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![Figure [1]: Inflation Rate in Sudan During Jan.1990-Sep.2014](profile/Elwaleed-Ahmed-Talha/publication/316038970/figure/fig1/AS:482277596635136@1491995347123/Figure-1-Inflation-Rate-in-Sudan-During-Jan1990-Sep2014_Q320.jpg)
![Figure [2] : Nominal Exchange Rate During Jan.1990-Sep.2014](profile/Elwaleed-Ahmed-Talha/publication/316038970/figure/fig2/AS:482277596635137@1491995347137/Figure-2-Nominal-Exchange-Rate-During-Jan1990-Sep2014_Q320.jpg)
![Figure [3]: Changes in the Nominal Exchange Rate During Jan.1990-Dec.2014](profile/Elwaleed-Ahmed-Talha/publication/316038970/figure/fig3/AS:482277596635138@1491995347191/Figure-3-Changes-in-the-Nominal-Exchange-Rate-During-Jan1990-Dec2014_Q320.jpg)
The paper examines the response on inflation to changes in nominal exchange rate in Sudan over two different exchange regimes (fixed and managed floating regime) by focusing on the currency devaluation in 2012 and 2013. It uses the interaction term as a technique to analyze the structural breaks dates on the given time series (inflation and nominal...
Citations
... The zone extends from Acholi hills, Imotong and Didinga mountains along South Sudan-Uganda border, 190 km south-east of Juba in Eastern Equatoria State; to South Sudan-DRC border, 360 km north-west of Juba in Western Equatoria State (Jenkin et al. 1977) spanning Western, Central and Eastern Equatoria States ( Fig. 1) (Jenkin et al. 1977;Diao et al. 2012). Greenbelt zone is characterized by bi-modal rain patterns and the climatic conditions favour maximum maize production (Jenkin et al. 1977;Van Noordwijk 1984;Odero 2008;Food Security Technical Secretariat 2009). ...
... Number of consecutive months with adequate rainfalls determines the growth season for natural vegetation as well as crops. Rainfalls in the greenbelt zone is bimodal, with annual rainfall ranging from 1500-2000 mm, with less than 3 dry months (Van Noordwijk 1984). The wet season usually starts in late March to early April and lasts until October or November (Jenkin et al. 1977). ...
... It is surrounded by a large area of mostly waterless plains ( Figure 1). The climate of the area is characterised by two seasons wet and dry as it lies near the equator, temperature are hot throughout the year with the hottest maximum temperatures reaching 38 0 C. Total annual rainfall ranges between 1000 to 1,500mm [33] . The fauna of the park includes white-eared kob (Kobus kob leucotis), the tiang (Damaliscus lunatus tiang), the Mongalla gazelle (Gazella rufifrons albonotata), reticulated giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis), zebra (Equus burchelli), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti), lesser kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis), Beisa oryx (Oryx beisa), warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), Bohor reedbuck (Redunca redunca), lion (Panthera leo), spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), wild dog (Lycaon pictus), leopard (Panthera pardus) and black-blacked jackal (Canis mesomelas) and several bird species [26,31] . ...
The study was carried out to determine patterns of birds’ species richness, alpha and beta diversities; and abundance in Badingilo national park using a 10 m fixed-radius point count method. A total of 2670 individuals were recorded from 182 points in the park. The highest expected number of species (Jack1 estimator) was observed in the Riverine habitat and least was in the Agriculture and Human settlement habitat type. The total number of species observed in the park was 63; however Jack1 estimator indicated that there were 68 species in the park. The majority of the birds observed during the study were resident species, few migratory and Palaearctic bird species. Few birds observed in the park were abundant. The most abundant species was the village weaver (381 individuals), and the rarest species were black-bellied bustard, barn owl, black scimitar bill and tree pipit (one individual each).
... The third is the southern and western areas which are found within the savanna region. Whenever we go towards the south, the climate turns from low rainfall savanna (Faqeira savanna) to high rainfall savanna (Guinea savanna) (Van Noordwijk 1984: 31) In addition to shrinking of rainy space in central Sudan, which includes a large part of Kordo- fan region, especially the eastern part of it (Hulme 1990: 22-23). ...
Through the Archaeological and Heritage project in North Kordofan, a new season has been conducted in 2015. In this season, the archaeological survey has concentrated on the mountains that are located towards the east of El-Obied town, and in the area that is situated in the south of Khartoum-El-Obeid road. In this area, a number of 20 archaeological sites have been explored, which are dating to Neolithic in special aspect. That with weak existence of Mesolithic features. The archaeological finds represent of pottery shards, with diversity of decorations. As well as a variety of techniques of pottery industry and the preparation of its paste. As well, stone tools and its debit age that have been found in this area. In addition to the distinctive grinding tools. All of those evidences identify the reliability of existence of human during the mid and late Holocene.
... The major crops grown here in the Meroitic period were wheat and barley, ideal for irrigated areas (Fuller and Edwards 2001). In the Atbara region, there can be 12-20 inches of rainfall per annum over a period of 4-5 months (Tothill 1948: 33;Van Noordewijk 1984), allowing for adequate grassland for grazing and limited sorghum agriculture (Fuller 2013), although the grassy areas require travel on the part of the herders. This difference in rainfall and plant density affected the type of subsistence practiced by individuals and groups in these regions, and may have had an impact on amount of distance traveled to farm, herd, or gather. ...
The growing human tibia is uniquely responsive to repeated activities, resulting in identifiable morphological patterns that can be applied to ancient populations. Much of the bioarchaeological research in this area focuses on the transition to agriculture, noting a decline in bone strength and robusticity with increasing levels of sedentism. However, not all human groups adopted agriculture simultaneously or uniformly, and there continues to be variation in subsistence strategy based on climate, resource availability, and cultural practice. In Sudan, groups have continued to practice nomadic pastoralism alongside agriculture, although sedentary agricultural societies tend to be the focus of most archaeological research in the region. This work examines the difference in tibial morphology between groups utilising different subsistence practices within the same geographic region and archaeological period to explore activity-based changes to the tibia, using both cross-sectional geometry and geometric morphometrics to quantify the difference between tibial cross-sectional shapes at midshaft. The results suggest that while clear differences exist in midshaft tibial shape between the Sudanese groups practicing differing subsistence strategies, there is no one shape that is indicative of nomadism or sedentism; rather, there are general trends indicating higher mobility among more members of the nomadic group and more local movement among the members of the sedentary groups. Further, there is more similarity between females of all groups than males, problematising the idea that all individuals respond to bone remodeling activity in the same way. The conclusions presented here recommend that more research needs to be conducted on tibial shape variation in Sudan and worldwide using geometric morphometrics, as it presents a more nuanced approach than cross-sectional geometry, and that bone remodeling in response to activity must continue to be explored in light of differences in age, sex, and musculature.
... The infrastructure development has been shown to impact surface-water/groundwater interaction in Egypt, and the planned additional development (e.g. the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam and others) may further perturb these hydrologic exchanges in the vicinity and downstream of the structures. This may be small in terms of the volume of flux; nevertheless, surface-water/groundwater interaction is already demonstrated to have impact on the aquatic biota in the Nile (Van Noordwijk 1984). Another effect of the perturbation of the surface-water/groundwater interaction in relation to hydraulic infrastructure development is water salinization. ...
Past discussions around water-resources management and development in the River Nile basin disregard groundwater resources from the equation. There is an increasing interest around factoring the groundwater resources as an integral part of the Nile Basin water resources. This is hampered by knowledge gap regarding the groundwater resources dynamics (recharge, storage, flow, quality, surface-water/groundwater interaction) at basin scale. This report provides a comprehensive analysis of the state of surface-water/groundwater interaction from the headwater to the Nile Delta region. Piezometric and isotopic (δ¹⁸O, δ²H) evidence reveal that the Nile changes from a gaining stream in the headwater regions to mostly a loosing stream in the arid lowlands of Sudan and Egypt. Specific zones of Nile water leakage to the adjacent aquifers is mapped using the two sources of evidence. Up to 50% of the surface-water flow in the equatorial region of the Nile comes from groundwater as base flow. The evidence also shows that the natural direction and rate of surface-water/groundwater interaction is largely perturbed by human activities (diversion, dam construction) particularly downstream of the Aswan High Dam in Egypt. The decrease in discharge of the Nile River along its course is attributed to leakage to the aquifers as well as to evaporative water loss from the river channel. The surface-water/groundwater interaction occurring along the Nile River and its sensitivity to infrastructure development calls for management strategies that account groundwater as an integral part of the Nile Basin resources.
... The rainfall seasons is classified into 4 periods: monsoon season (June to September), advancing monsoon season (March to May), post monsoon season (October to November) and winter season (December to February) [6,27]. Rainfall usually occurs in isolated showers, which vary considerably in duration, location, and from year to year. ...
... Soils of the study area are products of Basement Complex, as parent materials, plus the alluvial deposits of Nile River and its tributaries [27,34,35]. Soils are broadly divided into six main categories according to their locations and manner of formation: i) desert; ii) semi-desert; iii) sand (Qoz); iv) alkaline catena; v) alluvial; and vi) iron stone plateau. ...
Daily dynamic vegetation cover mapping at the global scale is the most important parameter to retrieve from coarse-spatial resolution global land surface optical satellite remote sensing to understand the climate change impact on the rainfall cycle and its variability in time. The objective of this research was the investigation of the change in vegetation cover dynamic in time and its relationship with rainfall in Central regions of Sudan for a decade (2000-2010). To achieve our objective, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series obtained from SPOT-VGT sensor, precipitation data measured over the study area by different weather stations, GIS and statistical analysis were used. The obtained results show significant level of agreement between NDVI and rainfall values during the study period (0.6 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.8). Certainly, such derived results could be useful as imputing in the carbon cycle models and/or climate impact modeling, as well the development of new policy for climate change adaptation.
... The study area covers central, eastern, and western Sudan States, located between 10˚ to 18˚ North and 22˚ to 38˚ East ( [34]. Rainfall usually occurs in isolated showers, which vary considerably in duration, location, and from year to year. ...
Since the last assessment of ecological zones of Sudan conducted in 1958 by Harrison and Jackson, the vegetation types, cover, and its distribution have undergone remarkable changes; this change occurs in most of the predominant ecological zones, particularly those which are currently affected by environmental degradation and desertification due to climate change impact on vegetation cover and rainfall amounts and its distribution. In addition, during the last five decades, Sudan has suffered from environmental devastating changes that have undermined food security, which is strongly linked to human displacement and related conflicts. In this study, SPOT-VEG NDVI data acquired between 2000 and 2010 were used to produce a vegetation cover map, which was integrated with rainfall map to produce updated ecological zones map for the study area in 2010. This map was compared to that produced in 1958 to analyze the change during the last five decades. The obtained results showed drastic change concerning different ecological zones. The desert class increased by 11%. The Semi-Desert class decreased by approximately 13.2%. The woodland sa-vannah class increased by 6.8%. While, the Mountain vegetation areas decreased approximately by 3%. Finally, the wetland areas completely disappeared in 2010. These results show that during the period 1958-2010, climate change impact increased desertification process, destroyed ecological zones, especially wetland, as well the ecosystems diversity in Central Sudan.
... However, Harrison and Jackson, (1958) described the soil of the study area as dark cracking clay, alluvial in origin, transported by the Blue Nile. Moreover, Van Noordwijk (1984), explained that this dark cracking clays soil known as -black cotton soils‖, are found in floodplains, deposited by the Blue Nile and its tributaries, and some have been formed by the indigenous basalt rock formations. ...
ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to investigate soil type potentiality and reaction in relation to the scattered remaining vegetation species and to quantify soil suitability for growing field crops. Adham area witnessed serious land degradation due to the rapid expansion of Rain-fed Mechanized Farming and overgrazing. Consequently the low crop yield enforced the local communities to shift to the alternative sources of income generating activities particularly those related to forest products like charcoal making firewood production logging and tree lobbing. By using Randomized Complete Block Design RCBD with emphasizes on Macro nutrients particularly the Nitrogen Phosphorous and potassium NPK in addition to soil pH and Electrical Conductivity EC. random soil samples each with three levels of depths 0 - 15 15 - 30 30 - 45 cm. were collected. All collected data were analyzed in the laboratory. The result of revealed several types of soils including the cracking and non -cracking clay sandy and red soils. The result of statistical analysis depicted variability in NPK pH and EC between the different locations and soil depths. Furthermore the result showed an association between some studied soil attributes and the spatial distribution of the vegetation species. Rational use through participatory approach is recommended for natural resources management conservation and sustainability. Moreover further study using space technology also recommended.
... The zone is devoted to traditional rainfed farming and pastoral systems, (c) low rainfall savannah (clay) which are typified by low rainfall (400-900 mm) and clay soils, rainfed farming and pastoral livelihoods are the major farming systems in this zone. Both savannah types are characterized by a mixture of grasses and trees; (d) high rainfall savannah which is characterized by moderately high rainfall (800-1300 mm) and it represents area bordering the country of South Sudan including some parts from South Darfur and Nuba Mountains [127], [128], [125]. ...
This book is a collection of chapters, concerning the developments within the Agroecology field of study. The book includes scholarly contributions by various authors pertinent to Agricultural and Biological Sciences. Each contribution comes as a separate chapter complete in itself but directly related to the book's topics and objectives. The target audience comprises scholars and specialists in the field.
... The Holocene started approximately at 12,000 BP, with a warm period of 11,000 to 7,000 BP (Noorwdijk, 1984) in Sudan. It coincided with the date of high levels of river flow in Africa (Street et al., 1979: 83 to 118 shells. ...
Wadi Farja is a dry Holocene palaeochannel situated in Northern Sudan on the Eastern bank of the Nile, immediately North of the Third Cataract region. The human occupation of the Wadi peaked in the Neolithic (5000 to 3000 BC) through Kerma (2500 to 1500 BC) periods. The Wadi is relatively rich in bioarchaeological materials, such as mammalian bone fragments, fish bones and bivalve shells. It is concluded that the different classes of remains collected are indicative of the extent of animal palaeobiodiversity and the prevalence of savannah conditions at that time. The Wadi Farja was with a permanent water body, as the nearby Fad seasonal stream existing today.
