FIGURE 5 - uploaded by Bruno Pierre Le Ru
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Adults and genitalia of Hygrostola dallolmoi. Scale bar = 10 mm for adults, 2 mm for male genitalia, 1 mm for male penis and 3 mm for female genitalia. Hygrostola dallolmoi: 5a-male upper side, 5b-male under side, 5c-female upper side, 5d-female under side, 5e male genitalia, 5f-male penis, 5g-female genitalia.
Source publication
The aim of this study was to review the species of Conicofrontia Hampson, a small genus of noctuid stem-borers (Noctuidae, Apameini) that is distributed in East and Southeastern Africa. We review the morphology of species in this group and provide new diagnoses and ecological data for five species. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Hygr...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... 53-56 mm (males) (n = 5); 57-58 mm (females) (n = 3). Male (53, 56, 55, 54, 54), Female (57, 58, 58) Male genitalia (Figs. 5e, 5f). Uncus long and thin, rounded at the apex and tufted with medium size hair on the upperside; tegumen with medium-size rounded peniculi, vinculum with medium-size rounded saccus, with a pronounced u-shaped indentation at the top margin; valves elongate and narrow; strong cucullus, club-shaped, with a short neck tufted with bristles; sacculus without clavus, presence of a sclerotized plate across the upper edge of the sacculus, costal margin with a small sclerotized ridge-like expansion roundly pointed and slightly curved inwardly; juxta small and flattened. Aedeagus short, curved, without cornuti, presence of a sclerotized elongate like carina crest, vesica armed with many rows of short stout spines. . Adults and genitalia of Hygrostola dallolmoi. Scale bar = 10 mm for adults, 2 mm for male genitalia, 1 mm for male penis and 3 mm for female genitalia. Hygrostola dallolmoi: 5a-male upper side, 5b-male under side, 5c-female upper side, 5d-female under side, 5e male genitalia, 5f-male penis, 5g-female ...
Context 2
... dallolmoi (Berio) Le Ru, comb. nov. (Figs. 5a-5g) Conicofrontia dallolmoi Berio, 1973:143. Type material. Holotype (male) of Conicofrontia dallolmoi: Tanzania: Kipengere Mountain, Ikonda, 19-xii-1970 ...
Context 3
... genitalia (Fig. 5g). Corpus bursae long and cylindrical without signa; ductus seminalis from the basal part of the bursa; ductus bursae short, bulb-shaped and slightly sclerotized; ostium bursae small with a cup-shaped antrum; dorsal plate large broad, sclerotized. Ovipositor lobes long and narrow 3 times longer than wide, with small setae, rounded at apex with an apical crest of short stout ...
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Citations
... (Skendzic et al., 2007;Estep et al., 2014). These wild species provide a rich source of genetic and ecological information that can be extrapolated to the crops; for example, the wild species are hosts for (and presumably therefore tolerate) attack by Lepidopteran stem borers (e.g., Le Ru et al., 2015Ru et al., , 2017, some of which also are serious pests of the Andropogoneae crops maize and sorghum (Sparks, 1979;Day et al., 2017). ...
The grass tribe Andropogoneae (Poaceae – Panicoideae) includes several important crops such as maize, sugarcane and sorghum, and dominates the tropical grasslands of the world. We present here a plastome phylogeny of the tribe with the largest sample of genera to date (about 73%), including 65 newly assembled plastomes, together with a broad biogeographic analysis of Andropogoneae. Major relationships found in previous phylogenetic studies were confirmed here, with most nodes having higher resolution and support, including those of the backbone of the tree, which had been a major problem in previous phylogenies of the tribe. Our dated tree suggests that Andropogoneae diverged from Arundinelleae in the Early Miocene, while the “core Andropogoneae” clade originated in the Late Miocene. The tribe originated in East Asia, but intercontinental dispersal has been common, with many independent dispersal events to Africa and the New World. Based on the plastome phylogeny, we propose here a new classification of Andropogoneae as most of its previously accepted subtribes are not monophyletic. Our classification comprises 14 subtribes, 92 genera, and approximately 1,224 species. About 90% of the Andropogoneae species could be assigned to a subtribe, which represents a major step toward clarification of the taxonomy of the tribe. The remaining taxa were placed incertae sedis pending additional molecular data. The new subtribes Chrysopogoninae and Rhytachninae are described herein. Our plastome trees also indicate that several Andropogoneae genera are para‐ or polyphyletic and require additional studies to define their circumscriptions.
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... Other similarities between A. alena and most sesamiine groups are the rough, somewhat puffy thoracic vestiture concealing the boundaries between the patagium, tegulae and notum, the absence of notal crests, the broad costa of the valva distally dilated into a plate, and the cucullus without a neck or corona (cf. Moyal & Le Rü, 2005;Moyal et al., 2011aMoyal et al., , 2011bLe Rü et al., 2015). ...
A new genus of Apameini (Noctuidae) from Western Sichuan, China, Alena gen. n. with a single species (Alena alena sp. n.), are described. The new species is strikingly similar in habitus to several unrelated Noctuidae.
... This study presents a phylogenetic analysis of C. sesamoides from wild and cultivated habitats to determine the origin of the sugarcane population of the species and to facilitate a better use of known mtDNA variation in the management of this insect in crop fields. The insect's geographic distribution is confined to southern Africa (Le Ru et al. 2015) and this mtDNA analysis included specimens from most of the known geographic range of the species. ...
... DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing DNA of Conicofrontia sesamoides was extracted from the thorax or hind legs of larvae/adult using a QiagenDNEasy extraction kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications of the mitochondrial gene 658 bpfragment region of the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI), and sequencing of specimens at Laboratoire Evolution, Genome and Speciation at Gif-sur-Yvette in France was done using the primers and settings detailed in Le Ru et al. (2015) whereas specimens sent to SASRI were sequenced following the method described in Assefa et al. (2015) and primer settings detailed in Le Ru et al. (2015). Sequences used in this study are accessible on GenBank under accessions numbers: GU549481 to GU549485 for C. sesamoides specimens sequences in France and KX572861 to KX572865 for specimens sequenced at SASRI. ...
... DNA extraction, PCR and sequencing DNA of Conicofrontia sesamoides was extracted from the thorax or hind legs of larvae/adult using a QiagenDNEasy extraction kit. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications of the mitochondrial gene 658 bpfragment region of the Cytochrome Oxidase I (COI), and sequencing of specimens at Laboratoire Evolution, Genome and Speciation at Gif-sur-Yvette in France was done using the primers and settings detailed in Le Ru et al. (2015) whereas specimens sent to SASRI were sequenced following the method described in Assefa et al. (2015) and primer settings detailed in Le Ru et al. (2015). Sequences used in this study are accessible on GenBank under accessions numbers: GU549481 to GU549485 for C. sesamoides specimens sequences in France and KX572861 to KX572865 for specimens sequenced at SASRI. ...
Valid identification of a novel pest species and clarifying its origin are the primary steps in understanding population structure and development of biocontrol programs. In this study geographical populations of Conicofrontia sesamoides Hampson (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) collected during surveys conducted in the years 2009, 2014 and 2015 were morphologically identified and their genetic diversity was analysed by using sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome-c oxidase I (COI) gene in an attempt to examine host plant, or/and altitude associated differences among populations and determine the source of the newly recorded population of this species in the South African sugarcane. The C. sesamoides specimens in this study were collected from Miscanthus capensis (Nees) (Poaceae) and sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) (Poaceae) in Eastern Cape and KwaZulu-Natal Provinces of South Africa. Analysis of Molecular Variance showed a moderate to highly significant genetic differentiation between C. sesamoides populations from different host plants (FST = 0.115, p = 0.14) and altitudinal range (FST = 0.159, p = 0.18). This result was however, contradictory to outcomes of phylogenetic analyses, haplotype networking and uncorrected sequence divergence (0.0–1.54%) which revealed no detectable genetic differentiation between populations from different host plants and altitudes. As it is difficult to measure FST accurately without a large data set, the very small sample used in the analysis might have resulted in inflation of the FST value in this study. After evaluation of the results, it was concluded that the sugarcane population of C. sesamoideshas originated from the population residing in wild host plants in the Eastern Cape and/or KwaZulu-Natal provinces of South Africa. Possible reasons for the host plant expansion and its implications to commercial sugarcane production in the country are discussed.
Chez les insectes phytophages, la sélection de la plante-hôte qui constitue un site de ponte et d’alimentation est cruciale pour la survie et le bon développement de la descendance. Les sens chimiques – olfaction et gustation - sont déterminants pour un insecte lors du choix de sa plante hôte. Ainsi, une expérience olfacto-gustative des signaux chimiques d’une plante permet aux insectes d’optimiser la période de recherche et d’identification de celle-ci. Dans ce travail, nous avons testé l’effet d’une expérience pré-imaginale et imaginale pour un nouveau substrat de développement (enrichi en vanilline) sur l’induction de préférence olfactive et alimentaire à ce substrat chez trois espèces de lépidoptères foreurs de graminées ayant des spectres alimentaires différents, Sesamia nonagrioides (polyphage), Busseola fusca (oligophage) et Busseola nairobica (monophage). Il s’est avéré que la préférence olfactive des femelles pour les odeurs de ce substrat peut être induite par une expérience préalable préimaginale et imaginale pour ce nouveau substrat et que cette induction est intragénérationnelle. Elle n’est cependant pas liée à une augmentation de la sensitivité des antennes des femelles à la vanilline. De plus, elle dépend de l’espèce étudiée. Elle se manifeste plus rapidement chez l’espèce la plus polyphage (au bout de deux générations), plus tardivement chez l’espèce monophage (au bout de 5 générations) et est, par contre, absente chez l’espèce oligophage. Même si plusieurs mécanismes peuvent être impliqués dans cette induction, nos résultats valident à la fois la théorie d’Hopkins, le principe néo-Hopkins et l’héritage chimique chez les espèces qui ont présenté cette induction. Concernant les larves, nous avons pu montrer que celles-ci suivent, en général, la préférence olfactive des femelles pour les odeurs d’un nouveau substrat mais que cette préférence n’est pas corrélée avec leurs préférences alimentaires.
The genus Acrapex Hampson, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Apameini, Sesamiina) constitutes a speciose group of noctuid stemborers mostly distributed in the Afrotropics. In this study nine new Acrapex species are described: Acrapex abyssinica n. sp., Acrapex dabaga n. sp., Acrapex jansei n. sp., Acrapex kifanya n. sp., Acrapex lusinga n. sp., Acrapex ngwenya n. sp., Acrapex njombea n. sp., Acrapex vetiveria n. sp. and Acrapex zima n. sp. All species are assigned to the A. albivena group with the exception of A. lusinga which is assigned to the A. stygiata group. We also provide supplemental descriptions for two previously described species of the A. albivena group, A. punctosa Berio, 1973 and A. sysciodes Berio, 1973, and for one species belonging to the A. stygiata group: A. brunneella Le Ru, 2014. Host plants of three species are recorded; A. brunneella and Acrapex jansei were reared on Cymbopogon pospischilii (K.Schum.) C.E.Hubb and A. vetiveria on Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.). We also conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses (using both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood) on a multi-marker (four mitochondrial and two nuclear genes) molecular dataset encompassing 138 specimens (including 98 specimens from the A. albivena group and 23 specimens from the A. stygiata group) from 48 stemborer species. The results of the corresponding analyses support the monophyly of the two groups of interest and the species status of all newly described taxa, except for A. lusinga that was not sequenced. The phylogenetic analyses also unravel several evolutionary lineages whose precise status is pending because their DNA was extracted from larval stages.
Five morphologically similar species of Acrapex Hampson (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Apameini), from sub-Saharan Africa are reviewed, including four new species that are described; Acrapex mondogeneta sp. nov. , Acrapex mubale sp. nov., Acrapex robe sp. nov. and Acrapex rubona sp. nov.. These five species belong to a species complex that we hereby define as the Acrapex minima group. Host plants of three species are recorded; Acrapex minima is recorded for the first time on a host plant, Digitaria natalensis Stent; A. mondogeneta on Hyparrhenia hirta (L.) Stapf and A. rubona on Imperata cylindrica (L.) P. Beauv. We also conducted molecular phylogenetics (using both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood) and molecular species delimitation analyses (Poisson tree processes) on a six gene multi-marker dataset (four mitochondrial and two nuclear gene fragments; 4,582 nucleotides in length) of 42 specimens and 22 species, including 23 specimens from the Acrapex minima group. The results of the corresponding analyses support the monophyly of the group and the species status of the newly described taxa.
Twelve morphologically similar species of Acrapex Hampson 1894 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Apameini, Sesamiina), from Western, Central and Eastern Africa are reviewed. Eight of these species are new to science and are described: Acrapex akunamatata sp. n. and Acrapex incrassata sp. n. from Kenya; Acrapex gracilis sp. n., Acrapex iringa sp. n., Acrapex lukumbura sp. n. and Acrapex rungwe sp. n. from Tanzania; Acrapex soyema sp. n. from Ethiopia; Acrapex zoutoi sp. n. from Benin. All twelve species belong to a species complex that we hereby define as the Acrapex apicestriata group. Host-plants for three of the new species are recorded; Setaria incrassata (Hochst.) Hack. 1891 for Acrapex incrassata, Cymbopogon pospishilii (K. Schum.) C.E. Hubb. 1949 for A. rungwe and Andropogon perligulatus Stapf. 1908 for A. zoutoi. We also conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses (using maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) on a six gene multimarker molecular dataset (four mitochondrial and two nuclear gene fragments; 4,581 nucleotides in length) consisting of 15 Acrapex species (including seven species from the apicestriata group) and four outgroups species from the subtribe Sesamiina (from genera Busseola Thurau 1904, Sciomesa Tams & Bowden 1953, Pirateolea Moyal et al. 2010 and Sesamia Boisduval & Guenée 1852). Both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses yield a similar and well-supported topology, which supports the monophyly of the apicestriata group.
In holometabolous phytophagous insects, adult females and larvae determine host plant selection through oviposition and feeding preferences. Pre-imaginal and/or imaginal experiences with plant chemical cues can modulate these preferences. Various studies found evidence, or not, of host preference modulation through previous experience but they appear to contradict each other. Most probably, modulation of host preference depends on the degree of specialization of the insects. Our literature analysis revealed that the positive influence of experience in the modulation of host plant preference occurred equally in polyphagous, oligophagous and monophagous species, but was significantly more influenced by the phylogeny of the insect and the developmental stage involved in plant cue experience. Identification of phylogenic and developmental stage factors of “host learning” abilities appeared to be key information for predicting the response of species to habitat modifications rather than the insect’s degree of host plant specialization. The signification of this output on the fact that some insect species or populations shifted from the wild to cultivated habitats to become important pests is discussed.
Ten morphologically similar species of Acrapex Hampson, 1891 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Apameini) from Central and Eastern Africa are reviewed, including five new species: Acrapex kafula le Ru sp. nov., A. kavumba le Ru sp. nov., A. kiakouama le Ru sp. nov., A. miscantha le Ru sp. nov. and A. simillima le Ru sp. nov. Evidence is provided to transfer the monotypic genus Poecopa Bowden, 1956 to the genus Acrapex. Host plants of five species are recorded, some of them for the first time. Acrapex kavumba sp. nov., A. miscantha sp. nov. and A. simillima sp. nov. were found on one host plant each. Acrapex mediopuncta, previously reported in West Africa from Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Rottboellia compressa L., Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur. & Schinz. and Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf, was only found from S. megaphylla in Central Africa. Larvae of Acrapex unicolora were collected on Andropogon gayanus Kunth, Chrysopogon zizanoides (L.) Roberty, Cymbopogon schoenanthus subsp. proximus (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Maire & Weller, Cymbopogon pospischiilii (K.Schum.) C.E.Hubb., Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf and Setaria sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss. We also conducted molecular phylogenetic analyses (using maximum likelihood) and molecular species delimitation analyses on a comprehensive sample of 61 specimens belonging to eight of the studied species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses provided additional evidence of the synonymy of Acrapex and Poecopa, whereas molecular species delimitation analyses support the validity of the five newly described species and unravel another potential new species, only collected in the larval stage.
Ten morphologically similar species of Acrapex Hampson 1891 (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae, Noctuinae, Apameini), from Central and Eastern Africa are reviewed, including five new species that are described. Evidences are provided to transfer the monotypic genus Poecopa Bowden 1956 to the genus Acrapex. Host plants of three species are recorded, some of them for the first time; Acrapex mediopuncta previously reported in West Africa from Pennisetum purpureum Schumach., Rottboellia compressa L., Setaria megaphylla (Steud) Dur. & Schinz. and Sorghum arundinaceum (Desv.) Stapf was only found from S. megaphylla in Central Africa in our study. Acrapex simillima was found developing exclusively on S. megaphylla. Acrapex unicolora larvae were collected on Andropogon gayanus Kunth, Chrysopogon zizanoides (L.) Roberty, Cymbopogon giganteus Chiov., Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle, Hyparrhenia diplandra (Hack.) Stapf and S. sphacelata (Schumach.) Moss. The host plants of the six other species remain unknown. We also conducted molecular phylogenetics (using maximum likelihood) and molecular species delimitation analyses on a comprehensive sample of 61 specimens belonging to eight of the studied species. Molecular phylogenetics analyses provided additional evidence of the synonymy of Acrapex and Poecopa genera, whereas molecular species delimitation analyses support the validity of the five newly described species and unravel another potential new species, only collected at the larval stage.
