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Age Specific Fertility Rates, East and West Germany (Source: Kreyenfeld, ibid.: 106; her Figure 12. Used by courtesy)
Source publication
This book deals with three current research questions: a) on the compatibility between demographic and psychological explanations of reproductive behavior, b) on explaining extreme fertility decline in East Germany after reunification, and c) on sex differences in the determinants of the transition to parenthood.
In Part A, the research questions...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... the Unification Generation, "the changes in fertility behavior that occurred can clearly be depicted" (Kreyenfeld, ibid.: 105). One can observe a typical GDR-style early onset of childbearing in the life course, which radically diminishes after 1990 (see the Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) in Panel 1 of Figure 6). About 2 years after unification, fertility of the 1968 cohort, for instance, had even reached levels below its West German counterpart. But, still, this generation, as an example from the Unification Cohorts of East Germany, remains in general more fertile than its West German counterpart, as one can see in the cumulative ASFR in Panel 3 of Figure 6. In sum, the post-unification reproductive behavior of the Unification Generation can be described as a sharp contraction of the originally "normal" GDR-like ...
Context 2
... the Unification Generation, "the changes in fertility behavior that occurred can clearly be depicted" (Kreyenfeld, ibid.: 105). One can observe a typical GDR-style early onset of childbearing in the life course, which radically diminishes after 1990 (see the Age Specific Fertility Rates (ASFR) in Panel 1 of Figure 6). About 2 years after unification, fertility of the 1968 cohort, for instance, had even reached levels below its West German counterpart. But, still, this generation, as an example from the Unification Cohorts of East Germany, remains in general more fertile than its West German counterpart, as one can see in the cumulative ASFR in Panel 3 of Figure 6. In sum, the post-unification reproductive behavior of the Unification Generation can be described as a sharp contraction of the originally "normal" GDR-like ...
Context 3
... sum our reflections up, we argue that young adults have an increased risk of a transition to parenthood if the quality and content of their personal characteristics and considerations correspond to the demands and chances that parenthood entails in the specific societal situation. For the example of East Germany after unification, we can now state on safer empirical grounds that the situation of societal upheaval made differential impacts on men and women with respect to their family formation process. We understand our finding at the psychological level as correlates of societally evolving conceptions on motherhood and fatherhood which can be subsumed into questions of lifestyles and masculinities for men. The ultimate umbrella to which we refer is gender relations. We depict the general layout of our findings and some of their relevant details in Figure ...
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Citations
... prozess-und themenoffener ) Elemente gesehen (vgl. Mey 1999: 145; Keim 2003; von der Lippe 2004: 104 ff.). Der Interview-Leitfaden, der im PZI explizit eingefordert wird, gliedert sich in unserem Fall in sieben vorab von uns als relevant definierte Themenbereiche (A bis G). ...
Der Lebenslauf von Individuen wird durch den unmittelbaren sozialen Kontext der Freunde, Verwandten, Bekannten und Kollegen
entscheidend geprägt. Zwischen der Makroebene der Gesellschaft und der Mikroebene des einzelnen Akteurs gelegen, stellt die
Ebene des Netzwerks persönlicher Kontakte und Beziehungen eine besondere Herausforderung für die empirische Lebenslaufforschung
dar. Dabei ist davon auszugehen, dass gerade diese alltäglichen Kommunikations-, Unterstützungs- oder Erlebnisnetzwerke eine
wichtige Grundlage zum Verständnis individueller Pläne, Motive oder Entscheidungen bilden. Je nach sozialem Umfeld werden beispielsweise unterschiedliche Vorstellungen und
Normen gelten, zu welchem Zeitpunkt, auf welche Weise und in welcher Abfolge bestimmte Lebensereignisse wie die Gründung einer
Familie auftreten sollten. Diese für den individuellen Lebenslauf so entscheidenden Orientierungen werden für den Einzelnen
durch den sozialen Kontakt mit seinen Mitmenschen erfahrbar, werden durch die soziale Interaktion reproduziert, aber auch
verändert.
The low-fertility debate in developed countries has focused on the limits to family size posed by the financial costs of raising
children, and difficulties combining work and family. Little attention has been given to the physical and socio-psychological
experiences of conception, pregnancy, birth and early parenthood, and their potential effect on parity progression. Womens
rising education and workforce participation rates are often seen as key factors in fertility decline, offering attractive
alternatives to motherhood, but research suggests that they also undermine levels of knowledge, confidence and interest in
motherhood. Demographers have made almost no link between people having fewer children than they might otherwise have had
and their previous childbearing and childrearing experiences. Interviews conducted in South Australia in 2003–04 with parents
of both small and large families show that fertility and family size are influenced both negatively and positively by experiences
of having had children. The paper argues that if low fertility rates are to be stabilized or raised in developed countries,
then researchers and policymakers must consider the physical and socio-psychological costs of having children for parents,
and provide support mechanisms so that experiences of parenthood contribute as little as possible to fertility gaps and delayed
fertility.
Given the lack of unequivocal findings on person-career fit, this investigation aims to gain insight into the role of cognitive styles in understanding students’ career preferences by two complementary studies. In study 1, we examined whether students (n = 84) with different cognitive styles differ in their entrepreneurial attitudes. Results showed a strong positive correlation between the creating style and the overall occupational status choice index, which implies a preference to become self-employed. No significant correlations were found between this index and the knowing and the planning style respectively. A more detailed look at the occupational status choice sub-indexes showed a positive correlation for the knowing style with the ‘economic opportunity’ index, for the planning style with ‘security’ and ‘participation in the whole process’, and for the creating style with ‘career’, ‘challenge’, ‘economic opportunity’, ‘autonomy’, ‘authority’, and ‘self-realisation’. No significant differences in overall occupational status choice were found in terms of gender, degree option, or family background in entrepreneurship. Study 2 focused on the link between students’ career anchors and their cognitive styles and personality profile (n = 275). We found for the knowing style a positive correlation with ‘pure challenge’, for the planning style a positive correlation with ‘lifestyle’ and ‘security/stability’ and a negative one with ‘autonomy/independence’, and for the creating style a positive correlation with ‘entrepreneurial creativity’ and ‘pure challenge’ and a negative one with ‘security/stability’. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that cognitive styles and personality traits could predict people’s career anchors to a certain extent. These findings are particularly relevant for career counselling services of higher education institutions and for selection and recruitment policies of organ
