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Background:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is linked to Epstein Barr virus infection and is particularly common in the Far East, particularly among some Chinese groups. Certain ethnicities have been reported to have low incidence of NPC. This study looked at NPC in Brunei Darussalam over a three decade period.
Materials and methods:
The cancer r...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... Incidence of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma in Brunei Darussalam: a Three Decade Study (1986 significant increasing trend seen over the period (ANOVA p<0.001). There was only one peak in the age distribution (Figure 2). Among the genders and the ethnic groups, there were no differences (p>0.05) ( Table 1). ...
Context 2
... Jemal et al., 2011;IARC 2012) Outside of South-East Asia, the highest reported have come from Southern China (Guangdong province) with rates of 21.73/100,000 (male 30.29/100,000 and female 13.09/100,000). (Zhang et al., 2015) Of important note is that the rates have been decreasing trend. The ASR declined from a high of just over 11/100,000 in 1986-1990 period to just under 6/100,000 in the latest period 2011-2014. ...
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Objectives:
This analysis provides an epidemiological update for nasopharyngeal carcinomas the state of Sarawak and an analysis of the trend over a 20 years period.
Method:
Data between 1996 to 2015 from a population-based cancer registry in Sarawak Malaysia was analyzed. Crude incidence rates and age-standardized rates (ASR) were calculated and...
Citations
... Peculiarly, no esophageal AC was found in Chinese and indigenous groups [11]. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases in Brunei between 1986 to 2014 were analyzed [12]. A total of 450 NPC cases were determined which comprise 4.4% of all malignancy cases during the study period [12]. ...
... Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cases in Brunei between 1986 to 2014 were analyzed [12]. A total of 450 NPC cases were determined which comprise 4.4% of all malignancy cases during the study period [12]. The most frequent cancer type was the undifferentiated carcinoma (96.4%). ...
... The most frequent cancer type was the undifferentiated carcinoma (96.4%). The demographic features were mean age 50.4 years old and dominantly Malays 74.4%, followed by Chinese 16.7% [12]. ...
Despite occurring with lesser incidence in comparison with Western countries, breast cancers (BC) manifest at earlier ages than in the Western World than in Southeast Asia, where thalassemias and hemoglobinopathies are highly prevalent. Cord blood analyses in Singapore revealed that Malays have higher rates of HbE and β-thalassemia than Chinese and Indians. Among Southeast Asian populations, Malays have a worse prognosis for BC with early age of onset. Peculiarly, Brunei has lowest cancer mortality rates among ASEAN countries, yet neurological cancers had the highest percentage of young adult patients. 11p15.5 genomic region includes β-globin genes in the order of 5′-ε-γG-γA-δ-β-3′ and genes which associate with pathogenesis of early age breast cancers and brain tumors such as IGF-2, SLC22A18, H19/Wilms tumor-2, ILK, TSSC3/PHLDA2, p57kip2/CDKN1C, and HRAS. β-Globin genes and tumor-proneness genes at 11p15.5 may possess haplotype interactions and proval of this hypothesis would be important for cancer prediction and prevention. In subjects with thalassemia trait (as shown by rapid and economical tests), cancer screenings may be intensified. The lack of an association in other World regions where hemoglobinopathies are prevalent (such as Middle Asia and Africa) may be due to the different types of hemoglobin mutations leading different types and levels of hemorphins, the splicing products of hemoglobins which regulate immunity.
... Hasil ini mengikuti tren global karsinoma nasofaring pada beberapa negara dengan insidensi tinggi. 11,14,22 Insidensi karsinoma nasofaring pada laki-laki secara konsisten lebih tinggi setiap tahunnya dibandingkan dengan perempuan. Rasio laki-laki dengan perempuan adalah 2,24:1, sejalan dengan tren karsinoma nasofaring di seluruh dunia dengan rasio laki-laki dua sampai tiga kali lebih mungkin mengalami karsinoma nasofaring dibandingkan dengan perempuan. ...
... Hasil serupa juga ditemukan pada negaranegara dengan risiko tinggi karsinoma nasofaring. 22,25 Penelitian mengenai hubungan antara usia dan jenis kelamin dengan tipe histopatologi karsinoma nasofaring telah dilakukan. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui pola usia dan jenis kelamin dalam karakteristik histopatologi dari keganasan lain, seperti kanker paru, kanker kolorektal, tumor otak, dan kanker buli. ...
Background
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with a high incidence in Indonesia. Recent studies had found several factors that influence the incidence and prognosis of NPC including age, sex, and histopathological type. This study aimed to determine the relationship between age and sex with the histopathological type of NPC.Methods
Subjects were NPC patients diagnosed by the Anatomical Pathology Department of Dr. Kariadi General Hospital Medical Center (RSUP Dr. Kariadi) from 1st January 2017-31st December 2019. Data were collected from the medical record. The relationship between age and sex with the histopathological type of NPC was examined. ResultsThere were 201 NPC patients during 2017-2019 in RSUP Dr. Kariadi. The highest number of NPC incidence was in the range of 54-59 years old. There were more males than females at the ratio of 2.24:1. Undifferentiated non-keratinizing cell carcinoma type NPC was the most common type (90.5% of NPC patients), followed by differentiated non-keratinizing cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma consecutively. Both age and sex had no significant relationship with the histopathological type of NPC (p>0.05).Conclusion
There was no relationship between age and sex with the histopathological type of NPC.
... The risk in Chinese males was nearly twofold higher than it was (14). Thus, the pathological type of NPC cases in Pahang seems to follow the same patterns as elsewhere in Malaysia (15), as well as in Southeast Asian regions (16)(17)(18). Several studies in Malaysia have shown similarly high percentages of late stage at presentation, including in Sarawak (19), Pulau Pinang (20) and Malaysia (6) in general. ...
Background:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the fifth most common cancer among Malaysians. While several studies have reported the trend of NPC in other states in Malaysia, no studies have reported the trend of NPC in Pahang state. This study was designed to report the number and distribution of newly diagnosed NPC cases in Pahang.
Methods:
NPC cases that were diagnosed between 2012 and 2017 in two referral hospitals in Pahang were traced. The crude incidence rate (CR) and age-standardised rate (ASR) were calculated to investigate the NPC incidence.
Results:
There were 143 new cases of NPC reported from the two hospitals. The mean age at diagnosis was 52.0 ± 13.7 years old. The majority of cases involved males (74.1%) with a male to female ratio of 2.9:1. Chinese males were found to have the highest incidence with a mean ASR of 4.7 per 100,000 population. Overall, the mean ASR for Pahang was 2.4 per 100,000 population for males and 0.9 per 100,000 population for females.
Conclusion:
The total number of NPC cases reveals an increasing trend from 2012 to 2014 and then a slightly decreasing trend from 2015 to 2017. The incidence of NPC in Pahang was intermediate in males and low in females.
... For smaller countries or those without primary literature reporting the rate of WHO II/III histology, we used either estimates from neighboring countries within the same United Nations intermediate region, or estimates within the same ethnicity (Supplementary Table 10). 25,38,40,44,51,58,[60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76] Among all populations, the lowest proportion of WHO II/III histology was in South (53.2%) and Central America (58.0%), where the age-standardized incidence of NPC is low. ...
Background
The incidence of endemic Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) varies considerably worldwide. In high-incidence regions, screening trials have been conducted. We estimated the mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness of EBV-based NPC screening in populations worldwide.
Methods
We identified 380 populations in 132 countries with incident NPC and developed a decision-analytic model to compare ten unique onetime screening strategies to no screening for men and women at age 50 years. Screening performance and the stage distribution of undiagnosed NPC were derived from a systematic review of prospective screening trials.
Results
Screening was cost-effective in up to 14.5% of populations, depending on the screening strategy. These populations were limited to East Asia, Southeast Asia, North Africa, or were Asian, Pacific Islander, or Inuit populations in North America. A combination of serology and nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was most cost-effective, but other combinations of serologic and/or plasma PCR screening were also cost-effective. The estimated reduction in NPC mortality was similar across screening strategies. For a hypothetical cohort of patients in China, 10-year survival improved from 71.0% (95%CI = 68.8%–73.0%) without screening to a median of 86.3% (range = 83.5%–88.2%) with screening. This corresponded to a median 10-year reduction in NPC mortality of 52.9% (range= 43.1%–59.3%). Screening interval impacted absolute mortality reduction and cost-effectiveness.
Conclusions
We observed decreased NPC mortality with EBV-based screening. Screening was cost-effective in many high-incidence populations and could be extended to men and women as early as age 40 years in select regions. These findings may be useful when choosing among local public health initiatives.
... Milk consumption, on the contrary, is reported to reduce the possibility of having NPC [2]. Generally, NPC is a rare malignancy and endemic, especially in North America [3]. However, the incidence is higher in Asia [4]. ...
... One research conducted in Brunei Darussalam comparing several ethnicity, such as Malay, Chinese, and indigenous people, showing a similar incidence of NPC in the three. 3 Furthermore, NPC patients were also reported to be evenly-spread in every region in Indonesia. There are about 100 NPC cases per year at Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM), Jakarta, while Hasan Sadikin Hospital in Bandung has 60 cases in average, Makassar 25 cases, Palembang 25 cases, Denpasar 15 cases, Padang and Bukittinggi 11 cases in average per year, as well as Medan, Semarang, Surabaya, and other cities showing that NPC is found everywhere in Indonesia [6,7,8]. ...
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) DNA presents in the serum of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients indicates the existence of the viral DNA in the circulation and may be used as an early marker in NPC diagnosis. EBV DNA isolated from the serum and then amplified by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could be used to assess the response of the DNA to various NPC therapies. This study compares the results of EBV DNA measurement in the serum of NPC patients using photoelectrochemical technique and PCR. The presence of a specific oligonucleotide sequence of a standard DNA (EBNA-1) may be detected by photoelectrochemical hybridization of the standard with a DNA probe immobilized on TiO2 electrode, in which the DNA is intercalated by an electrochromic material. The purpose of this study is to obtain a photoelectrochemical system with a relatively good response and sensitivity to the changes in the concentration of EBV DNA in the peripheral blood serum of NPC patients. This research attempts to provide a device and methods that are simple, relatively inexpensive and easy to use, yet sensitive enough to see the prognosis of NPC patients. This study also attempts to develop the measurement instrumentation technology in the field of biomedical research. The photoelectrochemical system of this research used anthocyanin as DNA intercalator. The anthocyanin was isolated from purple cabbage leaves (also known as red cabbage), strawberries, and grapes and the extractant of these anthocyanins were ethanol and water. The best extraction with the highest level of total anthocyanin was achieved by alcohol as extractant. Alcohol gave higher yield of anthocyanin compared to water and ethyl acetate. Purple cabbage leaves have the highest level of anthocyanin compared to strawberry fruits and grapes. Anthocyanins contained in the extract of purple cabbage, strawberries, and grapes may function as DNA intercalators. Electrochromic substance used as DNA intercalator produces difference between the current strength generated by photoelectrochemical system with light and without light. There is a very strong correlation between diluted concentration of DNA and current strength shown by the electrochemical system of this study. There is also correlation between EBV EBNA-1 DNA concentration readings by using photoelectrochemical system and PCR. The sensitivity and specificity to EBV DNA in the serum of NPC patients of photoelectrochemical techniques are significantly higher compared to PCR.
... Interestingly, nasopharyngeal carcinoma cases have been in the decline in recent years in South China as well as in Southeast Asia, [8][9][10] as the Huinan period shortens and the humidity lessens to some extent in Guangdong due to global warming. ...
Previous studies have identified genetic factors and Epstein-Barr virus underlying nasopharyngeal carcinoma. A hypothesis postulated that the local buildup of HCl, mediated by hydrogen bond donors and acceptors and basic amino acids, causes cancer. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma incidences are high in the humid southern coastal China, Southeast Asia, and Mediterranean regions, but not in the noncoastal and nonhumid southern Yunnan Province, China, and nonhumid Central China. The nearly saturated humidity in the Huinan period in Guangdong can trigger the expression of proteins with extensive hydrogen bonding to protons, augmenting the formation of HCl that is mutagenic. Given that the Epstein-Barr virus carries high content of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors, the moist environment in the nasal cavity may enable the virus to colonize the site, compounding pertinent investigations as both virus and high humidity are likely to trigger carcinogenesis. Therefore, the phenomena of exceptionally high humidity in regions with high nasopharyngeal cancer rates warrant further investigations.
... According to World Health Organization (WHO) estimates, the Western Pacific and Southeast Asia regions accounted for ~77% of all cases internationally. Furthermore, NPC is particularly more frequent in males (sex ratio 2.3:1) and certain ethnicities, such as Chinese (2,3). The occurrence of NPC in childhood is rare. ...
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a rare disease in children with good prognosis and high cure rate. Nevertheless, certain patients have an unfavorable prognosis due to development of refractory NPC that is unresponsive to any therapeutic strategies. The current study studies a case of a 17 years-old female with non-keratinizing NPC type IIb (T2N0M0), who passed away as a consequence of resistance to chemo-, radio- and β-interferon therapy, and to an allogenic stem cell transplantation. In order to identify factors that lead to treatment failure and fatal outcome, immunohistochemical analyses of different tumor biomarkers and hierarchical cluster analysis were performed and compared with those of eight other patients with NPC who experienced complete remission following conventional therapy. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the immunohistochemical results clearly demonstrated that staining for immunological factors (CD4, CD8 and CD56) distinguished this patient from the others. To further investigate a potential role of the immune system, lymphocytic infiltration was assessed in tumor tissue by evaluation of hematoxylin and eosin-stained tumor sections. Indeed, no tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were observed in this NPC case, while 7 out of 8 of the other NPC samples contained variable TIL amounts. The view that immunodeficiency of the patient may be a factor in the fatal outcome of treatment is supported by the fact that this patient with NPC was not positive for Epstein-Barr virus markers and also infected by several other viruses and fungi (herpes simplex virus, human herpes virus 6, Varicella zoster virus, and Candida). In conclusion, the investigation of rare NPC cases with poor prognosis may provide an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in refractory tumors and identification of novel potential therapeutic targets for NPC in the future.
... There were about 85,000 incident cases and over 50,000 deaths from nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) worldwide in 2012. 1 The global distribution of incidence and mortality showed a unique disparity, with extremely high rates (over 20-30/100,000 men and 10/100,000 women) in some regions of Southern China, [2][3][4][5][6] Hong Kong, [7][8][9] Taiwan, 10 Singapore, 9 other areas of Southeast Asia, [11][12][13] selected Chinese migrants (mostly to North America), 9,[14][15][16][17] and in North Africa. 18,19 In non-endemic areas including most western countries, Latin America and Japan, NPC is a rare malignancy with incidence rates lower than 1/100,000. ...
Nasopharyngeal cancer (NPC) mortality shows great disparity between endemic high risk areas, where non-keratinizing carcinoma (NKC) histology is prevalent, and non-endemic low risk regions, where the keratinizing squamous cell carcinoma (KSCC) type is more frequent. We used the World Health Organization database to calculate NPC mortality trends from 1970 to 2014 in several countries worldwide. For the EU, the USA and Japan, we also predicted trends to 2020. In 2012 the highest age-standardized (world standard) rates were in Hong Kong (4.51/100,000 men and 1.15/100,000 women), followed by selected Eastern European countries. The lowest rates were in Northern Europe and Latin America. EU rates were 0.27/100,000 men and 0.09/100,000 women, US rates were 0.20/100,000 men and 0.08/100,000 women, and Japanese rates were 0.16/100,000 men and 0.04/100,000 women. NPC mortality trends were favourable for several countries. The decline was -15% in men and -5% in women between 2002 and 2012 in the EU, -12% in men and -9% in women in the USA and about -30% in both sexes in Hong Kong and Japan. The favourable patterns in Europe and the USA are predicted to continue. Changes in salted fish and preserved food consumption account for the fall in NKC. Smoking and alcohol prevalence disparities between sexes and geographic areas may explain the different rates and trends observed for KSCC and partially for NKC. Dietary patterns, as well as improvement in management of the disease, may partly account for the observed trends, too. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
... Nasopharyngeal carcinoma makes (9.1%) of the cases. The most common type was undifferentiated carcinoma, which is consistent with literature [13]. The salivary gland cancer make about (5%). ...
Background:
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignancy with high incidence in Southern China and
South-East Asia. NPC incidence among males in Indonesia is estimated around 8.3/100,000 populations. Tobacco
smoking is a common risk factor for cancer, including NPC. P16 is one of the key proteins related to the activation of
apoptotic pathways, that commonly change during carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis is often related to environmental
exposure, including tobacco smoke.
Objective:
To analyze the association between P16 protein and smoking status
among NPC subjects in Indonesia.
Methods:
Forty formalin fixed-paraffin embedded NPC tissue samples of known
smoking status (20 smokers, 20 non-smokers) were collected from the Department of Anatomical Pathology, Dr. Sardjito
Hospital, Yogyakarta. P16 was detected by immunohistochemistry staining. German semi-quantitative scoring system
was applied to the P16 staining. Expression index with the score of 0 to 3 was classified as negative staining, meanwhile
4 to 12 was classified as positive staining. The association between P16 (score) and smoking status among NPC patients
was analyzed using Fischer exact test. One-sided p ≤ 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Results:
All
samples were Javanese males, with age range 25-76 years old. P16 positive staining among smokers was 5% (1/20),
while among non-smokers was 40% (8/20). P16 among smokers was significantly lower than non-smokers patients
(p=0.010). No difference was found between quantity of smoke and P16 score.
Conclusion:
A significant association
between P16 and smoking status in Indonesian NPC patients has been revealed. The result of this study may be used
to improve prevention and management of NPC cases related to smoking habit in Indonesia.
