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Agaricales found in the South Shetland Islands: a-b) Omphalina antarctica (a-basidiomes; b-spores); c-d) Arrhenia salina (c-basidiomes; d-spores); e-f) Omphalina pyxidata (e-basidiomes; f-spores); g-h) Galerina perrara (g-basidiomes; h-spores); i-j) Lichenomphalia umbellifera (i-basidiomes; j-spores); k-l) Gerronema moelleri (k-basidiomes; l-spores); m-n) Leptoglossum omnivorum(m-basidiomes; n-spores); o-p) Leptoglossum lobatum (o-basidiomes; p-spores); q-r) Simocybe antarctica (q-basidiomes; r-spores). Scale: 10 mm (a; c; e; g; i; k); 1 mm (m; o; q); 10 mm for all spores.
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Citations
... Spore measurements (minimum, average and maximum length and width; length-width quotient Q l/w) are based on values obtained from at least 10 randomly selected spores in lateral view. For species identification and retrieving information about their ecology and distribution, the following references were used: Elborne 2012, Guminska et al. 1994, Horak 1982, Høiland 1976, Gminder and Krieglsteiner 2001, Laessøe 2012, Pegler et al. 1980, Putzke and Pereira 1996, Putzke et al. 2012, Redhead 1984, Segedin 1994, Senn-Irlet and Moreau 2003, Singer 1956, Vizzini et al. 2012, among others. Current names and basionyms were assigned to species mostly according to Index Fungorum [1]. ...
... with suprahilar depression, brown, smooth, thick-walled ( Fig. 4b); basidia clavate, tetrasporic; cheilocystidia slender, cylindric to lageniform, subcapitate or capitate ( Fig. 4c), pleurocystidia not observed; hyphal septa with clampconnections. Distribution: Based on available data, endemic in maritime Antarctica (South Shetland Islands) and subantarctic islands (South Orkney, Signy) (Pegler et al. 1980, Putzke et al. 2012. ...
... Pegler et al (1980) who originally described it growing in vitro from a moss sample collected on Signy Island, suggested its specific association to Andreaea gainii Cardot. We confirm now S. uncinata and P. alpinum as alternative hosts which were not explicitly mentioned by Putzke et al. (2012) who reported fruiting bodies of S. antarctica for the first time in situ from the South Shetland archipelago. (Singer) Description: Basidiomata gregarious, pileate-stipitate, with pileus up to 30 mm in diam., plane-convex with depressed center or umbilicate, dark grey-brown, smooth, with a greasy shine when fresh (Fig. 5a); hymenium lamellate, lamellae thick, with blunt edge, decurrent, concolorous with the pileus or brighter colored, with darker edge (Fig. 5b); stem up to 30 mm long, central, concolorous with pileus; spores 5.7-7.2-8.6 × 4.3-4.8-5.7µm, ...
Relatively few macrofungi have been historically described from terrestrial environments of the Antarctic Peninsula and its associated archipelagos which are characterized by a moss-dominated vegetation, most of them preferentially or obligatorily associated with bryophytes. During the study of the influence of penguin rockeries to moss communities on the South Shetland Islands, the bryophilous basidiomycetes Rimbachia bryophila and Arrhenia cf. lilacinicolor were found for the first time on King George Island, growing on carpets of Sanionia uncinata. Other bryophilous fungi previously recorded in the same region are Arrhenia antarctica, Omphalina pyxidata and the rare Simocybe antarctica. The detection of the supposedly parasitic R. bryophila, together with other new observations of macrofungi on different hosts in the Antarctic bryoflora could indicate increased sexual reproduction. The likely increase of reproduction as an effect of warming on the terrestrial antarctic tundra should be proven by follow up field studies.
The investigation of Agaricales diversity in the Antarctica is limited, with only seven genera reported for the region. Galerina stands out as the genus with the highest species diversity, including 12 species in Antarctica. This research reports the presence of G. marginata in the region, providing the first complete morphological description for the specimen developing in Antarctica. Sampling was conducted during the Austral summer of 2022/2023 as part of the XLI Brazilian Antarctic Operation in Point Smellie, Byers Peninsula, Livingston Island, South Shetland Archipelago, Antarctica. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by Maximum Likelihood demonstrate that G. marginata forms a monophyletic clade with over 60% bootstrap support in most branches. The isolate in this study was found to be internal to the main cluster. Evolutionary reconstructions using the Maximum Likelihood method indicate that the branches correspond to the Antarctic isolate being an internal clade within the marginata group. Recording fungal populations in polar regions offers information about their adaptation and survival in inhospitable environments. Understanding the species' distribution in Antarctica encourages future investigations into its ecology and interactions with other organisms. Here, data are presented to establish an initial foundation for monitoring the G. marginata population in Antarctica and assessing the potential impacts of climate change on its development and survival in the forthcoming years.
We report the third occurrence of Galerina marginata (Batsch) Kühner in Antarctica and provide, for the first time, a comprehensive morphological description of an individual of the species for the Antarctic continent, accompanied by phylogenetic analyses and comprehensive discussions regarding its diversity and global distribution.
Fungi are probably the most diverse group of eukaryotic organisms in the Antarctic continent and nearby archipelagos, and they dominate communities in either mild or harsh habitats. However, our knowledge of their global distribution ranges and the temporal origins of their Antarctic populations is rather limited or almost absent, especially for species that do not lichenize. We focused for the first time on elucidating the taxonomic identity and phylogenetic relationships of several Antarctic collections of the deadly fungal Basidiomycota genus Galerina . By using molecular sequence data from the universal fungal barcode and a dataset encompassing 178 specimens, the inferred phylogeny showed that the Antarctic specimens corresponded with the sub-cosmopolitan species Galerina marginata , Galerina badipes and Galerina fallax , and their most closely related intraspecific genetic lineages were from northern Europe and North America. We found that these species probably host Antarctic-endemic intraspecific lineages. Furthermore, our dating analyses indicated that their Antarctic populations originated in the Pleistocene, a temporal frame that agrees with that proposed for the Antarctic colonization of plants such as the grass Deschampsia antarctica , mosses and some amphitropical lichens. Altogether, these findings converge on the same temporal scenario for the assembly of the most conspicuous terrestrial Antarctic plant and fungal communities.
