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The northern Everglades Water Conserva-tion Areas have experienced recent ecological shifts in primary producer community structure involving marl periphyton mats and dense Typha-dominated macro-phyte stands. Multiple investigations have identified phosphorus (P) as a driver of primary producer community structure, but effects of water impound-ment...
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Context 1
... cores were collected in historic sloughs using a piston-coring device designed to decrease disturbance to surface sediments. Core collection sites were determined from aerial photographs and previous research and followed an enrichment gradient from unenriched wet prairie to enriched typha-dominated areas (Fig. 1, Table 2). Historic sloughs were chosen as core sites since the deeper area should provide an environment most likely to preserve a historic ...
Context 2
... Figure 1). Each dated core contained a distinct marl layer, as inferred from a substantial decrease in LOI percentages and a shift to periphyton dominance of the primary producer community with abundant scytonemin, canthaxanthin and myxoxanthophyll con- centrations. ...
Context 3
... Figure 1). The increases in calcium carbonate inputs likely support the establish- ment of the marl periphyton community, while later increases in phosphorus delivery to WCA-2A through the S-10 structures (starting in earnest in 1961) started the phosphorus-driven feedbacks rapidly leading to Typha dominance from EV-3 and eventually at EV-2. ...
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We investigated the use of stable C and N isotopic ratios as indicators of shifts in nutrient limitation of aquatic macrophytes in native Typha (Typha domingensis Pers.) and Cladium (Cladium jamaicense Crantz) communities growing along the well-established phosphorus enrichment gradient of Water Conservation Area 2A of the Florida Everglades. Both...
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... Pigment peak identification and quantification were made using commercially available external standards from DHI Company (Denmark). Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and its derivative pheophytin a were selected to indicate the overall algal biomass (Leavitt & Hodgson, 2001;Waters et al., 2013). Taxonspecific indicator pigments were used to quantify the biomass of the following aquatic primary producer's classes: lutein for green algae (Chlorophyceae), fucoxanthin for diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), alloxanthin for cryptophytes (Cryptophyteae, (Waters et al., 2013) and canthaxanthin for cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae, Deshpande et al., 2014). ...
... Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and its derivative pheophytin a were selected to indicate the overall algal biomass (Leavitt & Hodgson, 2001;Waters et al., 2013). Taxonspecific indicator pigments were used to quantify the biomass of the following aquatic primary producer's classes: lutein for green algae (Chlorophyceae), fucoxanthin for diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), alloxanthin for cryptophytes (Cryptophyteae, (Waters et al., 2013) and canthaxanthin for cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae, Deshpande et al., 2014). Pigment concentrations were expressed as nanomoles per gram of sediment organic matter (nmol g −1 OM). ...
Northern lakes have a unique flora and fauna and are sensitive ecosystems that experience rapid rates of change. Multiple environmental changes are currently affecting these lakes, including climate-induced oligotrophication, with nutrient levels decreasing in waters throughout the Scandinavian mountain range. In this thesis I have studied multiple lakes and used approaches that span over multiple time scales to study energy flows and community composition of primary producers and consumers in northern lake food webs, and how these respond to climate-induced environmental changes. Paleolimnological analyses showed that northern lake food webs have been closely connected to long-term climate fluctuations, and catchment vegetation during the last 5800 years. And further, that benthic primary production was the predominating carbon source to zooplankton biomass during warmer and drier conditions while pelagic primary production predominated during colder and wetter periods. Time-series analysis of contemporary data showed clear evidence of the current oligotrophication in all of the lakes with dramatic decreases in water concentrations of total phosphorus. Food web responses were, however, weaker than expected likely owing to a large dependence on benthic primary productivity in these systems. The results from a study on within- and among-lake variability in δ13C and δ15N, for primary producers and consumers, showed that within- and among-lake stable isotope variability were similar. Which indicates that small-scale, within-lake processes, can be equally important as catchment-scale processes for stable isotope composition of primary producers and consumers.
... Peak identification and quantification were made by commercially available external standards from DHI Company (Denmark). Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and its derivative pheophytin a (Pheo a) were used as indicators of overall algal biomass (Leavitt & Hodgson, 2002;Waters et al., 2013). The Chl a/Pheo a ratio was used to assess pigment preservation in lake sediments, and ratios are expected to remain constant over time if stabile preservation conditions prevail (Ady & Patoine, 2016). ...
... i.e. lutein for green algae (Chlorophyceae), fucoxanthin for diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), alloxanthin for cryptophytes (Cryptophytae, Roy et al., 2011;Waters et al., 2013), and canthaxanthin for cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae, Deshpande et al., 2014). Fucoxanthin and lutein can also be present in chrysophytes and in higher plants but to a lesser extent (Roy et al., 2011;Waters et al., 2013). ...
... i.e. lutein for green algae (Chlorophyceae), fucoxanthin for diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), alloxanthin for cryptophytes (Cryptophytae, Roy et al., 2011;Waters et al., 2013), and canthaxanthin for cyanobacteria (Cyanophyceae, Deshpande et al., 2014). Fucoxanthin and lutein can also be present in chrysophytes and in higher plants but to a lesser extent (Roy et al., 2011;Waters et al., 2013). Pigment concentrations were expressed as nmol/g of dry mass sediment OM. ...
• Most studies aiming to explore the response of algae and zooplankton trophic interactions to climate variability have only been focused on unidirectional and very short-term trends in temperature changes. As a result, the non-stationary aspect of climate change (warming and cooling periods, frequencies) remains completely unstudied.
• We studied elemental and stable isotope composition of sedimentary organic matter, photosynthetic pigments, and carbon stable isotope composition of Cladocera resting eggs in a sediment record covering the last c. 2,600 years. We examined how past climate change acting at different timescales affected algal biomass and community composition, and carbon assimilation by zooplankton in a boreal lake.
• Our study revealed major effects of both long-term climate trends and shorter-term fluctuations on algae–zooplankton interactions in a boreal lake. We found the main climate trends, in particular the Little Ice Age, induced algal biomass and community composition changes and drastic changes in carbon assimilation by zooplankton. Interestingly, we found that temperature fluctuations could also contribute to regulating algae–zooplankton interactions. Specifically, we observed drastic changes in sedimentary markers and stable isotope composition of zooplankton remains during the most recent period, suggesting a strong influence of ongoing anthropogenic change on algae–zooplankton interactions.
• Our study confirms previous findings showing close long-term linkage between the temporal dynamics of zooplankton diet and planktonic algae, and that both climate trends and short-term fluctuations are key in regulating consumer–resource trophic interactions.
• Novel approaches that combine high temporal resolution paleolimnological reconstructions and contemporary monitoring studies are needed to better understand climate change effects on algae–zooplankton interactions and lake food webs.
... Altogether 12 paleopigments were separated and identified from the studied sediment core. Chlorophyll a (Chl a), it's general derivative pheophytin a (Phe a) and b, becarotene (becar) were applied as indicators of the total algal abundance and primary production (Leavitt and Hodgson, 2001;Waters et al., 2013). Diatoms were represented by complex pigment formed by carotenoids diadinoxanthin and diatoxanthin (D þ D) as in their xanthophyll cycle diadinoxanthin could be transformed to diatoxanthin under excessive light (Roy et al., 2011). ...
... Zeaxanthin (Zea), canthaxanthin (Cantha) and echinenone (Echi) was selected to indicate the abundance of cyanobacteria (DreBler et al., 2006;Romero-Viana et al., 2009). More specifically Cantha and Echi represent colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria and N 2 -fixing filamentous cyanobacteria, respectively (Waters et al., 2013;Desphande et al., 2014). Previous study by Tamm et al. (2015) indicates a good correlation between zeaxanthin and cyanobacteria. ...
Understanding the long-term dynamics of ecological communities on the centuries-to-millennia scale is important for explaining the emergence of present-day biodiversity patterns and for predicting possible future scenarios. Fossil pigments and ancient DNA present in various sedimentary deposits can be analysed to study long-term changes in ecological communities. We analysed recent compilations of data, including fossil pigments, microfossils, and molecular inventories from the sedimentary archives, to understand the impact of gradual versus abrupt climate changes on the ecosystem status of a regional model lake over the last~14.5 kyr. Such long and complete paleo-archives are scarce in NorthEastern Europe. The study site lies in a sensitive area, both climatically and in respect to vegetation. Namely the maritime-continentality line runs west to east in the central Baltic area to NE Europe and its south-north transect lies within the gradual decay of the nemoral forest into a boreal environment. Therefore, the selected location is an ideal sampling point to decipher long term environmental changes in the temperate climate zone. The main objective of the present study was to find out external factors influencing phototroph dynamics at temperate Lake Lielais Sv etiņ u over the post-glacial period (~14.5 kyr). We were able to model climate change together with vegetation change and the appearance of anthropogenic forcing, either as a gradual change or as abrupt events that influenced the phototrophs, which are keystone groups within the lacustrine ecosystem. Most interestingly, the gradual increase of species richness of phototrophs was linked to similar increase in fungal parasites of the same group e phototrophs. Abrupt climate change in the Late Glacial period caused abrupt events in the ecosystem but equally abrupt events were caused by gradual changes during the stable period of the Holocene Thermal Maximum (HTM). In addition, we highlight the increased frequency and degree of perturbation in pristine lakes due to low impact human activity over a larger region. Both observations demonstrate an impaired relationship between gradual external drivers and ecosystem response and apply to future scenarios of climate warming and increased human impact in northeastern Europe.
... We prepared seven standard solutions with different concentrations of chl a and chl b. Two solutions consisted of pure substances (chl a and chl b, respectively) whereas the other five solutions contained concentration ratios (chl a/chl b) that range from 3.41 to 0.16 (Routh et al. 2009;Ramanathan et al. 2012;Waters et al. 2013;Mikomägi et al. 2016;Makri et al. 2019). In the standard solutions, the concentration of chl a and chl b spanned from 1.20 to 6.10 mg L -1 and from 1.79 to 7.53 mg L -1 , respectively. ...
Assessments of aquatic paleoproduction and pigment preservation require accurate identification and quantification of sedimentary chlorophylls. Using chromatographic techniques to analyze long records at high resolution is impractical because they are expensive and labor intensive. We have developed a new rapid and low-cost approach to infer the concentrations of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and related chlorophyll derivatives (pheopigments a) from the mathematical decomposition of UV–VIS measured bulk spectrophotometer absorption spectra of standard solutions and sediment extracts. We validated our method against high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurements on standard solutions and on varved, anoxic sediment from eutrophic Lake Lugano (Ponte Tresa sub-basin, southern Switzerland), where the history of productivity is relatively well known for the twentieth century. Our mathematical approach quantifies the concentration of chlorophyll b (\( {\text{R}}_{{{\text{ad}}_{\text{J}}}}^{2} \) = 0.99, RMSEP ~ 5.9%), chlorophyll a (\( {\text{R}}_{{{\text{ad}}_{\text{J}}}}^{2} \) = 0.98, RMSEP ~ 5.0%), and pyropheophorbide a (\( {\text{R}}_{{{\text{ad}}_{\text{J}}}}^{2} \) = 0.99, RMSEP ~ 7.8%) in standard solutions. We obtain comparable results for total chloropigment a (chlorophyll a + pheopigments a), chlorophyll a and diagenetic products (pheopigments a) in the sediment samples of our case study (Ponte Tresa). Here, HPLC concentrations of chlorophyll b are very low. The method has, however, the potential to achieve values for chlorophyll b concentrations in sediments with chlorophylls a/chlorophylls b ratios lower than 3.4. The pigment stratigraphy of the Ponte Tresa sediments correspond very well with the paleoproduction and eutrophication history of the twentieth century. The ratio between chlorophyll a and pheopigments a used as a qualitative indicator of sedimentary chlorophyll preservation (chlorophyll a/{chlorophyll a + pheopigments a}) is only weakly correlated with aquatic paleoproduction (radj = 0.35, p-value = 0.045) and remained remarkably constant in the recent century despite strong anthropogenic eutrophication. The new method is useful for obtaining, in a cost- and time-efficient way, information about major sedimentary pigment groups that are relevant to inferring paleoproduction, potentially green algae biomass, pigment preservation and early diagenetic effects.
... Peak identification and quantification were made by commercially available external standards from DHI Company (Denmark). Chlorophyll a (Chl a) and its derivative pheophytin a (Phe a) were selected to indicate the overall algal biomass 37,39 . The Chl a/ Phe a ratio was used to assess pigment preservation in lake sediments, and ratios are expected to remain relatively stable over time if stabile preservation conditions occur 40 . ...
Reconstructions of past food web dynamics are necessary for better understanding long-term impacts of climate change on subarctic lakes. We studied elemental and stable isotopic composition of sedimentary organic matter, photosynthetic pigments and carbon stable isotopic composition of Daphnia (Cladocera; Crustacea) resting eggs (δ13CClado) in a sediment record from a small subarctic lake. We examined how regional climate and landscape changes over the last 5800 years affected the relative importance of allochthonous and autochthonous carbon transfer to zooplankton. Overall, δ13CClado values were well in line with the range of theoretical values of aquatic primary producers, confirming that zooplankton consumers in subarctic lakes, even in the long-term perspective, are mainly fuelled by autochthonous primary production. Results also revealed greater incorporations of benthic algae into zooplankton biomass in periods that had a warmer and drier climate and clearer water, whereas a colder and wetter climate and lower water transparency induced higher contributions of planktonic algae to Daphnia biomass. This study thus emphasizes long-term influence of terrestrial-aquatic linkages and in-lake processes on the functioning of subarctic lake food webs.
... Two of these diatom marker pigments were presented together (Diadino + Diato), as in their xanthophyll cycle Diadino can be transformed to Diato at high light (Roy et al., 2011). Lutein (Lut) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) were analysed as proxies of chlorophytes, while alloxanthin (Allo) and peridinin (Peri) represented cryptophytes and dinophytes, respectively (Roy et al., 2011;Waters et al., 2013). Chlorophyll a (Chl a) was selected as a proxy of total PP biomass (Waters et al., 2013). ...
... Lutein (Lut) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) were analysed as proxies of chlorophytes, while alloxanthin (Allo) and peridinin (Peri) represented cryptophytes and dinophytes, respectively (Roy et al., 2011;Waters et al., 2013). Chlorophyll a (Chl a) was selected as a proxy of total PP biomass (Waters et al., 2013). ...
The coexistence of potentially toxic bloom-forming cyanobacteria (CY) and generally smaller-sized grazer communities has raised the question of zooplankton (ZP) ability to control harmful cyanobacterial blooms and highlighted the need for species-specific research on ZP-CY trophic interactions in naturally occurring communities.
A combination of HPLC, molecular and stable isotope analyses was used to assess in situ the importance of CY as a food source for dominant crustacean ZP species and to quantify the grazing on potentially toxic strains of Microcystis during bloom formation in large eutrophic Lake Peipsi (Estonia). Aphanizomenon, Dolichospermum, Gloeotrichia and Microcystis dominated bloom-forming CY, while Microcystis was the major genus producing cyanotoxins all over the lake. Grazing studies showed that CY, and especially colonial CY, formed a significant, and also preferred component of algae ingested by the cladocerans Bosmina spp. and Daphnia spp. while this was not the case for the more selective calanoid copepod Eudiaptomus gracilis. Molecular analyses confirmed the
presence of CY, including Microcystis, in ZP guts. Further analyses using qPCR targeting cyanobacterial genus-specific mcyE synthase genes indicated that potentially toxic strains of Microcystis can be ingested directly or indirectly by all the dominant crustacean grazers. However, stable isotope analyses indicated that little, if any, assimilation from ingested bloom-forming CY occurred. The study suggests that CY, and particularly Microcystis with both potentially toxic and non-toxic strains, can be widely ingested by cladoceran grazers during a bloom event with implications for control of CY abundance and for transfer of CY toxins through the food web.
... Based on the amino acid DI, the reference sites' POM had more degraded amino acids when compared to those of the treatment wetland sites (both EAV and SAV), suggesting that there may either be less production of POM or greater rates of amino acid turnover in the reference sites' water column. In contrast, the reference and SAV sites had the least degraded pigment DI, while the EAV sites had the most degraded pigment signatures, likely due to more abundant periphyton and photosynthetic communities within low P areas of the Everglades (Gaiser et al., 2006;Hagerthey et al., 2008;Pisani et al., 2013;Waters et al., 2013). The differences in patterns between amino acid and pigment DIs highlight the source specific nature of pigments, while amino acids are a better characterization of bulk OM. ...
... Taxon-specific pigments are commonly used to identify members of photosynthetic communities and their response to water quality (Louda et al., 2015;Paerl et al., 2003). In other areas of the Everglades, experimental P enrichment studies and historic reconstructions have documented a shift from cyanobacteria and diatom dominated communities to green algae as P enrichment proceeds (Gaiser et al., 2006;McCormick et al., 2001McCormick et al., , 2002Waters et al., 2013). Pre-impoundment (c. ...
... Pre-impoundment (c. 1900s) photosynthetic communities were likely diverse, and included both periphytic (cyanobacteria, green algae) and planktonic (cryptophytes) taxa (Waters et al., 2013). We found that higher concentrations of alloxanthin (cryptophytes) and fucoxanthan (diatoms) drove SAV and reference site POM to cluster away from plant and algal end-members (Fig. 3), indicating that cryptophytes and diatoms are abundant members of photosynthetic communities in this system (Louda et al., 2015;Pisani et al., 2013;Waters et al., 2013). ...
A suite of biomarkers, including amino acids, pigments, and lignin phenols coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry were used to evaluate differences in the sources and fate of organic matter (OM) in Everglades treatment wetlands as a model for OM cycling in shallow water wetlands. Five components of the system (water column particulate matter, vertical traps, flocculent material, periphyton, and surface soil) were assessed for OM transformations down-profile (i.e. water column to soil) and between treatment cells dominated by emergent aquatic vegetation (EAV) and submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), with comparisons to reference sites within the remnant Everglades. We found that OM cycling is fundamentally different between EAV and SAV wetlands, and that SAV wetlands have some shared characteristics with similar habitats in the remnant Everglades. Other than locations densely populated by Typha spp., water column particulate organic C was predominantly derived from microbial/cryptomonad sources, rather than macroscopic sources (vascular plants and algal mats). Bacterial amino acid biomarkers were positively correlated with amino acid degradation indices and organic P (Po), respectively suggesting that microbial abundance is associated with less degraded OM, and that further investigation into relationships between microbial biomass and Po is warranted. Overall, this multi-biomarker approach can elucidate the relative degradation of OM pools, identify sources of OM, and highlight the importance of water column processes in shallow water wetlands.
... Chlorophyll a (Chl a), it's derivative pheophytin a (Phe a) and b, b-carotene (b-car) were selected as indicators of total algal abundance and primary production (Leavitt and Hodgson 2001;Waters et al. 2013). Diatoms were represented by fucoxanthin (Fuco), diadinoxanthin (Diadino) and diatoxanthin (Diato). ...
... Diato). Zeaxanthin (Zea) was chosen to represent colonial cyanobacteria (Bianchi et al. 2002), whereas canthaxanthin (Cantha) and echinenone (Echin) were selected to indicate abundance of colonial and filamentous cyanobacteria and N 2 -fixing filamentous cyanobacteria, respectively (Waters et al. 2013;Deshpande et al. 2014). Zea can also be a dominant pigment in chrysophytes and some dinophytes, but is a minor pigment in green algae (Roy et al. 2011). ...
... Zea can also be a dominant pigment in chrysophytes and some dinophytes, but is a minor pigment in green algae (Roy et al. 2011). Finally, lutein (Lut) and chlorophyll b (Chl b) were selected to track green algae dynamics, whereas alloxanthin (Allo) was chosen to track Cryptophyta, keeping in mind that Lut and Chl b are also pigments in higher plants (Waters et al. 2013). According to Tamm et al. (2015), in nearby large, shallow Lake Võrtsjärv, marker pigments Zea and Fuco display significant correlations with cyanobacteria and diatoms, respectively. ...
We used HPLC to identify and quantify pigments in a Holocene sediment record from large, shallow Lake Peipsi, Estonia. The aim of our study was to track the influence of long-term climate change (i.e. temperature fluctuations) on past dynamics of aquatic primary producers. Sedimentary pigments were separated and quantified in 182 samples that span the last ca. 10,000 years. There was an increasing trend in sedimentary pigment concentrations from basal to upper sediment layers, suggesting a gradual increase in lake trophic status through time. Using additive models, our results suggested that primary
producer dynamics in Lake Peipsi were closely related to temperature fluctuations. We, however, identified two periods (early Holocene and after ca. 2.5 cal ka BP) when the relationship between primary producer composition and temperature was weak, suggesting the influence of additional drivers on the primary producer community. We postulate that: (a) the increase of primary producer biomass in the early Holocene could have been caused by input of allochthonous organic matter and nutrients from the
flooded areas when water level in Lake Peipsi was increasing, and (b) changes in the abundance and structure of primary producer assemblages since ca. 2.5 cal ka BP was related to widespread agricultural activities in the Lake Peipsi catchment. These results
suggest that human activities can disrupt the relationship between the primary producer community and temperature in large, shallow lakes.
... b-Carotene (b-car) was then selected to indicate the total algal abundance and primary production, while fucoxanthin (Fuco) represented diatoms. Echinenone (Echin) was selected to indicate the abundance of cyanobacteria (Waters et al., 2013;Deshpande et al., 2014). Results were then expressed as nmol g À1 of organic matter (nmol g OM À1 ), and pigment concentrations also gave a good indication of the nature of sedimentary organic matter. ...
Understanding long-term carbon flows through aquatic food webs is essential to assess impact of climatic and environmental changes on lake ecosystems. We reconstructed temporal changes in carbon sources fuelling chironomid biomass in a small and shallow hemiboreal/boreal lake over the last 11,000 years. Results were compared with temporal dynamics of known potential controlling factors: summer air temperature, human activities, phytoplankton assemblages and organic matter composition. We report an abrupt rise in the contribution of methane-derived carbon to chironomid biomass. However, this sudden increase was not the consequence of drastic changes in the composition of sedimentary organic matter, mean air temperature, lake trophic state or human activities in the catchment area. Our results suggest that shallowing of the lake caused by sedimentary infilling processes was a possible driver of the expansion of anoxic zones, enhancing CH4 cycling in lake sediments. However, complementary studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms by which lake shallowing could affect carbon flows to aquatic consumers, and then better assess the natural dynamics of past carbon processing in the benthic food web of shallow lakes.
... Peaks were identified and quantified from commercially available external standards (DHI; Denmark). beCarotene (becar) was then selected to indicate the total algal abundance and primary production, while Fucoxanthin (Fuco) and Echinenone (Echin) were selected to indicate abundances of diatoms and cyanobacteria, respectively (Waters et al., 2013;Deshpande et al., 2014). Results were expressed as nanomoles per gram of OM (nmol g OM À1 ). ...
