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Information regarding scorpion diversity and their envenoming within Iraq in general, and the Northern Iraq in particular, is limited. The number and distribution of scorpion sting cases and some details of the scorpion fauna of Zakho province were reported for the first time in this study. Overall, 2675 scorpion sting cases were reported between 2...
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Context 1
... of the scorpion sting victims were between ages of 15 and 49, accounting for 59% of all cases (Table 2). Those over 50 and less than 1 made up 9% and 1% of the cases, respectively. ...Similar publications
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We report the first pediatric case of a Jaguajir agamemnon scorpion sting. This case occurred in the state of Paraná and is the first record of this species in southern Brazil. The patient was admitted within 15 min, with pain, local edema, erythema, whole-body pruritus, and tongue paresthesia within the first two hours, which disappeared thereafte...
Scorpion sting is an acute time limiting medical emergency commonly encountered in rural villages of the country. It is a major public health problem in many tropical and sub tropical countries. India is most affected country in Asian epidemiological data.
This study was done to study the complications and outcome of scorpion sting in children.
Thi...
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All species of scorpions have the ability to inoculate venom, some of them even with the possibility of killing a human. Therefore, early detection and identification is essential to minimize scorpion stings. In this paper, we propose a novel automatic system for the detection and recognition of scorpions using computer vision and machine learning...
Citations
... Some of these records many belong to the new species described here. Kachel (2020) recently reported an A. crassicauda record from northern Iraq; however, a large denticle is visible in the figure, more resembling A. turkiyensis, a species recently described from southeastern Turkey (Yağmur, 2021). ...
A new species Androctonus sumericus sp. nov. is described and illustrated from the Dhi Qar Province of Iraq, based on the material previously misidentified as A. crassi-cauda (Olivier, 1807). Therefore, the new species were compared particularly with that species, as well as with all species of Androctonus distributed in the Middle East, using their published descriptions. http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:40E85452-7450-446D-8306-B2B07F99CF0E
... According to recent publications, 4162 scor- pion stings were recorded in primary health care centres in the Kurdistan Region in 2017 and 2018 (9). Based on the envenomation epidemiological data of the neighbour countries, Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807), Androctonus bicolor (Ehrenberg, 1828) and Hemiscorpius lepturus (Peters, 1861) are considered the most dangerous scorpions among the known species in Iraq and they are responsible for the most death cases related to scorpion stings (10)(11). ...
... Knowledge of scorpion stings and diversity in Iraq generally, and the Kurdistan Region in particular is extremely poor. According to recent studies on the scorpion fauna of the (1,11,12). ...
... The most abundant species, in terms of both species and distribution, was H. saulcy, which was found in sixteen distinct districts across Kurdistan's three provinces. It was collected for the first time in four districts (two in Erbil and two in Sulaymaniyah), and it had previously been reported in 12 districts (11)(12). In the Iraq scorpion checklist, Kachel and his colleagues (1) reported H. saulcy in seven provinces of Iraq from three different geographical regions of the country (MR= Mountainous and highland region (17), UR= Undulated and hilly region, DR= Desert region). ...
Background:
Annually, thousands of scorpion stings and rare mortalities are recorded in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. In the present study, we prepared a checklist for the geographical distribution of scorpion fauna composition, new localities data, and scorpion sting profile for the years 2019-2020 in the region.
Methods:
Random field surveys for scorpion collection were carried out in 22 localities in the Kurdistan Region from June 2020 to October 2021. Clinical data related to scorpion stings in 2019 and 2020 were obtained from the medical records of public health offices in the region.
Results:
In this survey, 166 specimens were collected. They were composed of seven scorpion species belonging to three families including: Buthidae, Hemiscorpiidae, and Scorpionidae. The collected species were Androctonus crassicauda, Compsobuthus matthiesseni, Hottentotta saulcyi, Mesobuthus mesopotamicus, Orthochirus fomichevi, Hemiscorpius lepturus, and Scorpio kruglovi. Moreover, three scorpion species comprising Buthacus tadmorensis, Hottentotta mesopotamicus, and Calchas anlasi were recorded in the previous study conducted in the Kurdistan region. In 2019-2020, 3726 scorpion stings were reported, with a peak in the summer season. Most of the patients were 15-49 years old. In the current study, medically significant scorpion species have been identified.
Conclusion:
The outcome of the present work will increase the awareness of the Kurdish community regarding the distribution of dangerous scorpion species and consequently reduce their stings.
... [7,18] A. crassicauda is responsible for 41% stings in Khuzestan Province. [ [21] The cause for this disagreement might be for the reason weather-related and ecological factors. ...
Original AAims: The purpose of this study was to determine the scorpion species, abundance, distribution, monthly activity, comparisons between different
scorpion collecting methods, and sex ratio in Bavi County, during 2016–2017. Materials and Methods: Collection of scorpions was made
during the night examinations using the ultraviolet (UV) light and ordinary flashlight. Meanwhile, during the day, scorpions were gathered
through rock rolling and pouring water in‑ground holes. Scorpions were hunted using a long forceps and then transferred to the laboratory in
separate glass containers containing alcohol 75%. All the specimens were identified based on valid taxonomic keys. Results: A total of nine
species in nine genera from three families were identified. Androctunus crassicauda, Hemiscorpius lepturus, and Mesobuthus phillipsii were
the most abundant in the investigated areas. The most scorpion activity was recorded in the summer. The most of the specimens were collected
through UV light. The sex ratio was 1: 1.2 in favor of females. Conclusion: There are three medically major scorpion species including H.
lepturus, A. crassicauda, and M. philipsi in Bavi County. Among them, H. lepturus is the most venomous scorpion in the investigated region.
Therefore, inhabitants must be careful of its sting, in particular in children.
Keywords: Abundance, capturing techniques, distribution, monthly activity, scorpion, sex ratio, species compositionrticle
... [7,18] A. crassicauda is responsible for 41% stings in Khuzestan Province. [ [21] The cause for this disagreement might be for the reason weather-related and ecological factors. ...
Aims: The purpose of this study was to determine the scorpion species, abundance, distribution, monthly activity, comparisons between different scorpion collecting methods, and sex ratio in Bavi County, during 2016–2017. Materials and Methods: Collection of scorpions was made during the night examinations using the ultraviolet (UV) light and ordinary flashlight. Meanwhile, during the day, scorpions were gathered through rock rolling and pouring water in-ground holes. Scorpions were hunted using a long forceps and then transferred to the laboratory in separate glass containers containing alcohol 75%. All the specimens were identified based on valid taxonomic keys. Results: A total of nine species in nine genera from three families were identified. Androctunus crassicauda, Hemiscorpius lepturus, and Mesobuthus phillipsii were the most abundant in the investigated areas. The most scorpion activity was recorded in the summer. The most of the specimens were collected through UV light. The sex ratio was 1: 1.2 in favor of females. Conclusion: There are three medically major scorpion species including H. lepturus, A. crassicauda, and M. philipsi in Bavi County. Among them, H. lepturus is the most venomous scorpion in the investigated region. Therefore, inhabitants must be careful of its sting, in particular in children.
... [17] In total, 85 scorpions belonging to two families (Scorpionidae and (33%), and A. crassicauda (12%). [21] In this study, the prevalence of H. lepturus was 26.7% and A. crassicauda has hunted with prevalence 32.4%. A. crassicauda and H. lepturus are the most venomous scorpions, especially in Khuzestan Province. Envenomation by H. lepturus was responsible for ninety percent of deaths in the southern provinces of Iran. ...
Original Aims: The current study aimed to study the scorpion ecology and fauna of Masjed‑Soleyman County, southwestern Iran to manage scorpion
sting‑related problems during 2016–2017. Materials and Methods: Scorpions were collected from different localities of Masjed‑Soleyman
using rock‑rolling, digging the ground, Ultra Violet flashlight, pouring water in holes, and ordinary flashlight methods. The collected scorpions
were placed to 70% alcohol. Morphological studies were completed under a stereomicroscope. The scorpion species were identified using
diagnostic valid key for the Iranian scorpions. Results: Out of the 318 collected scorpions, 10 species from three families, buthidae (71.1%),
scorpionidae (2.2%), and hemiscorpiidae (26.7%) were identified. The most abundant species were Androctonus crassicauda (32.4%),
Hemiscorpius lepturus (26.7%), and Mesobuthus phillipsii (21.4%). The females were the dominant sex, i.e., 1.7:1 (F/M) sex ratio. The highest
number of scorpions were caught in August (27.7%). The highest abundant of scorpions were collected in summer (65.7%). Furthermore,
the majority of specimens were hunted through of ultraviolet flashlight (44.4%).The most abundant scorpions were caught in animal
husbandry (23.6%). Conclusion: Because treatment of the patients who received stings should be managed according to the kind of their venom
and the scorpion species, it is important for planning treatment and prevention according to the species composition of scorpions of each region.Article
... Scorpions in Iraq have not received much attention, as the history of these studies began in the 19th century by Peters (1861), Simon (1880) and Kraepelin (1899). Iraqi researchers did not enter this field until after a long time, as some of them conducted taxonomic studies on scorpions in some areas such as, Khalaf (1962Khalaf ( , 1963, Tahir et al. (2014), Al-Azawi (2016) Kachel (2020), Hussen and Ahmed (2020) and Kachel et al. (2021). Speaking of southern of Iraq, there are a few studies dealt with the scorpions. ...
... While only from Thi Qar Province, Al-Khazali and Yağmur (2019) recorded six species of scorpions. Kachel (2020) recorded Scorpio maurus (Linnaeus 1758), Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) and Hottentotta saulcyi (Simon, 1880) in Zakho (Dohuk Province). Hussen and Ahmed (2020) published a new data of scorpion fauna, specimens were collected from three provinces (Erbil, Dohuk and Sulaymaniyah) and they were identified as: Scorpio maurus, H. saulcyi, A. crassicauda, Orthochirus fomichevi (Kovařik et al., 2019), Compsobuthus matthiesseni (Birula, 1905), Hemiscorpius lepturus (Peters, 1861), Mesobuthus phillipsii (Pocock, 1889) and Buthacus macrocentrus (Ehrenberg, 1828). ...
... The Genus was previously recorded for the first time from Mosul Province as Scorpio maurus (Penther, 1912 andKhalaf, 1962). Pringle (1960) reported that S. maurus is found in Duhok Province, then Al-Azawi (2016) recorded it in Najaf Province also as S. maurus, as well as Kachel (2020) in Zakho Province. While Ahmed (2015) recorded it as a subspecies, Scorpio maurus kruglovi (Birula, 1910) in Erbil Province, Northern Iraq. ...
Information on the scorpions' fauna of Iraq is limited especially in Thi Qar Province. The scorpion specimens of the present study were collected from the desert area which is located between the provinces of Thi Qar and Al-Muthana (Al-Kata'a region). The Scorpio kruglovi (Birula, 1910) redescribed in this study was found in this area.The diagnostic characters are given and the important features are figured.
... Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) Androctonus crassicauda has been reported from Iraq in several studies under different names as Buthus crassicauda by Kraepelin (1899) and Kennedy (1937); Prionurus crassicauda by Penther (1912); and Buthus (Prionurus) crassicauda by Whittick (1955). The majority of studies have reported it under the currently accepted name, Androctonus crassicauda: Pringle (1960), Khalaf (1962), Khalaf (1963), Vachon (1966), Al-Azawi (2017), Al-Khazali & Yağmur (2019) and Kachel (2020). ...
... Distribution in Iraq. Mosul, Erbil, Duhok, Baghdad and Najaf Provinces (Penther 1912, Pringle 1960, Khalaf 1962, Sherwan 2015, Al-Azawi 2017, Mohammad et al. 2017, Kachel 2020. General distribution. ...
Abstract. The knowledge of the scorpion fauna of Iraq and its geographical distribution is limited. Our review reveals the presence in this country of 19 species belonging to 13 genera and five families: Buthidae, Euscorpiidae, Hemiscorpiidae, Iuridae and Scorpionidae. Buthidae is, with nine genera and 15 species, the richest and the most diverse family in Iraq. Synonymies of several scorpion species were reviewed. Due to erroneous identifications and locality data, we exclude 18 species of scorpion from the list of the Iraqi fauna. The geographical distribution of Iraqi scorpions is discussed. Compsobuthus iraqensis Al-Azawii, 2018, syn. nov. is synonymized with C. matthiesseni (Birula, 1905).
... Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) Androctonus crassicauda has been reported from Iraq in several studies under different names as Buthus crassicauda by Kraepelin (1899) and Kennedy (1937); Prionurus crassicauda by Penther (1912); and Buthus (Prionurus) crassicauda by Whittick (1955). The majority of studies have reported it under the currently accepted name, Androctonus crassicauda: Pringle (1960), Khalaf (1962), Khalaf (1963), Vachon (1966), Al-Azawi (2017), Al-Khazali & Yağmur (2019) and Kachel (2020). ...
... Distribution in Iraq. Mosul, Erbil, Duhok, Baghdad and Najaf Provinces (Penther 1912, Pringle 1960, Khalaf 1962, Sherwan 2015, Al-Azawi 2017, Mohammad et al. 2017, Kachel 2020. General distribution. ...
Abstract. The knowledge of the scorpion fauna of Iraq and its geographical distribution is limited. Our review reveals the presence in this country of 19 species belonging to 13 genera and five families: Buthidae, Euscorpiidae, Hemiscorpiidae, Iuridae and Scorpionidae. Buthidae is, with nine genera and 15 species, the richest and the most diverse family in Iraq. Synonymies of several scorpion species were reviewed. Due to erroneous identifications and locality data, we exclude 18 species of scorpion from the list of the Iraqi fauna. The geographical distribution of Iraqi scorpions is discussed. Compsobuthus iraqensis Al-Azawii, 2018, syn. nov. is synonymized with C. matthiesseni (Birula, 1905).
... Most stings were attributed to black scorpions (76%). Recently, Kachel (2020) reported 2675 scorpion sting cases from Zakho Province, northern Iraq, during the period 2008 to 2017. Sexes were almost equally affected, and most victims were between 15 and 49 years old. ...
The twelve Arab countries of the Middle East are inhabited by 117 species of scorpions of varying medical importance within six families. Scorpion stings are a very common occurrence throughout the region. Twenty-two scorpion species are considered to be dangerously venomous, causing potentially life threatening stings. Accessible literature in English and Arabic on scorpions, scorpion stings and available antivenoms was reviewed to document the scorpion fauna and scorpion stings in each country. Saudi Arabia, Iraq and Jordan report the highest numbers of stings and envenomings. Clinically, the most important toxins in Old World scorpion venoms are α-toxins that target voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels at neurotoxin binding site 3, causing sympathetic excitation and the endogenous release of catecholamines that is responsible for transient, but life-threatening myocardial damage.Most victims of scorpion stings suffer severe local pain, but a few, especially children, develop systemic envenoming which, in the case of most Middle Eastern buthid species, such as Androctonus and Leiurus species, is dominated by the cardiovascular and respiratory consequences of hypercatecholinaemic myocarditis. Other syndromes include paralysis (Parabuthus leiosoma), coagulopathy (Nebo hierichonticus and Hemiscorpius species), and local tissue damage, haemolysis and acute kidney injury (H. lepturus). Early antivenom treatment is recommended but its value remains controversial. However, intensive care, with the ancillary use of vasoactive drugs such as prazosin and dobutamine, has proved effective.
This is the first preliminary study on the scorpions of Kuwait. Three species of scorpions were identified, described and illustrated from the State of Kuwait. Identified species belong to family Buthidae: Apistobuthus susanae, Androctonus crassicauda and Compsobuthus pallidus. Measurements were given for Apistobuthus susanae. Morphometric measurements were given for the three species, along with comparison of Apistobuthus susanae and Apistobuthus pterygocercus.
