Figure 2
Afro-Asiatic Family of Languages
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This article is one of a series of articles in regards to the density of the etymological elements which compose Urdu language. In this particular article the exact density of Persian and Arabic elements will be obtained. Urdu is an Indo-European language which derived from Sanskrit into the Prakrit languages and at a later stage was influenced by...
Similar publications
Urdu and Hindi languages share common phonology, morphology and grammar but are written in different scripts; Urdu is written in Persio-Arabic script while Hindi is written in Devnagri script. Transliteration system is used to transcribe a word written in one language/script to another language/script by conserving its articulation. Such system is...
This article is the last of a series on the topic of the etymological components of the basic vocabulary of Urdu language as well as their density within the language. Each of the articles was aimed to calculating the density of a particular etymological element in the basic vocabulary of Urdu. The research is significant since it is the first corp...
Purpose
This research determines the lexical development of preschool children in bi/multilingual Pakistani society, who are exposed to English (L2/L3) in playschool and their native language (L1) as well as Urdu (L1/L2) at home. The study aims to establish the lexical increment among the three age groups of children through conceptual scoring of t...
The study discusses the variation in general (everyday) communication found in the Urdu lexicon in the previous 10 years. The research is qualitative, based on random interviews collected from Urdu speakers belonging to District Sanghar and Karachi from Sindh; and Lahore from Punjab. The study is based on the data provided by the interviewed partic...
The word Urdu is derived from Turkish language and it means ―swarm‖. Urdu borrows most of its vocabulary from Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Pashto and other regional languages. In order to arrive at an appropriate teaching of Urdu language, a contrastive analysis and comparative study is imperative. The influence of actual meaning in Urdu may not be po...
Citations
... The words are then classified by language of origin and the precise percentage of each language element obtained. While the previous research (Maldonado García 2014García , 2015aGarcía , 2015b, dealt with the density of individual etymological elements, this one treats this topic as a whole, dealing with all of the language elements at one time and comparing the etymological analysis with historical facts. The study debunks the widespread theory that Urdu was a language of the armies, artificially created at some point in history when the Arab, Persian and Turkish armies met at an unidentified geographical location producing the birth of Urdu as a mixture of their languages. ...
This article is the last of a series on the topic of the etymological components of the basic vocabulary of Urdu language as well as their density within the language. Each of the articles was aimed to calculating the density of a particular etymological element in the basic vocabulary of Urdu. The research is significant since it is the first corpus-based survey of the density of the etymological elements in the basic vocabulary of Urdu. The calculation is conducted utilizing a corpus of one thousand words of the basic vocabulary and extracting the origin of each word through an etymological analysis. The words are then classified by language of origin and the precise percentage of each language element obtained. While the previous research (Maldonado García 2014, 2015, 2015a, 2015b), dealt with the density of individual etymological elements, this one treats this topic as a whole, dealing with all of the language elements at one time and comparing the etymological analysis with historical facts. The study debunks the widespread theory that Urdu was a language of the armies, artificially created at some point in history when the Arab, Persian and Turkish armies met at an unidentified geographical location producing the birth of Urdu as a mixture of their languages. After the identification phase of this project, it was revealed that from an etymological and historical perspective, Urdu derived from Sanskrit into the Prakrit languages through a process of evolution and has received influence from Persian, Arabic and English during the period of the invasions. No elements of Turkish language were found during the analysis.
Punjabi belongs to the Indo Aryan family of languages, andis spoken in various nations in the world, especially Pakistan and its province Punjab as well as in Indian Punjab. Punjabi manifests itself by its various dialects on the basis of diversified geographical areas. Shahpuri is one of the dialects of Punjabi. As Punjabi is the 10 th most widely spoken language in the world, its importance cannot be denied (Ghai & Singh, 2013). The majority of the people living in the most populous province of Pakistan use Punjabi in their daily life. It is among the 22 languages which have official status in India. Unfortunately, the phonology of Punjabi and its dialects has not been explored as much as those of some other languages and their dialects. This research paper is an attempt to explore the differences between Standard Punjabi and Shahpuri in the domain of their phonology by using the framework of the Levenshtein algorithm. These differences and similarities are described with the help of this procedure, which contains all the consonants sounds. The data is collected by purposive sampling from the speakers of both linguistic systems. The present research article shows that there is almost 80% similarity between the standard Punjabi and Shahpuri. This research article provides a foundation for the research in the phonology of both the dialects of Punjabi.
Diacritic marks are present in numerous languages, performing diverse roles as they influence both semantics and phonetics. While they might be disregarded in certain instances of writing, they play a pivotal role in distinguishing homographs, thereby presenting challenges for L2 learners, children learning to read, and individuals with disabilities. The present study delves into the impact of diacritics on children's reading of Urdu textbooks, employing an experimental research approach wherein two sample groups (experimental and control) underwent pre and post-tests. Furthermore, the Error Analysis Model proposed by Ellis (1994) was applied for error analysis. The findings demonstrate that reading texts with diacritics proves to be easier for children. The study aims to aid Urdu textbook writers in addressing reading difficulties faced by children due to the absence of diacritic marks.
From the ninth to the nineteenth centuries, Persian was the pre-eminent language of learning far beyond Iran, stretching from the Balkans to China. In this book, Alexander Jabbari explores what became of this vast Persian literary heritage in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in Iran and South Asia, as nationalism took hold and the Persianate world fractured into nation-states. He shows how Iranians and South Asians drew from their shared past to produce a 'Persianate modernity', and create a modern genre, literary history. Drawing from both Persian and Urdu sources, Jabbari reveals the important role that South Asian Muslims played in developing Iranian intellectual and literary trends. Highlighting cultural exchange in the region, and the agency of Asian modernizers, Jabbari charts a new way forward for area studies and opens exciting possibilities for thinking about language and literature.
The current study is an effort to analyze the lexico-semantic relationships of nouns in Saraiki newspaper.
Although spoken as a first language by almost 20 million people in Pakistan, Saraiki has a limited Corpus in the form of
ijunoonSaraiki dictionary (2017). A functional corpus for Saraiki would be helpful in developing a WordNet through
which the digital applications of Saraiki can be run. Of the four open class categories included in the WordNet the present
study explores the semantic relations found among the nouns of Saraiki. A corpus of 2 million words was created from the
Saraiki newspaper Jhoke after POS tagging a list of 1500 nouns was generated and the nouns were semantically
categorized for identifying the lexical relationships among them using machine readable dictionaries. Each lexical and
semantic relation was quantitatively analyzed using Antconc 3.5.7. The 3A model of corpus linguistics was used for
annotation and analysis of Saraiki nouns (Wallis & Nelson, 2001). The results revealed ten lexico-semantic relationships
frequently found among the nouns in the newspaper Jhoke, which are essential for the development of a lexical data base
such as WordNet. The lexico-semantic relationship analysis showed that the singular / plural relationship was the most
frequent among the Saraiki nouns while, synonymy was the least frequent relationship. Identifying the noun relationships
of Saraiki are a step towards the development of a Saraiki WordNet that would support NLP and other digital
applications.
Key words: Lexico-semantics, Nouns, Corpus linguistics, Saraiki, Newspaper
Learner autonomy refers to a state where a learner seeks the understanding of the concepts more independently, takes charge of his own learning and becomes more motivated and self-supportive towards the learning procedures. The present study explored the existing practices of EFL learners with reference to autonomy practices, in the context of Punjab, Pakistan. The autonomy of the learners was examined through their use of foreign language learning strategies. The sample of the study consisted of 104 university students from arts and science groups. The results indicated that the students of science group were using more autonomous learning strategies as compared to the arts group.
Punjabi belongs to the Indo Aryan family of languages, and many nations across the world speak it. Punjabi language is also spoken in both the Punjab provinces of Pakistan and India. This language is known by its different dialects in connection with sundry geographical locations. There is a prominent dialect of Punjabi language i.e. Shahpuri. As Punjabi is the 10 th most widely spoken language in the world, its importance cannot be denied (Ghai & Singh, 2013). The majority population of Punjab in Pakistan use Punjabi language in their daily routine of life. It is among the 22 languages which have official status in India. Unfortunately, the phonology of Punjabi and its dialects has not been explored as much as some other languages and their dialects. This research paper is an attempt to explore the differences between Standard Punjabi and Shahpuri in the domain of their phonology with the help of Levenshtein algorithm framework. by using the framework of the Levenshtein algorithm. These similarities and dissimilarities are described by the instrument, which contain all the consonants sounds. The data is collected by purposive sampling from the speakers of both the dialects. The present research article shows that there is almost 80% similarity between the standard Punjabi and Shahpuri. This research article will provide a foundation for the research in the phonology of both the dialects of Punjabi.
Authors who have analyzed and written about the Saraiki identity disagree on whether the linguistic system called Saraiki is a language or a dialect. The proponents of the Saraiki movement have efficiently created the Saraiki identity with the purpose of demarcating their own province within Pakistan. The factors in which they base the identity are various; a unique language, a unique culture and race, population concentration in a specific area, etc. While the proponents of the Saraiki movement claim it is a language and mainly they do not base their claims on any linguistic analysis or justified linguistic reasons, others have denied this claim stating it is a dialect of Punjabi. While many of the proponents of Saraiki as a language do have political and vested interests, the great majority do not offer any linguistic reasoning for this claim. This is a scientific and impartial endeavor with the purpose of understanding whether Saraiki is a language or a dialect, through strictly a linguistic analysis.
