactive program was implemented to phenotypically and genotypically monitor Cry1Ac resistance in Chrysodeixis includens (Walker). Recent cases of unexpected injury in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean were investigated and a large-scale sampling of larvae on commercial soybean fields was performed to assess the efficacy of this technology and the distribution of lepidopteran pests in Brazil. No significant shift in C. includens susceptibility to Cry1Ac was observed eight years after commercial introduction of this technology in Brazil. F 2 screen results confirmed that the frequency of Cry1Ac resistance alleles remains low and stable in C. includens . Unexpected injury caused by Rachiplusia nu (Guenée) and Crocidosema aporema (Walsingham) in MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean was detected during the 2020/21 season, and studies confirmed a genetically based alteration in their susceptibility to Cry1Ac. MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean remains effective against Anticarsia gemmatalis (Hübner), C. includens , Chloridea virescents (Fabricius) and Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner) in Brazil. However, there is evidence of field-evolved resistance to MON 87701 × MON 89788 soybean by the secondary soybean pests R. nu and C. aporema .
... The artificial diet consisted of bean flour, beer yeast, methylparaben, ascorbic and sorbic acids, streptomycin, formaldehyde, vitamin complex, agar, and distilled water. Diet was replaced every 2 days in order to avoid desiccation; moistened filter paper was placed in each Petri dish (Barrionuevo et al. 2012). Pupae were collected and placed in polypropylene containers (6 × 12 cm) until adult emergence. ...
Background: The endophytic capacity of Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin isolates in 2 tomato varieties and their effects on damage and survival of the tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner larvae were studied. The bioassays consisted of sowing seeds of 2 tomato cultivars soaked for 24 h in B. bassiana conidial suspension at the concentration of 1 × 10 7 and 1 × 10 9 conidia/ml for the isolates Bb 115 and Bb 11, respectively. Ten leaf, stem, and root segments were cut and incubated for assessing the endophytic growth of the fungus. Percentage of leaf consumption and pathogenicity of B. bassiana on H. armigera larvae were estimated. Main body: The fungus B. bassiana developed endophytically in the 2 tomato varieties and was detected in tomato leaf, stem, and root. However, higher colonization rates were observed in roots than in leaves and stems. The B. bassiana isolate Bb 115 had a greater negative effect on the mean survival times (MSTs) of H. armigera larvae and on leaf consumption for local and improved tomato varieties. In fact, the lowest MSTs were recorded at the concentration of 1 × 10 9 conidia/ml for Bb 115 in 1.5 ± 0.2 days, i.e., 7 days less than the surviving larvae of the control group, which MSTs were 8.4 ± 0.9 days. Consumed leaf areas by larvae averaged (89.17 ± 10.33 mm 2) at a fungal concentration of 1 × 10 9 conidia/ml for Bb115. It was the best compared to that of untreated control (820.3 ± 92.77 mm 2). The colonization rate of the different plant parts increased with conidia concentration in both tomatoes varieties. Conclusion: This study reported the effect of endophytic colonization of tomato by B. bassiana on the survival of H. armigera larvae and showed that the isolates Bb 115 and Bb 11 could be considered as useful microorganisms for the integrated control of H. armigera.
... The artificial diet consisted of bean flour, beer yeast, methylparaben, ascorbic and sorbic acids, streptomycin, formaldehyde, vitamin complex, agar, and distilled water. Diet was replaced every 2 days in order to avoid desiccation; moistened filter paper was placed in each Petri dish (Barrionuevo et al. 2012). Pupae were collected and placed in polypropylene containers (6 × 12 cm) until adult emergence. ...
The endophytic capacity of Beauveria bassiana Vuillemin isolates in 2 tomato varieties and their effects on damage and survival of the tomato fruit worm Helicoverpa armigera Hubner larvae were studied. The bioassays consisted of sowing seeds of 2 tomato cultivars soaked for 24 h in B. bassiana conidial suspension at the concentration of 1 × 107 and 1 × 109 conidia/ml for the isolates Bb 115 and Bb 11, respectively. Ten leaf, stem, and root segments were cut and incubated for assessing the endophytic growth of the fungus. Percentage of leaf consumption and pathogenicity of B. bassiana on H. armigera larvae were estimated. The fungus B. bassiana developed endophytically in the 2 tomato varieties and was detected in tomato leaf, stem, and root. However, higher colonization rates were observed in roots than in leaves and stems. The B. bassiana isolate Bb 115 had a greater negative effect on the mean survival times (MSTs) of H. armigera larvae and on leaf consumption for local and improved tomato varieties. In fact, the lowest MSTs were recorded at the concentration of 1 × 109conidia/ml for Bb 115 in 1.5 ± 0.2 days, i.e., 7 days less than the surviving larvae of the control group, which MSTs were 8.4 ± 0.9 days. Consumed leaf areas by larvae averaged (89.17 ± 10.33 mm2) at a fungal concentration of 1 × 109conidia/ml for Bb115. It was the best compared to that of untreated control (820.3 ± 92.77 mm2). The colonization rate of the different plant parts increased with conidia concentration in both tomatoes varieties. This study reported the effect of endophytic colonization of tomato by B. bassiana on the survival of H. armigera larvae and showed that the isolates Bb 115 and Bb 11 could be considered as useful microorganisms for the integrated control of H. armigera.
... Therefore, a single factor such as temperature may have a positive and negative influences on distinct species, thus playing a major role on species' turnover along latitudinal gradients. This is likely the case of R. nu, one of the most common pest species found in southern Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina and Paraguay (Pereyra, 1994;Valverde, 2007;Barrionuevo et al., 2012;Luz et al., 2015). The distribution of this species, limited to the south and southeast of Brazil, is similar to the distribution of its congener, Rachiplusia ou (Guenée, 1852), a species restricted to the northern hemisphere. ...
Studies have reported the presence of certain Plusiinae species in both natural and agricultural landscapes, but their turnover in association with agricultural activities remains unexplored. Aiming to understand how the assemblages of Plusiinae are structured by agricultural occupation and climate, this study used automated light traps sampled moths in 18 sites in Brazil, across a broad latitudinal gradient. Our data has demonstrated that climate variables prevails as the most important variables influencing both the composition of Plusiinae and the abundance of its dominant species Chrysodeixis includens. On the other hand, the lack of significance found for the effect of variables representing agricultural occupation evidences that pest species are present both in agricultural and natural ecosystems, also sharing similar abundances at those locations. In other words, instead of following a gradient of agricultural occupation (e.g. crop sizes around sample sites) the composition of these extremely polyphagous insects is more clearly shaped by the latitudinal gradient, in which temperature and precipitation are better predictors. Thus, in contrary to our expectations, pest species inhabits both natural and agricultural landscapes at similar latitudinal sites, probably due to their wide polyphagy spectrum. These results can be used in management and monitoring programs of pest species in South America, since the local abundance variation and species composition can be more reliable predicted by changes in climate conditions.
... According to Rafikov et al. [5] and Molter and Rafikov [3], the model was used to specifically represent the dynamic of the ecosystem with two caterpillars and two parasitoids in soybean fields. Soybean production in the south America have been suffered from the damage caused by caterpillars such as Rachiplusia nu and Pseudoplusia includes [61][62][63]. The biological pest control in soybean production is feasible by utilizing several choices of parasitoids including Apanteles sp, Casinaria plusiae, Campoletis sonorensis, Microcharops bimaculata, Patelloa similis, and Voria ruralis [61][62][63]. ...
... Soybean production in the south America have been suffered from the damage caused by caterpillars such as Rachiplusia nu and Pseudoplusia includes [61][62][63]. The biological pest control in soybean production is feasible by utilizing several choices of parasitoids including Apanteles sp, Casinaria plusiae, Campoletis sonorensis, Microcharops bimaculata, Patelloa similis, and Voria ruralis [61][62][63]. Like the integer-order model with n total population in (14), the FO Lotka-Volterra model representing the dynamic interaction these soybean caterpillars and their candidate parasitoids can be expressed based on (14) as ...
As environmental pollution and safety of human and creatures have been an issue of concern, pest management based on nonchemical use is preferable. Biological pest control can satisfy the regulation of pest population without causing environmental problems. Moreover, representation of dynamical systems in the form of fractional‐order dynamic models can explain several phenomena better than the integer‐order dynamic models can. The aim of this study is to determine the biological pest control policy for the fractional‐order pest control systems, which is a complex nonlinear multiple input and multiple output control problem. Here, the system is represented in the form of a fractional‐order Lotka–Volterra model. In order to avoid complexity in the nonlinear feedback controller design process, the tensor product (TP) model transformation was applied to automatically transform the biological pest control system to the TP polytopic model which allows the designer to synthesize the controller under linear framework. Moreover, the design process can be easily carried out by solving an linear matrix inequality (LMI) problem, which is very well applicable to high‐dimensional multiple input and multiple output control problems. Simulation studies were conducted to demonstrate the ease of the TP‐based design process. The simulation results showed that the designed control policy effectively manipulates the pest populations of the fractional‐order Lotka–Volterra model to the desired level which is economically viable.
... R. nu is distributed in Peru, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay (Barbut, 2008) and the United States (Gen-Bank accession numbers: MF679181 and MF679182), and is considered an important defoliator pest in South Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, and Bolivia (Barrionuevo et al., 2012). The sunflower looper is adapted to regions with lower temperatures in Brazil, feeding on soybeans (de Moraes et al., 1991), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) (Specht et al., 2006) and sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) (Camargo & Amabile, 2001). ...
• The Plusiinae subfamily has many polyphagous species, many of which occur in South America. Chrysodeixis includens and Rachiplusia nu are two representatives that mainly occurs in soybeans, cotton, common beans, sunflower and alfalfa.
• A population genetic study of C. includens and R. nu collected in the Southern Cone of America was performed using a partial COI gene sequencing data and compared with specimens from other American countries.
• Six haplotypes were identified in C. includens populations of Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay and Uruguay, organized within a star‐like haplotype network, with the most common haplotype identified as Chin_MC.
• R. nu populations are more diverse and stable in comparison to C. includens. Populations from Argentina and Uruguay had the highest haplotype diversity, sharing five haplotypes and putatively indicating haplotype exchange.
• Demographic change analysis suggested a recent population expansion of C. includens over the American continent.
• Some C. includens haplotypes were country‐specific, suggesting population expansion in the countries where specimens were collected.
... The life table parameters presented for F. subterranea are similar to other polyphagous owlet moth pests that fed on an artificial diet (Barrionuevo et al. 2012;Montezano et al. 2013aMontezano et al. , 2014bMontezano et al. , 2015bMontezano et al. , 2019bSilva et al. 2018a,b; or on their preferred host plants (Greenberg et al. 2001, Santos et al. 2005, Farahani et al. 2011, Bortoli et al. 2012. These parameters are characterized by a high net reproductive rate (R o ) and short mean generation time (T). ...
Feltia subterranea (Fabricius), commonly known as the granulate cutworm, is a common species of owlet moths (Noctuidae) of major agricultural importance, widely distributed in Nearctic and Neotropical regions. This study was conducted to determine the species biological parameters, gather information about its larval host plants, and assess the agricultural significance of this species in the Americas. The viability of the egg, larval, pupal stages, and prepupal period was 98, 98, and 100%, respectively, under laboratory conditions. The average duration of the egg, larval, pupal stages, and prepupal period was 3, 17, 4, and 13 d, respectively. All laboratory-reared larvae developed through five instars. The growth ratio was 1.93 for females and 1.85 for males. The duration of the larval stage was significantly longer in females than in males from the fourth instar. The duration of the pupal stage was significantly shorter in females than in males. When larval and pupal stage durations were combined, there were no significant differences in total development time as a function of sex. In total, 159 botanical taxa belonging to 41 families were recorded as host species for F. subterranea. The families with the greatest number of host species were Fabaceae (22), Poaceae (19), Asteraceae (16), Brassicaceae (13), Solanaceae (12), Amaranthaceae (7), Cucurbitaceae (7), and Malvaceae (5). It is noteworthy that the large number of native weeds used by F. subterranea as host plants could represent a significant source of infestation of crops in the agricultural landscape.
... In our experiments, five larval instars were recorded at 30°C and supernumerary larvae stages were achieved at 15 and 20°C. The presence of supernumerary larval stages for C. chalcites depending on temperature and diet used have been previously reported by different authors (Gaumont and Moreau 1961, Vilardebo and Guérout 1964, Cayrol 1972, which can be a disadvantage in colonies reared in the laboratory for experimental purposes (Barrionuevo et al. 2012). Similar behavior has been described for other noctuid pests such as T. ni (Toba et al. 1973, Cabello 1988 and Spodoptera exigua Hübner (Belda 1994). ...
The golden twin-spot moth or tomato looper, Chrysodeixis chalcites (Esper), is a polyphagous and worldwide pest that causes important aesthetic damages to banana fruits (Musa acuminata Colla) in the Canary Islands. The life history parameters of C. chalcites were determined under laboratory conditions in base on the age-stage, two-sex life table at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35ºC, 65% R.H., and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h, when it was reared on a semi-synthetic diet. The results show that C. chalcites was able to develop and survive from 15 to 30ºC, but no development occurred at 35°C. Developmental threshold temperatures of the egg, larval, pupal and total pre-oviposition stages were 10.42, 11.73, 11.22 and 9.42°C, respectively, and their effective accumulated temperatures were 58.31, 265.96, 118.57 and 562.39 degree-days, respectively. The adult longevity was reduced with increasing temperature, which ranged between 16.27 and 34.85 days for females and between 14.27 and 35.21 days for males. The highest values of net reproductive rate (R0) and fecundity were observed at 25°C, with 232.70 offspring and 1224.74 eggs, respectively. Both the intrinsic rate of increase (r) and finite rate of increase (λ) increased significantly and mean generation time (T) decreased significantly with increasing temperature. These results provide useful information that will allow predicting the impact of climate change on the distribution and population dynamics of C. chalcites and developing successful integrated management programs.
