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Aerobic Endurance (Step Test, Points, A), Speed (20m Sprint, m⋅s –1 , B) and Speed-Endurance (Repeated Sprint Shuttle Run, m⋅s –1 , C) Through the Macrocycle: Target Value Based on the Model, Mean Values for the Total Sample of 11 Players, and Values for Each Individual Player at each Observation The values for the individual athlete (player Z5) who most closely approximated the group mean of each variable is indicated as a bold, dashed line. The bold arrow indicates the time of primary competitions in the observed macrocycle.
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The purpose was to evaluate a hypothesized model of change during a training and competition macrocycle in a sample of elite field hockey players. Subjects were 11 members of the Polish national team. Players were measured and tested four times through a complete macrocycle. Variables included body mass, % Fat (BIA), aerobic endurance, maximal runn...
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Context 1
... speed (20 m sprint, Fig. 4B) and speed-endurance (repeated sprints shuttle run (Fig. 4C) did not differ, on average, across the macrocycle (all pairwise comparisons were not significant), while aerobic endurance (step test, Fig. 4A) improved from T1 to T2 (p<0.05), declined from T2 to T3 (p<0.01) and then improved from T3 to T4 ...
Context 2
... speed (20 m sprint, Fig. 4B) and speed-endurance (repeated sprints shuttle run (Fig. 4C) did not differ, on average, across the macrocycle (all pairwise comparisons were not significant), while aerobic endurance (step test, Fig. 4A) improved from T1 to T2 (p<0.05), declined from T2 to T3 (p<0.01) and then improved from T3 to T4 ...
Context 3
... speed (20 m sprint, Fig. 4B) and speed-endurance (repeated sprints shuttle run (Fig. 4C) did not differ, on average, across the macrocycle (all pairwise comparisons were not significant), while aerobic endurance (step test, Fig. 4A) improved from T1 to T2 (p<0.05), declined from T2 to T3 (p<0.01) and then improved from T3 to T4 ...
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Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of highly skilled field hockey players during the training macrocycle. It was assumed that the changes in the parameters examined in the study would correspond with the hypothesised variation related to the adaptive changes that were expected to take place....
Anaerobic power is a significant predictor of acceleration and top speed in team sport athletes. Historically, these findings have been applied to ice hockey, although recent research has brought their validity for this sport into question. As ice hockey emphasizes the ability to repeatedly produce power, single bout anaerobic power tests should be...
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... This would also include the motor skills used in the macrocycles and tactical concepts essential for matches. 21,22 Of interest, the observations of U16 players in the Hockey 5s format were not consistent with the preceding generalizations. Both forwards and defenders achieved high and similar intensity levels based on RTD, though other variables monitored during the matches differed. ...
External workloads associated Hockey 5 s, the new version of youth field hockey, were evaluated in 31 elite U16 male field players (15.4 ± 0.7 years) from three national teams. Mixed-longitudinal observations for the 31 players provided complete data for 33 forwards and 43 defenders. Activities of the players during games were monitored with the GPSports SPI Elite System with a sampling frequency of 10 Hz and were analysed with GPSports Team AMS (version R1 2015.14, Australia). Observed variables did not differ between forwards and defenders, and the three periods of play were differentiated only by maximal speed in the second and third periods. The greatest distances covered were in speed zone 3 (10.0–15.9 km h⁻¹; 35.5–38.2%) and the smallest in speed zones 4 (16.0–22.9 km h⁻¹; 14.8–15.6%) and 5 (> 23 km h⁻¹; 0.4–1.4%). The trends indicated high intensity levels for the entire match and by position and periods. Active time of forwards and defenders accounted for about one-half of a game’s duration (~ 15.7 of 30 min). Overall, the Hockey 5s format was highly demanding of players and included relatively short intervals for recovery. The results emphasize the need for preparation that includes specific mixed anaerobic and aerobic training and also the importance of recovery during breaks.
... This sport requires the dynamic action of accelerating, decelerating, jumping, and changing direction (Pimenta et al., 2012). Relevant studies demonstrated that it is essential for athletes to have a significant level of muscular strength, power, and cardiorespiratory fitness to perform optimally (Lemos et al., 2017;Bishop et al., 2015;Lemmink & Visscher, 2006;Konarski et al., 2012). ...
Muscular power is one of the factors that contribute to an athlete’s performance. This study aimed to explore the predictive ability of total genotype score (TGS) and serum metabolite markers in power-based sports performance following different strength training (ST) intensities. We recruited 15 novice male field hockey players (age = 16.27 ± .12 years old, body mass index = 22.57 ± 2.21 kg/m2) and allocated them to; high-intensity strength training (HIST, n=5), moderate intensity strength (MIST, n=5), and control group (C, n=5). Both training groups completed an eight-week ST intervention. Pre- and post-training muscular power (vertical jump) was measured. The participants were genotyped for; ACE (rs1799752), ACTN3 (rs1815739), ADRB3 (rs4994), AGT (rs699), BDKRB2 (rs1799722), PPARA (rs4253778), PPARGC1A (rs8192678), TRHR (rs7832552), and VEGF (rs1870377). TGS was calculated to annotate for strength-power (STP) and endurance (END) qualities. Subsequently, serum metabolomics analysis was conducted using Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight (LC-MS QTOF) to profile differentially expressed metabolite changes induced by training. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to explore the ability of TGS and differentially expressed metabolite markers to predict muscular power changes following the intervention. Multiple Regression revealed that only TGS STP might be a significant predictor of muscular power changes following MIST (adjusted R2=.906, p<.05). Additionally, ST also resulted in significant muscular power improvement (p<.05) and perturbation of the sphingolipid metabolism pathway (p<.05). Therefore, selected gene variants may influence muscular power. Therefore, STP TGS might be able to predict muscular power changes following MIST.
... This would also include the motor characteristics each player used during training sessions in the macrocycles as well as the tactical concepts essential for matches 34,35 . The results for U16 players in the Hockey5s games, however, were not consistent with the preceding generalizations. ...
External workloads associated with a new version of youth field hockey, Hockey5s, were evaluated in a sample of 31 elite male field players (15.4 ± 0.7 years; 174.2 ± 8.24 cm; 63.5 ± 8.03 kg). Players were members of U16 National Youth Field Hockey Teams. The total sample included 76 players with 33 forwards and 43 defenders. Activities of the players were monitored using the GPSports SPI Elite System (Australia) with a sampling frequency of 10Hz; the data were analysed using GPSports Team AMS (version R1 2015.14, Australia). Defenders achieved significantly higher maximal speed than forwards. Among all players regardless of field positions, the three periods of the match were differentiated only by the number of sprints. By playing position, differences were only found among forwards in the total number of sprints, sprint numbers per minute, maximum speed, and a high metabolic load distance. The active time of players in both positions was approximately 50% (~ 15.7 of 30min). Overall, the Hockey 5s format was highly demanding for players, suggesting a need for preparation that includes specific mixed anaerobic and aerobic training. The Hockey5s format also allowed relatively short time for recovery, which emphasized the importance of rest during inter-match breaks.
... In addition to these aspects resulting from the directed discussion, Konarski et al. (2012) and Marques Junior (2020), also describe the integration of physical training, tactical techniques and greater control over the occurrence and prevention of lesions. In the sports training literature, Gomes (2002), proposed dividing models into traditional and contemporary, based on historical classification. ...
Periodization is a methodological system that distributes training contents. With the evolution of sports, several periodization models were developed based on Matveev’s classic periodization, Verkhoshansky’s Blocks periodization model, Vorobiev’s Modular, Arosiev and Kalinin`s Pendular, Tschiene`s High Load, Valdivielso’s ATR, Platonov’s Multicyclical, and Bompa’s Priority, among others. The vast majority of models - and even their variations - have made it difficult to classify and select which periodization to use. To that end, the aim of the present study was to create criteria to identify sports training periodization models and, with the use of analysis and discussion of their characteristics, propose a classification and indicate the applicability of the most widely cited models in the literature. In the methodology of this study, a group technique known as direct discussion was used. The group consisted of 20 Master’s students, all researchers of the models proposed and sports training students at the Science of Human Motricity Course of Castelo Branco University, in addition to four discussion mediators. Despite a number of conceptual differences, the results show that most of the contemporary periodization training models derive from Matveev’s model, in an attempt to meet the demands currently imposed by sports. We analyzed the models investigated and concluded that despite their diversity, some characteristics are common and help distinguish each of them in terms of structure, load variation, number of peaks, sports level and applicability. Resumen. La periodización es un sistema metodológico que distribuye los contenidos formativos. Con la evolución de los deportes, se desarrollaron varios modelos de periodización basados en la periodización clásica de Matveev, el modelo de periodización de Bloques de Verkhoshansky, Modular de Vorobiev, Pendular de Arosiev y Kalinin, Carga de alto de Tschiene, ATR de Valdivielso, Multicíclico de Platonov y Prioridad de Bompa, entre otros. La gran mayoría de modelos, e incluso sus variaciones, han dificultado la clasificación y selección de qué periodización utilizar. Para ello, el objetivo del presente estudio fue generar criterios para identificar modelos de periodización del entrenamiento deportivo y, con el uso del análisis y discusión de sus características, proponer una clasificación e indicar la aplicabilidad de los modelos más citados en la literatura. En la metodología de este estudio se utilizó una técnica grupal conocida como discusión directa. El grupo estuvo integrado por 20 estudiantes de maestría, todos investigadores de los modelos propuestos y estudiantes de formación deportiva del Curso de Ciencia de la Motricidad Humana de la Universidad Castelo Branco, además de cuatro mediadores de discusión. Los resultados muestran que la mayoría de los modelos de entrenamiento de periodización contemporáneos derivan del modelo de Matveev, en un intento de satisfacer las demandas impuestas actualmente por los deportes. Analizamos los modelos investigados y concluimos que a pesar de su diversidad, algunas características son comunes y ayudan a distinguir cada uno de ellos en cuanto a estructura, variación de carga, número de picos, nivel deportivo y aplicabilidad.
... Ważny 1999, Reilly 2007and the development of a model that characterizes training and initial loads based on several different components(Baangsbo, Michalsik 2002, Impellizzeri, Rampinini, Marcora 2005, Konarski et al. 2012).These undoubtedly include the traversed the distance and the achieved speed, biochemical parameters, registration of tactical solutions, etc. (Tomáš et al. 2014, Bujnovsky et al. 2015, Podgórski et al. 2015, Andrzejewski et al. 2017). Such observations, however, ...
Background: Information about competitive loads of amputee soccer players are very limited. This element should be one of the base to prepare appropriate training program according to individual needs of players, as well aims of season. The main aim of this pilot study was to describe the characteristics of selected elements of the internal competitive load of football players after unilateral amputations. Methods: The subject involved a group of 15 Polish National Amp Football (PNAF) players after unilateral amputations of t he upper or lower limbs. The age, height and weight were 27.1±8.4 years, 176.2±7.3 cm, 72.0±14.2 kg, respectively. The information were recorded during match between PNAF Team and representative of Polish Clubs, using Polar Team 2Pro System. The data base was analyzed using standard tools and differences among variables was checked by Wilcoxon test. Results: During whole games value of HR mean was 132.6±10.56 bpm with a range from 87.3±10.6 bpm to 182.3±10.69 bpm and energy expenditure was 612.7±164.86 kcal. General, Values of observed variables were higher in the 2 nd part of the match but differences among them was not significance. Conclusion: Characterizing the competitive effort will allow to diagnose and determine the nature of the work to use it as specific requirements of the discipline. It can be expected that these information will contribute to the improvement the training process for AMP Footballers and optimize training of the disabled people. 738
... Ważny 1999, Reilly 2007and the development of a model that characterizes training and initial loads based on several different components(Baangsbo, Michalsik 2002, Impellizzeri, Rampinini, Marcora 2005, Konarski et al. 2012).These undoubtedly include the traversed the distance and the achieved speed, biochemical parameters, registration of tactical solutions, etc. (Tomáš et al. 2014, Bujnovsky et al. 2015, Podgórski et al. 2015, Andrzejewski et al. 2017). Such observations, however, ...
Background: Information about competitive loads of amputee soccer players are very limited. This element should be one of the base to prepare appropriate training program according to individual needs of players, as well aims of season. The main aim of this pilot study was to describe the characteristics of selected elements of the internal competitive load of football players after unilateral amputations. Methods: The subject involved a group of 15 Polish National Amp Football (PNAF) players after unilateral amputations of t he upper or lower limbs. The age, height and weight were 27.1±8.4 years, 176.2±7.3 cm, 72.0±14.2 kg, respectively. The information were recorded during match between PNAF Team and representative of Polish Clubs, using Polar Team 2Pro System. The data base was analyzed using standard tools and differences among variables was checked by Wilcoxon test. Results: During whole games value of HR mean was 132.6±10.56 bpm with a range from 87.3±10.6 bpm to 182.3±10.69 bpm and energy expenditure was 612.7±164.86 kcal. General, Values of observed variables were higher in the 2 nd part of the match but differences among them was not significance. Conclusion: Characterizing the competitive effort will allow to diagnose and determine the nature of the work to use it as specific requirements of the discipline. It can be expected that these information will contribute to the improvement the training process for AMP Footballers and optimize training of the disabled people.
... Research findings indicate that key motor capacities should be characterised by a certain degree of variation that can be predicted using a hypothetical model (Fig. 1) [4,8]. The proposed model should be adjusted to the individual predispositions of a given player and the ability they make predominant use of (speed, endurance, or speed endurance), and it should also include other capacities or abilities which play a key role in the achievement of the training and competition goals set. ...
... An important element of such a model is determining initial values, target values, and the dynamics of the changes in particular motor capacities. Optimisation is then based on an analysis of the relationship between these elements and the levels of actual changes, which make it possible to verify the hypothetical model adopted [8] based on a kinematic analysis of the performance of the players during the matches [10,11,12,13,14]. ...
... (1) Pol. J. Sport Tourism 2018, 25,[31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38] It was assumed that the target value for this group was 100 points and more [8]. Before and after the test, a capillary blood sample was taken in order to measure blood lactate concentration (La). ...
Introduction. The aim of the study was to determine the changes in selected motor parameters of highly skilled field hockey players during the training macrocycle. It was assumed that the changes in the parameters examined in the study would correspond with the hypothesised variation related to the adaptive changes that were expected to take place. Material and methods. The study involved eleven field hockey players from the KS AZS-AWF Poznań club (age = 22.3 ± 1.1 years; height = 176.5 ± 4.0 cm; weight = 75.2± 6.3 kg; %FM = 12.2 ± 3.9%; VO2max = 55.4 ± 4.85 ml/kg/min). The dates of the measurements were agreed on with the trainers, who played an active role in the study, and were consistent with the cycle of planned measurements that were aimed at assessing the implementation of training/competition loads (two measurements during the preparatory period and one during the competition period). We examined the fundamental elements of motor preparation that are considered important in field hockey, that is speed endurance, running speed, and aerobic endurance. These assessments were supplemented by the measurements of lactate concentration in capillary blood as well as those of jumping ability and agility. Results. In most cases, the changes in the actual results corresponded with the hypothesised values adopted for the training. The relationships between the levels of particular parameters of the players’ motor skills were adequate to a great extent. Conclusion. The effects of the training observed both for the entire team and for individual players were generally in line with the goals of the training/competition loads implemented. Any discrepancies that were found were identified and corrected by regulating individual exercise loads and were monitored in subsequent measurements.
