Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Autologous bone grafts are commonly used as the gold standard to repair and regenerate diseased bones. However, they are strongly associated with postoperative complications, especially at the donor site, and increased surgical costs. In an effort to overcome these limitations, tissue engineering (TE) has been proposed as an alternative to promote...
Context in source publication
Similar publications
In the field of orthopaedics, bone defects caused by severe trauma, infection, tumor resection, and skeletal abnormalities are very common. However, due to the lengthy and painful process of related surgery, people intend to shorten the recovery period and reduce the risk of rejection; as a result, more attention is being paid to bone regeneration...
Citations
... As such, dECM is usually mixed with other hydrogel materials for use in DIW, LAB, and electrospun bioprinters. [66][67][68][69] (ix) Cellulose: Cellulose is a biocompatible and bioactive natural hydrophilic polymer. Due to the abundance of hydroxyl groups and its poor biodegradability, cellulose is used not in its natural form but in different chemically modified forms in hydrogels. ...
The shortages in human tissue and organ donors have made clinical therapy relatively challenging. Therefore, research has been initiated over the last decades to develop artificial tissues and organs, particularly from cell and tissue cultures. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a recent technology capable of building structures for implantation, and these constructs closely resemble native tissues, such as skin, liver, connective tissues, and supportive tissues (bone and cartilage). In this review, we briefly introduce the structure, function, and development of bone tissues, followed by a detailed discussion on 3D bioprinting techniques, materials, and their recent advancements for clinical applications.
... The utilization of DCC grafts presents a promising avenue in bone tissue engineering. These scaffolds offer several advantages, including biocompatibility, osteoconductive properties and a porous structure that allows for cell infiltration and vascularization [26]. The acellular matrix in DCC scaffolds is an additional advantage that favors less risk of transplantation of nucleic acids into future recipients, thus rendering lower risk of immunogenicity. ...
The performance of apparently biocompatible implanted bovine bone grafts may be compromised by unresolved chronic inflammation, and poor graft incorporation leading to implant failure. Monitoring the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response caused by implanted bone grafts is crucial. In this study, the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellu-larized (DCC) bovine bone substitutes in initiating inflammatory responses to peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMMs) was investigated. The response of PBMMs to bone substitutes was evaluated by using both direct and indirect cell culture, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, immunophenotyping, and cytokine production. Analysis of DMB and DCC substitutes using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a roughened surface with a size ranging between 500 and 750 μm. PBMMs treated with DMB demonstrated cell aggregation and clumping mimicking lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated PBMMs and a higher proliferation ability (166.93%) compared to control (100%) and DCC treatments (115.64%; p<0.001) at 24h. This was associated with a significantly increased production of intracellular ROS in PBMMs exposed to DMB substitutes than control (3158.5 vs 1715.5; p<0.001) and DCC treatment (2117.5). The bone substitute exposure also caused an increase in percentage apoptosis which was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in both DMB (27.85) and DCC (29.2) treatment than control (19.383). A significant increase in proinflam-matory cytokine expression (TNF-α: 3.4 folds; p<0.05) was observed in DMB substitute-treated PBMMs compared to control. Notably, IL-1β mRNA was significantly higher in DMB (21.75 folds; p<0.0001) than control and DCC (5.01 folds). In contrast, DCC substitutes exhibited immunoregulatory effects on PBMMs, as indicated by the expression for CD86, CD206, and HLDR surface markers mimicking IL-4 treatments. In conclusion, DMB excites a higher immunological response compared to DCC suggesting decellularization process of tissues dampen down inflammatory reactions when exposed to PBMM.
... Traditional approaches to fracture treatment, such as bone grafts and fixation devices, have limitations, including donor site morbidity, limited availability, and inadequate biomechanical properties [13]. Despite notable advancements in medical therapies, these challenges persist [14][15][16]. Consequently, there is an increasing demand for innovative strategies that effectively promote osteogenesis and enhance bone regeneration. ...
There is an increasing demand for innovative strategies that effectively promote osteogenesis and enhance bone regeneration. The critical process of bone regeneration involves the transformation of mesenchymal stromal cells into osteoblasts and the subsequent mineralization of the extracellular matrix, making up the complex mechanism of osteogenesis. Icariin’s diverse pharmacological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and osteogenic effects, have attracted considerable attention in biomedical research. Icariin, known for its ability to stimulate bone formation, has been found to encourage the transformation of mesenchymal stromal cells into osteoblasts and improve the subsequent process of mineralization. Several studies have demonstrated the osteogenic effects of icariin, which can be attributed to its hormone-like function. It has been found to induce the expression of BMP-2 and BMP-4 mRNAs in osteoblasts and significantly upregulate Osx at low doses. Additionally, icariin promotes bone formation by stimulating the expression of pre-osteoblastic genes like Osx, RUNX2, and collagen type I. However, icariin needs to be effectively delivered to bone to perform such promising functions.
Encapsulating icariin within nanoplatforms holds significant promise for promoting osteogenesis and bone regeneration through a range of intricate biological effects. When encapsulated in nanofibers or nanoparticles, icariin exerts its effects directly at the cellular level. Recalling that inflammation is a critical factor influencing bone regeneration, icariin's anti-inflammatory effects can be harnessed and amplified when encapsulated in nanoplatforms. Also, while cell adhesion and cell migration are pivotal stages of tissue regeneration, icariin-loaded nanoplatforms contribute to these processes by providing a supportive matrix for cellular attachment and movement. This review comprehensively discusses icariin-loaded nanoplatforms used for bone regeneration and osteogenesis, further presenting where the field needs to go before icariin can be used clinically.
... The utilization of DCC grafts presents a promising avenue in bone tissue engineering. These scaffolds offer several advantages, including biocompatibility, osteoconductive properties and a porous structure that allows for cell infiltration and vascularization [26]. The acellular matrix in DCC scaffolds is an additional advantage that favors less risk of transplantation of nucleic acids into future recipients, thus rendering lower risk of immunogenicity. ...
The performance of apparently biocompatible implanted bovine bone grafts may be compromised by unresolved chronic inflammation, and poor graft incorporation leading to implant failure. Monitoring the intensity and duration of the inflammatory response caused by implanted bone grafts is crucial. In this study, the ability of demineralized (DMB) and decellularized (DCC) bovine bone substitutes in initiating inflammatory responses to peripheral blood monocyte-derived macrophages (PBMMs) was investigated. The response of PBMMs to bone substitutes was evaluated by using both direct and indirect cell culture, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, apoptosis, immunophenotyping, and cytokine production. Analysis of DMB and DCC substitutes using scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed a roughened surface with a size ranging between 500 and 750 μm. PBMMs treated with DMB demonstrated cell aggregation and clumping mimicking lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated PBMMs and a higher proliferation ability (166.93%) compared to control (100%) and DCC treatments (115.64%; p<0.001) at 24h. This was associated with a significantly increased production of intracellular ROS in PBMMs exposed to DMB substitutes than control (3158.5 vs 1715.5; p<0.001) and DCC treatment (2117.5). The bone substitute exposure also caused an increase in percentage apoptosis which was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in both DMB (27.85) and DCC (29.2) treatment than control (19.383). A significant increase in proinflammatory cytokine expression (TNF-α: 3.4 folds; p<0.05) was observed in DMB substitute-treated PBMMs compared to control. Notably, IL-1β mRNA was significantly higher in DMB (21.75 folds; p<0.0001) than control and DCC (5.01 folds). In contrast, DCC substitutes exhibited immunoregulatory effects on PBMMs, as indicated by the expression for CD86, CD206, and HLDR surface markers mimicking IL-4 treatments. In conclusion, DMB excites a higher immunological response compared to DCC suggesting decellularization process of tissues dampen down inflammatory reactions when exposed to PBMM.
... Some authors claim this method does not require further sterilization and causes no reduction to the mechanical and structural strength of dECM. It also is a relatively short-timed procedure [44]. ...
In an effort to prepare non-autologous bone graft or biomaterial that would possess characteristics comparable to autologous bone, many different allogenic bone derivatives have been created. Although different existing processing methods aim to achieve the very same results, the specific parameters applied during different stages material preparation can result in significant differences in the material’s mechanical and biological properties The properties, including osteoconductive, osteoinductive, and even osteogenic potential, can differ vastly depending on particular preparation and storage techniques used. Osteogenic properties, which have long been thought to be characteristic to autogenic bone grafts only, now seem to also be achievable in allogenic materials due to the possibility to seed the host’s stem cells on a graft before its implantation. In this article, we aim to review the available literature on allogenic bone and its derivatives as well as the influence of different preparation methods on its performance.
... In addition, MEL suppresses VEGF-A/VEGFR-2/ MEK1/ERK1/2 signaling to exert anti-angiogenic activity and tumor migration inhibition (Zhang et al. 2016). A type of pluripotent stem cell called endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) has the ability to develop into endothelial cells that are fully mature (Amirazad et al. 2022;Ansari et al. 2022). These cells play an essential role in tumor angiogenesis, which is facilitated by the stromal cell-derived factor-1α (SDF-1α)/CXCR4 signaling mechanism. ...
Melittin is a water-soluble cationic peptide derived from bee venom that has been thoroughly studied for the cure of different cancers. However, the unwanted interactions of melittin produce hemolytic and cytotoxic effects that hinder their therapeutic applications. To overcome the shortcomings, numerous research groups have adopted different approaches, including conjugation with tumor-targeting proteins, gene therapy, and encapsulation in nanoparticles, to reduce the non-specific cytotoxic effects and potentiate their anti-cancerous activity.
This article aims to provide mechanistic insights into the chemopreventive activity of melittin and its nanoversion in combination with standard anti-cancer drugs for the treatment of cancer.
We looked over the pertinent research on melittin's chemopreventive properties in online databases such as PubMed and Scopus.
In the present article, the anti-cancerous effects of melittin on different cancers have been discussed very nicely, as have their possible mechanisms of action to act against different tumors. Besides, it interacts with different signal molecules that regulate the diverse pathways of cancerous cells, such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, metastasis, angiogenesis, and inflammation. We also discussed the recent progress in the synergistic combination of melittin with standard anti-cancer drugs and a nano-formulated version of melittin for targeted delivery to improve its anticancer potential.
... The limited evidence available on the use of bone collectors suggests that the resulting graft material is less than ideal. Until other methods of avoiding bacterial contamination or other device designs are developed, clinicians should be cautious in the use of bone collectors [23,28,29,[32][33][34][35]. Considering that the experiment was performed on synthetic bone, there was minimal loss of particulate bone, mainly in the removal of the BKS after its insertion during collection in the retromolar region of the mandible, as seen in Figure 2a. ...
... This is the main feature of the innovative BKS device, which is used as a bone graft collector for transplantation, to use fresh autogenous bone in a simplified and controlled manner, according to the surgeon's planning and needs. It can be used directly as a local bone filler or to activate scaffolds to support bone formation within the scaffold [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34]. ...
... The limited evidence available on the use of bone collectors suggests that the resulting graft material is less than ideal. Until other methods of avoiding bacterial contamination or other device designs are developed, clinicians should be cautious in the use of bone collectors [23,28,29,[32][33][34][35]. ...
Autogenous bone grafts can be harvested from either intraoral or extraoral sources. Intra-oral sources include healing tooth extraction wounds, a bone from edentulous ridges, bone trephined from within the jaw using trephine drills, bone formed in wounds, and bone from the maxillary tuberosity, ramus, and mandibular symphysis. Extra-oral sources are the iliac crest, which provides cancellous bone marrow, and the tibia and calvaria. Autogenous bone grafting aids in probing depth reduction, gaining clinical attachment, the bone filling of osseous defects, and the regeneration of new bone, cementum, and periodontal ligaments in teeth. An innovative biomedical device is presented in the form of an autogenous bone collector that can fill defects of 96.91 mm3 with bone particulates, and may be used in bioengineered scaffolds. Experimental studies on synthetic bone have demonstrated the feasibility and applicability of the amount of bone obtained.
... Three types of chemical decellularization treatments exist detergents, acidic/basic conditions, and chelating agents. Meanwhile, alkaline agents are rarely employed during bone decellularization because they significantly diminish the amount of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) (Hussey et al. 2018; Amirazad et al. 2022). ...
Thousands of patients need an organ transplant yearly, while only a tiny percentage have this chance to receive a tissue/organ transplant. Nowadays, decellularized animal tissue is one of the most widely used methods to produce engineered scaffolds for transplantation. Decellularization is defined as physically or chemically removing cellular components from tissues while retaining structural and functional extracellular matrix (ECM) components and creating an ECM-derived scaffold. Then, decellularized scaffolds could be reseeded with different cells to fabricate an autologous graft. Effective decellularization methods preserve ECM structure and bioactivity through the application of the agents and techniques used throughout the process. The most valuable agents for the decellularization process depend on biological properties, cellular density, and the thickness of the desired tissue. ECM-derived scaffolds from various mammalian tissues have been recently used in research and preclinical applications in tissue engineering. Many studies have shown that decellularized ECM-derived scaffolds could be obtained from tissues and organs such as the liver, cartilage, bone, kidney, lung, and skin. This review addresses the significance of ECM in organisms and various decellularization agents utilized to prepare the ECM. Also, we describe the current knowledge of the decellularization of different tissues and their applications.
... New advancements in nanotechnology and progressive NPs engineering lay the basis for the fast expansion of different nanovaccine systems to create an effect on various diseases [180,181]. In this regard, effective vaccine entrapment and transfer methods with the ability of mass production of the vaccine preparation play a severe role. ...
In the design of vaccine generation, significant attempts have been made to produce novel vaccines and, as well, to increase the effectiveness of available vaccines versus particular diseases. Over the past few years, with nanovaccines, considerable attention has been paid to increasing vaccine effectiveness, immunization approaches , and targeted transfer to attain desirable immune reactions. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are on the front line of the quickly advancing nanotechnology field with various powerful uses in the delivery of pharmaceutical , cosmetic active, and vaccine components, from small molecules to proteins and genes with different routes of administration. SLNs have become effective delivery techniques in vaccine generation. SLNs-based vaccines can increase site-specific transfer, antigen presentation, and triggering of innate immune reaction, strong T cell reaction, and harmlessness against infectious diseases, cancers, autoimmune diseases, and neuro-degeneration. The present review will briefly explain the characteristics of SLNs and explore the other preparation methods and routes of administration, focusing on SLNs as a delivery system of the different vaccines.
... Considering these results, decellularized xenogeneic bone grafts hold immense potential for repairing and regenerating bone defects. However, various decellularization methods may still damage the ECM or not eliminate immune risks due to residual cell components [60,61]. Future clinical studies and applications of decellularization in bone defect repair must focus on providing long-term experimental data and conducting more clinical trials with the development of molecular biology and cell biology, tissue engineering has gradually delved into the study of bone xenografts, which is one of the long-term research directions ( Figure 12). ...
Background:
Bone defect therapy is a common clinical challenge for orthopedic and clinical physicians worldwide, and the therapeutic effect affects the physiological function and healthy life quality of millions of patients. Compared with traditional autogenous bone transplants, bone xenografts are attracting attention due to their advantages of unlimited availability and avoidance of secondary damage. However, there is currently a lack of bibliometric analysis on bone xenograft. This study aimed to use bibliometric methods to analyze the literature on bone xenograft from 2013 to 2023, to explore the current status, hotspots, and future trends of research in this field, and to promote its development and progress.
Methods:
Using the Web of Science Core Collection database, we retrieved and collected publication data related to xenogeneic bone grafting materials worldwide from January 2013 to March 2023. Origin (2021), CiteSpace (6.2.R2 standard), and an online bibliometric platform were used for bibliometric analysis and data visualization.
Results:
A total of 3395 documents were retrieved, and 686 eligible papers were selected. The country and institutions with the highest number of publications and centrality were the United States (125 papers, centrality = 0.44) and the University of Zurich (29 papers, centrality = 0.28), respectively. The most cited author was Araujo MG (163 times), and the author with the most significant centrality was Froum SJ (centrality = 0.09). The main keyword clusters were "tissue engineering", "sinus floor elevation", "dental implants", "tooth extraction", and "bone substitutes". The most significant bursting keywords in the last three years were "platelet rich fibrin".
Conclusions:
Research on bone xenograft is steadily growing and will continue to rise. Currently, research hotspots and directions are mainly focused on dental implants related to bone-augmentation techniques and bone tissue engineering. In the future, research hotspots and directions may focus on decellularization technology and investigations involving platelet-rich fibrin.
