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Medicinal mushrooms have currently become a hot issue due to their various therapeutic properties. Of these, Agaricus subrufescens, also known as the “almond mushroom”, has long been valued by many societies (i.e., Brazil, China, France, and USA). Since its discovery in 1893, this mushroom has been cultivated throughout the world, especially in Bra...
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... subrufescens Peck is a gilled fungus belonging to the family of the Agaricaceae in the order Agaricales ( Firenzuoli et al., 2008) within the phylum Basidiomycota. It is a saprobe and inhabits rotting leaves often at the borders between forests and parks ( Fig. 1). This mushroom is discovered in North America and later South America. However, it has also been found outside America, in Europe, Hawaii, and Thailand where it grows under forest trees and in parks and gardens (Kerrigan, 2005;Arrillaga and Parra, 2006;Dai et al., 2009;Wisitrassameewong et al., ...
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... From India, more than 126 species of the genus have been reported whereas only eight species have been reported from Jammu and Kashmir (Sharma et al., 2010(Sharma et al., , 2017(Sharma et al., , 2020Kumar and Sharma, 2011;Anand et al., 2014;Saini et al., 2018). However, most species were described based only on their morphological characteristics and is inadequate for species delimitation in Agaricus (Zhao et al., 2011;Wisitrassameewong et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2017). ...
... Additionally, because of the impact of various environmental conditions and intraspecific variances, it may be challenging to accurately identify certain Agaricus species based alone on their macromorphological traits. Therefore, molecular phylogeny plays a critical role in species discrimination (Wisitrassameewong et al., 2012;Zhang et al., 2017). ...
In the present communication, a species of Agaricus ( A. griseovariegatus ) belonging to A . sect. Xanthodermatei has been described from North‐western Himalaya of Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India. This species is humicolous and found on dead decaying leaves of walnut. It is characterized by its appressed olive‐gray squamules, broad radial fissures on the pileus, floccose annulus, faintly yellow context, phenolic odor, and bisporic to tetrasporic basidia. This species is reported here as a novel addition to India's macrofungal flora. Its morphology, anatomy, and phylogenetic relationships based on nrITS sequences are all described in detail here.
... La importancia de los hongos es variada, cumpliendo diferentes roles ecológicos fundamentales en la naturaleza, es decir, parásitos, saprótrofos, mutualismo o simbiosis [16]. Además, algunas especies pueden poseer potencial biotecnológico, como, por ejemplo, Agaricus subrufescens, conocido mundialmente por ser comestible, medicinal y altamente comercial [17][18][19][20][21]. ...
... Asimismo, Ganoderma spp. cuenta con compuestos anticancerígenos [32] con eficiencia en el sistema inmune [17,29], siendo comercialmente cultivados en diferentes países del mundo [18][19][20][21][30][31][32]. Los hongos presentes en este bosque pueden ser explotados de diversas formas industrial o biotecnológicamente [33]. ...
Ecuador es un país Megadiverso en Flora, Fauna y Funga, a más de ecosistemas únicos como el Bosque Petrificado de Puyango. Este bosque no ha sido investigado en cuanto a su diversidad fúngica. En el presente trabajo se registra preliminarmente por primera vez una lista y guía visual rápida de macrohongos principalmente descomponedores de madera para el Bosque Petrificado de Puyango. Los resultados sugieren una gran diversidad de hongos para este bosque, donde 28 observaciones corresponden a 28 morfoespecies. Esta información marca la línea base para futuros proyectos investigativos que permitan mostrar y valorizar la diversidad de hongos neotropicales en esta zona protegida declarada Patrimonio Nacional de Ecuador.
... anti-tumor activity, with fruiting bodies that are also edible and nutritious [34]. Research on Agaricus species has focused on enhancing the yield and sporophore quality, including the usage of alternative substrates and techniques for successful fructification [35][36][37][38]. ...
The composition of the substrate is one of the most critical factors influencing the quality as well as the nutritional value and bioactive content of mushrooms. Therefore, the effects of various substrates, such as barley and oat straw (BOS), beech wood shavings (BWS), coffee residue (CR), rice bark (RB) and wheat straw (WS, control substrate), on the biochemical properties (lipid, protein, polysaccharide, glucan, ash, and mineral content, fatty acids and tocopherols composition), total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Pleurotus mushrooms, P. ostreatus (strains AMRL 144, 150) and P. eryngii (strains AMRL 166, 173-6), cultivated in ‘bag-logs’, was examined. Proximate analysis of A. bisporus and A. subrufescens grown on two different composts (C/N ratios of 10 and 13) was conducted, too. The whole carposomes, pilei and stipes were analyzed. Results showed that BOS, RB, BWSs and CR improved the antioxidant activity of Pleurotus species and their nutritional characteristics. Both pilei and stipes were rich in polysaccharides (27.51–67.37 and 22.46–39.08%, w/w, for Pleurotus and Agaricus spp., respectively), lipids (0.74–8.70 and 5.80–9.92%, w/w), proteins (6.52–37.04 and 25.40–44.26, w/w, for Pleurotus and Agaricus spp., respectively) and total phenolic compounds (10.41–70.67 and 7.85–16.89 mg gallic acid equivalent/g for Pleurotus and Agaricus spp., respectively), while they contained important quantities of unsaturated FAs of nutritional and medicinal importance. Pilei were richer in proteins, total phenolic compounds and enhanced antioxidant activity and reducing power than stipes, whereas stipes were richer in IPSs and glucans compared to the corresponding pilei. Thus, mushroom cultivation could upgrade rejected agro-industrial residues and wastes to new uses as substrates for the production of mushrooms with specific nutritional and medicinal attributes.
... These bioactive compounds have prophylactic and therapeutic benefits, including antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties (Smiderle et al., 2011;Sorimachi et al., 2001). Previous studies have isolated bioactive compounds and validated their medicinal potential (Ayeka, 2018;da Silva de Souza et al., 2017;Gonzaga et al., 2009;Levitz, 2010;Venkatesh Gobi et al., 2018;Wisitrassameewong et al., 2012). ...
Agaricus subrufescens , also known as the “mushroom of the sun,” has significant nutritional and medicinal value. However, its short shelf life due to the browning process results in post-harvest losses unless it’s quickly dehydrated. This restricts its availability to consumers in the form of capsules. A genome sequence of A. subrufescens may lead to new cultivation alternatives or the application of gene editing strategies to delay the browning process. We assembled a chromosome-scale genome using a hybrid approach combining Illumina and Nanopore sequencing. The genome was assembled into 13 chromosomes and 31 unplaced scaffolds, totalling 44.5 Mb with 96.5% completeness and 47.24% GC content. 14,332 protein-coding genes were identified, with 64.6% of the genome covered by genes and 23.41% transposable elements. The mitogenome was circularized and encoded fourteen typical mitochondrial genes. Four PPO genes and the Mating-type locus were identified. Phylogenomic analysis supports the placement of A. subrufescens in the Agaricomycetes clade. This is the first available genome sequence of a strain of the “mushroom of the sun.” Results are available through a Genome Browser (https://plantgenomics.ncc.unesp.br/gen.php?id=Asub) and can support further fungal biological and genomic studies.
... It's also known under the names of Almond mushroom, Cogumelo de Sol, da Vida or de Deus (mushroom of the Sun, Life and God) in Brazil or Himematsutake (princess matsutake) in Japan. Because of its high β-D-glucan content, Agaricus subrufescens is used in alternative cancer therapy [5]. ...
An increasingly integrative cancer treatment is worth striving for. There is more and more evidence for this in the literature. Liquid biopsy with drug testing can provide a basis. We have tried to make an optimisation with the help of ranking lists of on the one hand chemical and on the other hand natural remedies. The most frequently positive and thus effective complementary remedies are listed. Some of them are well-known, others are relatively new or even controversial. However, if efficiency on individual tumor cells has been demonstrated in the laboratory, this should be taken into account. Patients can receive a benefit from this.
... These saprobic mushrooms are often gregarious in forests, pasture land, grass land, rubbish dumps, manure heaps, and alluvial soil and include economically important species, such as A. bisporus, which is also known as white button mushroom, table mushroom, cultivated mushroom, portobello mushroom, and crimini mushroom [78,[81][82][83][84]. This genus of macrofungi is widely used and extensively studied for its dietetic, ethnopharmacological, and medicinal properties, and the literature abounds on the topic [85][86][87][88][89][90]. ...
Cancer is responsible for lifelong disability and decreased quality of life. Cancer-associated changes in metabolism, in particular carbohydrate, lipid, and protein, offer a new paradigm of metabolic hits. Hence, targeting the latter, as well as related cross-linked signalling pathways, can reverse the malignant phenotype of transformed cells. The systemic toxicity and pharmacokinetic limitations of existing drugs prompt the discovery of multi-targeted and safe compounds from natural products. Mushrooms possess biological activities relevant to disease-fighting and to the prevention of cancer. They have a long-standing tradition of use in ethnomedicine and have been included as an adjunct therapy during and after oncological care. Mushroom-derived compounds have also been reported to target the key signature of cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo studies. The identification of metabolic pathways whose inhibition selectively affects cancer cells appears as an interesting approach to halting cell proliferation. For instance, panepoxydone exerted protective mechanisms against breast cancer initiation and progression by suppressing lactate dehydrogenase A expression levels and reinducing lactate dehydrogenase B expression levels. This further led to the accumulation of pyruvate, the activation of the electron transport chain, and increased levels of reactive oxygen species, which eventually triggered mitochondrial apoptosis in the breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the inhibition of hexokinase 2 by neoalbaconol induced selective cytotoxicity against nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines, and these effects were also observed in mouse models. Finally, GL22 inhibited hepatic tumour growth by downregulating the mRNA levels of fatty acid-binding proteins and blocking fatty acid transport and impairing cardiolipin biosynthesis. The present review, therefore, will highlight how the metabolites isolated from mushrooms can target potential biomarkers in metabolic reprogramming.
... It has been reported that the trace metal concentrations in mushrooms are significantly higher than those in agricultural plants, vegetables and fruits [48]. The most commonly evaluated elements in mushrooms are: Ca, K, Fe, P, Cu, Se, Pb, Cd and Hg; less commonly: Mg, Mn, Al, Cr, Ni and B; very rarely: Na, Ag, Cs, Co, Ba, Sr, Ti, U, Th and V [49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64]. The lack of scientific information on the elemental content in cultivation substrates and their effects on the mushroom production process is evident [65]. ...
The present investigation aimed to study the utilisation of combined dairy manure-food waste digestate as a substrate (experimental mushroom substrate—EMS) for Pleurotus djamor (strain 2708, Mycelia) cultivation. Considering the lack of scientific information about the influence of elements concentration in growing substrates on the bioaccumulation of elements in cultivated mushrooms and their residual concentrations in substrates left after cultivation (spent mushroom substrate—SMS), a multi-elemental analysis of 38 elements was carried out. In the study, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was used for elemental analysis. The P. djamor cultivated on EMS resulted in a yield of 196.50 g/bag, achieving a biological efficiency (BE) of 39.90%. High variability in the elemental concentrations among substrates both before and after mushroom cultivation was evident. The studied elements accumulation in P. djamor was in an increasing trend in three subsequent flushes and was also reflected in the bioconcentration factors (BCFs). The highest BCF (2.35) was determined for Fe. Interestingly, the BCF values for all studied trace elements with detrimental health effects were lower than 1.00. The estimated daily intake (EDI) reflected that the P. djamor fruiting bodies grown on EMS can serve as an excellent dietary source of essential major and trace elements: Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn. On the other hand, EDI values for K, Cu, Fe, Ag, Ba, Cd, Al, Sb and Sr were greater than the referred guideline values corresponding to higher intake. Overall, the study presented an insight into elemental accumulations and demonstrated the potential utilisation of combined dairy manure-food waste digestate.
... Agaricus subrufescens is a Brazilian Agaricales fungus, the mushrooms of which are considered functional foods with medicinal and nutraceutical properties, resulting in its popularization across the world in recent decades [1]. As mushroom cultivation does not require special conditions, this species is cultivated in a rustic way without controlled conditions (e.g., temperature, relative humidity, light period) by small growers, contributing to increases in family incomes [2][3][4]. In fact, this type of cultivation can, in some cases, favor productivity when linked to the adaptability of the strain. ...
... Peat moss (+terra ® , Castro, PR, Brazil) was used as casing layer, deposited approx. 3.0 cm above the leveled colonized compost [3]. The ruffling was performed before the mycelium reached the surface of the casing layer, 6 days after the addition of the casing [21]. ...
It is well-known that bacteria and fungi play important roles in the relationships between mycelium growth and the formation of fruiting bodies. The sun mushroom, Agaricus subrufescens, was discovered in Brazil ca. 1960 and it has become known worldwide due to its medicinal and nutritional properties. This work evaluated the bacterial community present in mushroom-colonized compost extract (MCCE) prepared from cultivation of A. subrufescens, its dynamics with two different soaking times and the influence of the application of those extracts on the casing layer of a new compost block for A. subrufescens cultivation. MCCEs were prepared through initial submersion of the colonized compost for 1 h or 24 h in water followed by application on casing under semi-controlled conditions. Full-length 16S rRNA genes of 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE were amplified and sequenced using nanopore technology. Proteobacteria, followed by Firmicutes and Planctomycetes, were found to be the most abundant phyla in both the 1 h and 24 h soaked MCCE. A total of 275 different bacterial species were classified from 1 h soaked MCCE samples and 166 species from 24 h soaked MCCE, indicating a decrease in the bacterial diversity with longer soaking time during the preparation of MCCE. The application of 24 h soaked MCCE provided increases of 25% in biological efficiency, 16% in precociousness, 53% in the number of mushrooms and 40% in mushroom weight compared to control. Further investigation is required to determine strategies to enhance the yield and quality of the agronomic traits in commercial mushroom cultivation.
... Polysaccharides such as riboglucans, β-glucans, glucomannans make up a majority of the bioactive chemicals extracted from this mushroom. Ergosterol, a lipid component, has been discovered to have anticancer activity (Firenzuoli et al., 2008;Wisitrassameewong et al., 2012;Takaku et al., 2001). ...
Fungi are extremely diverse in terms of morphology, ecology, metabolism, and phylogeny. Approximately, 130 medicinal activities like antitumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, radical scavenging, cardioprotective and antiviral actions are assumed to be produced by the various varieties of medicinal mushrooms. The polysaccharides, present in mushrooms like β-glucans, micronutrients, antioxidants like glycoproteins, triterpenoids, flavonoids, and ergosterols can help establish natural resistance against infections and toxins.. Clinical trials have been performed on mushrooms like Agaricus blazei Murrill Kyowa for their anticancer effect, A. blazei Murrill for its antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects, and some other mushrooms had also been evaluated for their neurological effects. The human evaluation dose studies had been also performed and the toxicity dose was evaluated from the literature for number of mushrooms. All the mushrooms were found to be safe at a dose of 2000 mg/kg but some with mild side effects. The safety and therapeutic effectiveness of the fungal mushrooms had shifted the interest of biotechnologists toward fungal nanobiotechnology as the drug delivery system due to the vast advantages of nanotechnology systems. In complement to the vital nutritional significance of medicinal mushrooms, numerous species have been identified as sources of bioactive chemicals. Moreover, there are unanswered queries regarding its safety, efficacy, critical issues that affect the future mushroom medicine development, that could jeopardize its usage in the twenty-first century.
