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Age and peak performance in ultra-endurance athletes have been mainly investigated in long-distance runners and triathletes, but not for long-distance swimmers. The present study investigated the age and swimming performance of elite ultra-distance swimmers competing in the 5-, 10- and 25-km Fédération Internationale de Natation (FINA) World Cup sw...
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... swimming speed was stable at 22.4 ± 1.2 years in 5 km, at 23.4 ± 0.9 years in 10 km and at 23.8 ± 0.9 years in 25 km (Tables 2 and 4, Figure 3). However, the age of peak swimming speed of the ten fastest swimmers ever was similar between 5, 10 and 25 km at approxi- mately 22 years in women and at about 25 years in men (Figure 4). ...Similar publications
This study investigated the change in sex differences across years in ultra-distance swimming performances at the 36-km 'Maratona del Golfo Capri-Napoli' race held from 1954 to 2013. Changes in swimming performance of 662 men and 228 women over the 59-year period were investigated using linear, non-linear and hierarchical regression analyses. Race...
We use regression analysis and proprietary data from three top 30 law schools to test the relationships of race, gender, and undergraduate major to first-year law school performance, as measured by law school grade point average at the end of the first year. We conclude that, all else equal: (1) Non-white students perform worse than white students,...
Citations
... Por outro lado, no caso do atleta amador, o mesmo possuía 48 anos e sua prova alvo tinha distância total de 78Km. A relação entre atletas mais experientes e eventos de endurance encontra respaldo na literatura científica, uma vez que as modalidades esportivas de resistência com característica cíclica, como é o caso da natação, ciclismo e corridas, sejam praticadas em um quantitativo maior por atletas acima dos 30 anos, quando referindo-se à categoria amadora (Stiefel, Knechtle, Rüst, Rosemann & Lepers, 2013;, Knechtle et al., 2015Zingg, Rüst, Rosemann, Lepers & Knechtle, 2014;Carrera & Román, 2019;Gomez-Marcos & Sanchez-Sanchez, 2019;Sánchez & Nieto-Jimenez, 2020;Nieto-Jimenez, Ruso-Álvarez, Pardos-Mainer & Orellana, 2020). Por outro lado, embora o desenvolvimento da resistência, em uma ótica fisiológica, exija aproximadamente 10 anos de treinos e acúmulos de cargas de trabalho, sobretudo do volume, e este fator sugira que atletas de endurance cheguem ao seu pico de performance aproximadamente aos 30 anos de idade, tal condição não foi verificada com os atletas de elite pertencentes aos estudos selecionados. ...
O objetivo do presente estudo foi revisar sistematicamente a literatura ace”rca do tema distribuição de cargas de treinamento e periodização em natação em águas abertas. As buscas foram conduzidas nas bases PubMed, SportDiscus, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs e Scielo. A análise das informações dos artigos foi realizada pela lista de checagem da declaração STROBE e os dados foram analisados pela técnica de análise de conteúdo do tipo categorial. A revisão incluiu 5 estudos publicados no período de 2016 a 2022. Os atletas, de ambos os sexos, contemplando os níveis de competição elite e amador eram competidores das distâncias de 5 a 25 Km para os atletas de elite e 78 Km para o atleta amador. As pesquisas foram desenvolvidas na Itália (4) e na França (1). Os resultados revelaram que foi utilizada a periodização clássica, composta por distribuição de cargas piramidal e polarizada na maior parte dos estudos (80%), bem como os atletas de elite reportaram alta carga horária semanal para os treinamentos, 22 a 28 horas com 70 a 85 Km semanais. Da mesma forma, o estudo que investigou o atleta amador apresentou uma carga horária semanal de até 19 horas com 15 a 70 Km semanais. Este estudo concluiu que altos volumes de treinamento, somado a uma predominância de cargas de domínio de intensidade baixa, são diretrizes centrais para a prescrição do treinamento de natação em águas abertas. Palavras-chave: Esporte. Performance. Exercício de Endurance. Natação em águas abertas. Maratona aquática.
... Even the decline in performance within one year can be so severe that a swimmer with a birthday in January has a significant disadvantage to swimmers with a birthday in December. Long distance swimmers, such as 10 km open water swimmers, seem to peak later in life than the shorter distance swimmers (Zingg et al. 2014). ...
A fair and inclusive competition depends on a scoring system that takes all relevant factors into account. We analysed the current World Para Point System for swimming and identified several theoretical and practical disadvantages. We propose and test a Fair World Para Point System that not only improves the algorithm, but also extends it to accommodate for the age of the athlete. It also provides a method to break point ties. This will enable para masters swimmers for the first time to compete fairly with each other. We also develop and publish tools that enable event organisers to directly use the Fair World Para Point System.
... The environment conditions, such as the wind, the wave, the air and water temperatures, the lack of orientations, and, sometimes, the lack of visibility in the water, make it difficult for swimmers to orientate themselves (Zacca et al., 2020). For example, there is no official record for OWS, as weather and water conditions can affect the race time (Zingg et al, 2014). The front crawl stroke is the technique used in OWS events, since it is more economical and faster (Barbosa and Vilas-Boas, 2005). ...
Swimming in open water, even for experienced swimmers, is a challenge. The aim of this study was to verify the actual distance swum, the kinematic, and the arm-stroke efficiency during a 2000-m front crawl test performed in open water. Eight male swimmers (38.8±7.8 years old) performed a 2000-m (GPS in a boat) front-crawl test in three laps in a lagoon. Each participant wore a GPS (XT; Garmin ® Smartwatch). Performance and the distance swan were, respectively, 2617±355 s and 2197±80 m (p<0.001 to 2000-m). The speed and stroke rate have decreased (p<0.001), respectively from 1.12±0.13 to 0.93±0.16 m/s, and from 35.7±3.4 to 30.1±3.7 cycles/min. Stroke length (1.90±0.24 m) and arm-stroke efficiency (34.6±4.5%) remained constant. The distance swan was almost 20% higher than the measured circuit. However, we do not rule out possible measurement error of the individual GPS. The swimmers decreased V and SR, as expected; but surprisingly the SL and Ƞ remained constant along the circuit.
... High level of commitment to master basic concepts of the future profession was qualified by matching questions using similar keys marked (+) and (-). Answers marked (+) were numbered 1, 2, 3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,27,29,32. And answers marked (-) were numbered 5, 10,15,16,19,26,28,30,31. ...
... The age of peak performance in a particular swimming style helps swimmers and coaches to predict declines in performance in that particular swimming style. With this knowledge, swimmers and their coaches are able to focus on the most appropriate swimming style in the particular age group (Vaso et al., 2013;Wolfrum et al., 2013;Allen et al., 2014;Zingg et al., 2014). ...
Introduction. One of the main goals of the Olympic weightlifting training process is to ensure a healthy motor training regime. Those activities are aimed at achieving tangible positive effects on the body, as well as providing adequate conditions for the physical development of trainees. Preparation under professional coaching in sports clubs guarantees the achievement of good sports performance. Methodology. The goal of this study is to identify the changes that occur in the physical performance of children (boys), under the influence of specialized training with the means of Olympic weightlifting. Eighteen (18) weightlifters aged 13 participated in the experiment. The study was conducted in two stages: the baseline data were collected in June 2020, and the final measurements were in June 2022. Results. Based on the results, we can conclude that the structured, specialized Olympic weightlifting training protocol positively affects explosive strength of lower limbs, speed, and flexibility in 13-year-old children. Discussion and conclusions. Habitual Olympic weightlifting training is not a very popular activity among children. It is generally considered risky and not appropriate for youngsters. However, our results painted a different picture, and based on them and our practical experience, in our opinion, if the methodology is properly modified, Olympic weightlifting is a powerful tool for the development of motor abilities in children.
... High level of commitment to master basic concepts of the future profession was qualified by matching questions using similar keys marked (+) and (-). Answers marked (+) were numbered 1, 2, 3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,27,29,32. And answers marked (-) were numbered 5, 10,15,16,19,26,28,30,31. ...
... The age of peak performance in a particular swimming style helps swimmers and coaches to predict declines in performance in that particular swimming style. With this knowledge, swimmers and their coaches are able to focus on the most appropriate swimming style in the particular age group (Vaso et al., 2013;Wolfrum et al., 2013;Allen et al., 2014;Zingg et al., 2014). ...
Enhancing motor skills has a significant impact on athletes’ field performance. Both sports depend on a combination of highlevels of physical, technical, and tactical ability. Тhe aim of this study was to examine the differences in the motor abilities and anthropometric characteristics of the football and basketball players aged 13-15 years. Thirty-six participants were divided in two groups (football players, (n=18; height:1.71 ± 8.5m; body mass: 20.1± 2.2 kg; age: 14.7 ± 0.3 years) and basketball players, n=18; height: 1.69± 10.9; body mass 3.4 ±20.6; age:0.7 ±14.1) aged 13-15 years old. Conducted motor abilities were 10m and 20m sprint, agility t-test, countermovement jump (CMJ), countermovement jump with arm swing (CMJa) and squat jump (SJ), while anthropometric characteristics were fat percentage, body mass index, muscle percentage, height, weight. Independent sample T-test revealed statistical significance only in fat percent-age (p=.003), muscle percentage (p=.002), agility (p=.000), and sprint (p=.000), while in the countermovement jump, countermovement jump with arm swing, squat jump, body mass index, height, and weight, there were no statistical significance. Athletes who play different sports have performed different results in agility test, speed test, fat percentage and muscle percentage. Football players achieved better results compared to basketball players, which is due to the character of the game, where players move within a wider space, as well as the different structure of the training process.
... High level of commitment to master basic concepts of the future profession was qualified by matching questions using similar keys marked (+) and (-). Answers marked (+) were numbered 1, 2, 3,4,6,7,8,9,11,12,13,14,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,25,27,29,32. And answers marked (-) were numbered 5, 10,15,16,19,26,28,30,31. ...
... The age of peak performance in a particular swimming style helps swimmers and coaches to predict declines in performance in that particular swimming style. With this knowledge, swimmers and their coaches are able to focus on the most appropriate swimming style in the particular age group (Vaso et al., 2013;Wolfrum et al., 2013;Allen et al., 2014;Zingg et al., 2014). ...
Introduction. The Olympic weightlifting training methodology is a powerful tool for developing motor abilities and overall fitness. In addition, it is well established that these activities have a positive effect on the physical development of adolescents. It is important that the preparation is conducted under professional coaching in sports clubs to guarantee the achievement of good sports performance without injuries. Methodology. The goal of this study is to identify the changes that occur in the physical performance of 13-15-year-old cadets (boys), under the influence of specialized training with the means of Olympic weightlifting. 30 weightlifters aged 14 on average participated in the experiment. The study was conducted in September 2021. Results. Based on the results, we can conclude that overall the structured specialized Olympic weightlifting training protocol positively affects explosive strength, speed, and flexibility in 13-15-year-old cadets. However, the results show significant between-group variability when stratified by age. Discussion and conclusions. Habitual Olympic weightlifting training is not a very popular activity among children and adolescents. It is generally considered risky and not appropriate for youngsters. However, our results painted a different picture, and based on them and our practical experience, in our opinion, if the methodology is properly modified, Olympic weightlifting is a powerful tool for the development of motor abilities in trainees of different age groups.
... The age of peak performance in a particular swimming style helps swimmers and coaches to predict declines in performance in that particular swimming style. With this knowledge, swimmers and their coaches are able to focus on the most appropriate swimming style in the particular age group (Vaso et al., 2013;Wolfrum et al., 2013;Allen et al., 2014;Zingg et al., 2014). ...
Introduction: Systematic analysis of statistics from the Olympic Games and World Championships is the most accurate guide to defining the dynamics of performances. The analysis of biographies of finalist swimmers in the highest sports forums proves that age indicator is a reliable parameter for personalized sports realization. Different age indicators in the structure of the long-term training of elite swimmers are decisive, but age is a fundamental category for achieving maximum sports results. Methodology: Information on the age indicators of 72 participants was collected. They took part in the final swims of the Olympic Games in 9 disciplines in a 24-year period (1992-2016). The data was systematized and analyzed, and the analysis is structured around the age of women finalists from the studied Olympic Games. Results: The comparison of the indicator of the average age of the participants in the final swims in 1992 and the participants in the final swims in the last studied Olympics (2016) shows that the difference between the two groups is significant. The critical value at df = 144 and α = .05 is equal to 1.98, which makes the difference statistically significant. Discussion: The analysis of the average age of the Olympic finalists in the period 1992-2016 provides an excellent opportunity to identify trends in the dynamics of this important parameter. For the whole set of finals, summarizing all styles and distances, an increase in the age of women by 1.4-4 years was registered. Conclusion: The average age of women finalists from the studied Olympic Games in 1992 (72 final results) is 20.0 years, and in 2016 it increased to 23.2 years (+ 3.2 years), and in the distance swimmers - from 20.4 years to 23.3 years. (+2.9 years).
... Nas competições oficiais, a Federação Internacional de Natação (FINA) não oficializa recordes para as provas do circuito mundial e olimpíadas, pois os fatores intervenientes, como a temperatura da água, influenciam no desempenho e diferença entre as provas e locais (ZINGG et al., 2014). E mesmo dentro da temperatura permitida (16 0 C a 31 0 C), o impacto fisiológico é extremamente relevante. ...
Eventos esportivos cresceram em popularidade e número nas últimas décadas e variam desde eventos locais com participação de atletas recreativos e de alta performance, até grandes eventos internacionais. O ambiente aquático, desses eventos, pode transformar-se rapidamente de agradável e acolhedor em hostil e ameaçador, basta apenas uma pequena mudança na condição local da água, como exemplo, maiores ondas, correntezas mais fortes ou temperaturas diferentes da que o atleta está usualmente acostumado, ou uma variação na competência aquática do atleta, tais como: um resfriado, um trauma, uma cãibra, uma roupa inadequada e outros. Não raramente, somos impactados com notícia de atleta que era muito bom na natação, se afogou e morreu num treino ou competição. Nesse capítulo serão apresentados os fatores influenciadores no desempenho esportivo em águas abertas, tais como o impacto do meio ambiente e termorregulação, as regras e diretrizes para esses eventos, e a gestão de riscos e estratégias de prevenção de eventos adversos. 2. Fatores influenciadores no desempenho esportivo A diferença na atuação entre um nadador fundista e ultra fundista está se tornando cada vez mais evidente no universo da natação. Nesse escopo, enquadra-se a natação em águas abertas (NAA), assim como seus aspectos quanto ao contexto em que a modalidade é praticada e também as demandas a ela inerentes (BONANÇA; RAMA; JORGE PROENÇA, 2021). Quando se trata de uma modalidade em ambiente instável, as condições podem ficar mais intensas, pois é necessário analisar antecipadamente as condições do local, ter a habilidade de ajustar os movimentos quanto ao ritmo, comprimento de braçada, respiração, força e outras capacidades físicas e psicológicas para conseguir completar o
... Running economy could negatively be impacted after swimming and cycling at a high intensity due to muscle damage (Bessa et al., 2008;Lacour & Bourdin, 2015), neuromuscular fatigue (Lepers et al., 2000), elevated core temperature and possibly dehydration (Hausswirth & Lehenaff, 2001). However, the impact of these factors could be substantially dampened if the « racing » triathlete drafts other cyclists during the cycling part of the race (Bentley et al., 2002). ...
... Although the hypothesis could not be confirmed, this study's fastest overall age group was between 15 and 29 years. This result confirms studies reporting the peak performance in pool swimming at around 20 years of age 45 and in open water swimming at the age of 22-28 years 46 . Interestingly, female swimmers have their peak performance at a younger age than males 46,47 . ...
... This result confirms studies reporting the peak performance in pool swimming at around 20 years of age 45 and in open water swimming at the age of 22-28 years 46 . Interestingly, female swimmers have their peak performance at a younger age than males 46,47 . This is confirmed in the present study as females were the fastest at 15-19 years and males at 20-29 years. ...
Objective:
Winter swimming is a new sport discipline. Very little is known, however, about the sex differences, origin, participation and performance of the world's best winter swimmers. Therefore, the study aimed to investigate sex differences in performance and age. Furthermore, it should be determined which country has the fastest swimmers, the highest numbers of participants and the most successful age group athletes in winter swimming.
Subjects and methods:
A total of 6,477 results from the 25 m events of the IWSA (International Winter Swimming Association) World Cups from 2016-2020 was collected from the official website of IWSA. Data were analyzed using a generalized linear model (GLM) with a gamma probability distribution and identity link function. The 25 m events were carried out in head-up breaststroke style, freestyle and butterfly. The nationalities were grouped into six groups, the five nationalities with the highest number of participants in the 25 m competitions and one group with the other nationalities. The mean time of 25 m races by sex and country of the total sample was compared. For the top 10 comparisons, the best ten athletes from the six groups were selected. The mean time of each top 10 groups was compared by sex and nationality.
Results:
Men were faster than women for all categories. Swimmers in age group 15-29 years were the fastest, where females were the fastest in age group 15-19 years and males in age group 20-29 years. Women from both Russia and Estonia and men from both Russia and China were the fastest. Both Russian and Chinese males were the fastest in all water categories in the top 10 section in the 25 m events.
Conclusions:
In summary, males were faster than females in the IWSA World Cups between 2016 and 2020. The age group of 15-29 years old athletes was the most successful while females had their age of peak performance earlier than males. Russian and Estonian males and Russian females were the overall fastest in the 25 m events in all water categories. Future studies should investigate the optimal anthropometric characteristics of male and female winter swimming sprint athletes and whether there are distinct areas in Russia, Estonia and China, where many international winter swimming athletes originate.
