Figure 1
Agarose gel electrophoresis of ITS-PCR products of yeasts species after digestion with MspI; lanes 1-11: C. albicans, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. guilliermondii, C. famata, C. kefyr, C. intermedia, C. haemulonii and C. sorbosivorans, respectively; Lane M: a 100-bp DNA size marker
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Background: The incidence of fungal infections caused by the yeasts and yeast-like species increased dramatically in immunocompromised patients, during the past several decades. However, a few of yeast and yeast-like species may colonize in skin and mucous membranes of healthy individuals. Objectives: The current study aimed at accurately identifyi...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... shown in Table 2, depending on the species, the size of ITS rDNA region be- fore and after endonuclease digestion with MspI, amplifica- tion of the ITS region in all yeast isolates yielded the band of approximately 389 to 881 bp. Figure 1 showed the patterns of ITS PCR-RFLP for yeast isolates after digestion with MspI. The accurate identifica- tion of the strains remained undifferentiated based on the results of sequencing method. ...
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Two cases of fungemia caused by Magnusiomyces capitatus, an arthroconidial yeast-like fungus, in non-hematologic immunocompromised patients are described. Both patients died before definite diagnosis of M. capitatus was made. The report highlights that pending confirmation of the isolate by phenotypic and/or molecular methods, the characteristic mo...
Citations
... Moreover, Candida is a kind of yeast that is the most common cause of fungal infections worldwide [14]. The genus Candida enfolds approximately 200 species, such as C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. rugosa, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and C. dubliniensis [15,16]. Recently, it was reported that Z. officinale EO displayed antifungal activity toward C. albicans [17]. ...
The rise of drug resistance has led to attempts to the development of new herbal medicines. This study aimed to develop two types of nanocarriers containing Zingiber officinale essential oil. The oil’s components were identified using GC-MS analysis. Alginate and chitosan nanoparticles containing Z. officinale essential oil were prepared using the ionic gelation method. Particle size, zeta potential, and successful loading of the essential oil in the nanoparticles were investigated using DLS, Zetasizer, and ATR-FTIR analysis, respectively. Chitosan nanoparticles exhibited a significantly smaller particle size (102 ± 9 nm) and more positive zeta potential (12 ± 2 mV) compared to alginate counterparts (188 ± 7 nm, −19 ± 1.2 mV). ATR-FTIR analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation in both types of nanoparticles. Notably, chitosan nanoparticles with IC50 values of 82 and 67 µg/mL against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, respectively, displayed superior potency compared to non-formulated essential oil and alginate nanoparticles. Likewise, the antibacterial efficacy of chitosan nanoparticles with IC50 values of 661 and 462 µg/mL against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, showed a significant potency compared to two other samples. Furthermore, chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated antifungal activity against Candida krusei (MIC 4.25 µg/mL) and Candida parapsilosis (MIC 8.5 µg/mL) while showing no significant antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus (MIC > 1200). Considering their high potency and straightforward preparation, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Z. officinale essential oil warrant further investigation in vivo.
... MspI (Fermentas, Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc., USA) and 10 µL PCR product at 37°C for 10 minutes (12,14). ...
Background: Onychomycosis is one of the most common fungal infections. The most common etiological agents of onychomycosis in Iran are Candida species, especially fingernails. It is more common in women than men, particularly workers in occupations requiring them to submerge their hands or feet in water for prolonged periods. Objectives: The current study's main aim was to determine the abundance of candidal onychomycosis, identify the Candida species using molecular methods, and evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility profiles. Methods: One hundred forty samples were obtained from patients suspected of onychomycosis, and 51 (36.4%) Candida strains were identified by PCR-RFLP. The in vitro susceptibility of four triazole (FLC, ITC, VRC, and POS) antifungal drug testing of 51 Candida species was performed using broth microdilution. Results: Direct microscopic examination by KOH 20% of 140 nail samples showed that 51 (36.4%) samples were positive in terms of fungal elements, with Candida parapsilosis complex being the most frequently isolated of patients, followed by C. albicans complex, C. glabrata, C. krusei, C. tropicalis, C. guilliermondii, C. famata, C. kefyr, and Candida species. All Candida species showed they were susceptible to four triazoles, except that five C. krusei were resistant to fluconazole. Only one C. glabrata isolates and one C. parapsilosis isolate were resistant to fluconazole. Conclusions: The growing trend towards the frequency of fingernail onychomycosis in housewives has been noticeable in the last decades in Iran. Therefore, accurate identification of Candida species and perform in vitro antifungal susceptibility testing can aid physicians in choosing an effective potential drug for treating onychomycosis patients.
... The MALDI-TOF MS-based identification of all isolates to the species level was performed according to Bruker Daltonics (Biotyper RTC software, version 3.0 (Bruker Daltonics, Bremen, Germany)) using the ethanol (EtOH)/ formic acid (FA) extraction protocol [9,10]. In addition, discrimination of the C. albicans species complex, i.e., C. albicans, C. dubliniensis, C. africana, and C. stellatoidea was performed by the amplification of the hyphal wall protein 1 (HWP1) gene as previously described [11,12]. ...
Background and purpose:
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is an opportunistic infection due to Candida species, one of the most common genital tract diseases among reproductive-age women. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of VVC among non-pregnant women and identify the epidemiology of the involved Candida species with the evaluation of antifungal susceptibilities.
Materials and methods:
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was performed to identify Candida species isolated from the genital tract of 350 non-pregnant women. Moreover, antifungal susceptibility testing was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method guidelines (M27-A3 and M27-S4).
Results:
Vaginal swab cultures of 119 (34%) women yielded Candida species. Candida albicans was the most frequently isolated species (68%), followed by Candida glabrata (19.2%). Voriconazole was the most active drug against all tested isolates showing an MIC50/MIC90 corresponding to 0.016/0.25 µg/mL, followed by posaconazole (0.031/1 µg/mL). Overall, resistance rates to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole were 2.4%, 4.8% and, 0.8% respectively. However, posaconazole showed potent in vitro activity against all tested isolates.
Conclusion:
Results of the current study showed that for the effectual therapeutic outcome of candidiasis, accurate identification of species, appropriate source control, suitable antifungal regimens, and improved antifungal stewardship are highly recommended for the management and treatment of infection with Candida, like VVC.
... This study was conducted on 110 yeast and yeastlike species isolated from the nail (n=46), skin (n=36), bronchoalveolar lavage (n=9), sputum (n=7), mouth (n=5), mucosa (n=3), vagina (n=2), ear discharge (n=1), and urine (n=1) during 8 months [12]. The isolates were obtained from the Reference Culture Collection of Invasive Fungi Research Center in Sari, Iran. ...
... The isolates were obtained from the Reference Culture Collection of Invasive Fungi Research Center in Sari, Iran. They had been previously identified through polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), PCR amplification of hwp1 gene, and sequencing [12]. ...
Background and purpose:
Incidence of fungal infections caused by opportunistic fungal pathogens, such as yeasts and yeast-like species, has undergone an increase in otherwise healthy individuals. These pathogens account for high mortality and show reduced susceptibility to the routine antifungal drugs. Accordingly, antifungal susceptibility testing is an urgent need in the determination of the susceptibility spectrum of antifungals and selection of appropriate antifungal agents for the management of patients with fungal infection.
Materials and methods:
The present study was conducted on 110 yeast strains belonging to 15 species recovered from clinical specimens. Susceptibility of the isolates to four antifungal drugs (i.e., fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, and posaconazole) was tested according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines M27-A3 and M27-S4.
Results:
Fluconazole exhibited no activity against 4.3% (n=2) of C. albicans isolates, whereas the remaining 44 isolates had a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) range of 0.125-4 μg/ml. Voriconazole had the lowest geometric mean MIC (0.03 µg/ml) against all isolated yeast species, followed by posaconazole (0.07 µg/ml), itraconazole (0.10 µg/ml), and fluconazole (0.60 µg/ml). Overall, all of the isolates had reduced voriconazole MICs with a MIC range of 0.016-0.5 μg/ml, except for one isolate of C. albicans that had a MIC of 1 μg/ml. Candida haemulonii as a multidrug-resistant fungus showed a fluconazole MIC of > 64 μg/ml.
Conclusion:
The current study provides insight into the antifungal susceptibility profiles of clinically common and uncommon yeast species to four triazole antifungal agents. According to our findings, voriconazole was the most active agent. Awareness about antifungal susceptibility patterns is highly helpful in the selection of appropriate antifungal drugs and identification of the efficiency of the currently used agents.
... In 2 of those 30 studies (corresponding to 1 article, , the problem was due to a lack of information regarding the source attribution. In 19 studies (corresponding to 15 articles: Afsarian et al., 2018;Diba et al., 2018;Das et al., 2018;Hasan and Yassein, 2018;Jung et al., 2018;Kara et al., 2018;Khedri et al., 2018;Kaur et al., 2018;Nagy et al., 2018;Omran and Mansori, 2018;Sadrossadati et al., 2018;Teblick et al., 2018), the problem was due to predisposing factors in the exposed subject. ...
... For 32 of those 45 studies, no potential safety concern was reported, while a potential safety concern was described in the other 13 studies (corresponding to 11 articles: Diba et al., 2018;Das et al., 2018;Jung et al., 2018;Kara et al., 2018;Khedri et al., 2018;Nagy et al., 2018;Omran and Mansori, 2018;Sadrossadati et al., 2018;Afsarian et al., 2018;Teblick et al., 2018): 3 for C. famata (Das et al., 2018;Diba et al., 2018;, 7 for C. kefyr Diba et al., 2018;Khedri et al., 2018;Nagy et al., 2018;Omran and Mansori, 2018;Sadrossadati et al., 2018;, 1 for C. pelliculosa and 2 for Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Kara et al., 2018;Teblick et al., 2018). All these studies reported isolation of the QPS yeasts from opportunistic infections in patients with serious predisposing factors. ...
Abstract The qualified presumption of safety (QPS) procedure was developed to provide a harmonised generic pre‐evaluation to support safety risk assessments of biological agents performed by EFSA's Scientific Panels. The taxonomic identity, body of knowledge, safety concerns and antimicrobial resistance were assessed. Safety concerns identified for a taxonomic unit (TU) are, where possible and reasonable in number, reflected by ‘qualifications’ which should be assessed at the strain level by the EFSA's Scientific Panels. During the current assessment, no new information was found that would change the previously recommended QPS TUs and their qualifications. The list of microorganisms notified to EFSA from applications for market authorisation was updated with 47 biological agents, received between October 2018 and March 2019. Of these, 19 already had QPS status, 20 were excluded from the QPS exercise by the previous QPS mandate (11 filamentous fungi) or from further evaluations within the current mandate (9 notifications of Escherichia coli). Sphingomonas elodea, Gluconobacter frateurii, Corynebacterium ammoniagenes, Corynebacterium casei, Burkholderia ubonensis, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Microbacterium foliorum and Euglena gracilis were evaluated for the first time. Sphingomonas elodea cannot be assessed for a possible QPS recommendation because it is not a valid species. Corynebacterium ammoniagenes and Euglena gracilis can be recommended for the QPS list with the qualification ‘for production purposes only’. The following TUs cannot be recommended for the QPS list: Burkholderia ubonensis, due to its potential and confirmed ability to generate biologically active compounds and limited of body of knowledge; Corynebacterium casei, Gluconobacter frateurii and Microbacterium foliorum, due to lack of body of knowledge; Phaeodactylum tricornutum, based on the lack of a safe history of use in the food chain and limited knowledge on its potential production of bioactive compounds with possible toxic effects.
Candida africana is a pathogenic species within the Candida albicans species complex. Due to the limited knowledge concerning its prevalence and antifungal susceptibility profiles, a comprehensive study is overdue. Accordingly, we performed a search of the electronic databases for literature published in the English language between 1 January 2001 and 21 March 2020. Citations were screened, relevant articles were identified, and data were extracted to determine overall intra-C. albicans complex prevalence, geographical distribution, and antifungal susceptibility profiles for C. africana. From a total of 366 articles, 41 were eligible for inclusion in this study. Our results showed that C. africana has a worldwide distribution. The pooled intra-C. albicans complex prevalence of C. africana was 1.67% (95% CI 0.98-2.49). Prevalence data were available for 11 countries from 4 continents. Iran (3.02%, 95%CI 1.51–4.92) and Honduras (3.03%, 95% CI 0.83-10.39) had the highest values and Malaysia (0%) had the lowest prevalence. Vaginal specimens were the most common source of C. africana (92.81%; 155 out of 167 isolates with available data). However, this species has also been isolated from cases of balanitis, from patients with oral lesions, and from respiratory, urine, and cutaneous samples. Data concerning the susceptibility of C. africana to 16 antifungal drugs were available in the literature. Generally, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of antifungal drugs against this species were low.
In conclusion, C. africana demonstrates geographical variation in prevalence and high susceptibility to antifungal drugs. However, due to the relative scarcity of existing data concerning this species, further studies will be required to establish more firm conclusions.
There has been a rising interest in the levels, diversity and potential impacts of yeasts in aquatic environments. Some of the species isolated from such niches are known pathogens or have pathogenic and antifungal resistance features. This deems it necessary to understand the characteristics and potential health implications of such environmental yeasts species. Studies on these subjects are limited. Most studies on aquatic yeasts have linked them to water pollution. However, the current gold standards to determine microbial pollution of water use bacteria as the main indicator organisms. Including yeasts in water quality standards may provide a different dimension on the quality of water when determining its fit-for-use properties. Pathogenic yeasts cause superficial infections or life-threatening infections, especially in immunocompromised people. Some of the yeast species isolated in recent studies were resistant to commonly used antifungal agents of clinical and veterinary relevance. With the high prevalence rate of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa, particularly in South Africa, antifungal resistance is a public concern as it poses serious medical and economic challenges. Most available studies are concerned with clinical environments only. There is, thus, a need to review the literature that also focuses on aquatic environments.
This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.
The emerging pathogen “Candida auris” is attracting considerable international attention due to its
rising reports, transmission through health professionals, high rate of treatment failure and resistance to
multiple antifungal agents, particularly fluconazole. In spite of the global emergence of C. auris,
epidemiological data and true prevalence of infections due to this organism are not clearly determined due
to incapability of conventional and biochemical identification methods. Consequently, this species is
erroneously identified as C. haemulonii or Rhodotorula glutinis because of their close phenotypical and
biochemical resemblance. Therefore, awareness of serious menace posed by C. auris is of great
importance for physicians and health laboratory personnel. This awareness could play a beneficial role in
prevention of healthcare-associated outbreaks, timely and definite diagnosis, prompt initiation of C. auristargeted
therapy, and subsequently improving treatment outcomes. This review aimed to discuss the
epidemiology, drug resistance, diagnostic challenges, the mode of transmission, and the strategies for
prevention of C. auris-related infections.
Various yeast species have been isolated from fresh water environments elsewhere, but also in the North-West Province of South Africa. Most of them belong to the genera Aureobasidium, Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaromyces, Pichia, Rhodotorutula, Saccharomyces and Trichosporon. Some of these species are indicators of pollution but certain strains are also opportunistic pathogens. They may cause various diseases that range from mucosal to life threatening disseminated infections, especially in the immune compromised sector such as HIV patients. Yeast infections in immune compromised patients are frequently caused by pathogens from the genera Candida and Cryptococcus. Antifungal agents such as azoles are the largest and most widely used class of antifungals. Fluconazole is the most commonly prescribed antifungals in South Africa. In the clinical setting prolonged and repeated treatment with antifungal drugs have led to pathogenic species developing resistance to these antifungal drugs especially fluconazole. There have also been reports of fluconazole resistance among environmental isolates. Resistance of these yeast species to antifungal agents is a major health concern.
