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Adult female coccids: A, Cryptinglisia chilensis; B, Pulvinaria drimyswinteri, young adults; C, Pulvinaria drimyswinteri, adult with ovisac (centre); D, Stictolecanium cranstoni, young adult; E, Stictolecanium cranstoni, mature adult; F. Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi.
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Three new species of Coccidae: Cryptinglisia chilensis Kondo & Gullan sp. nov., Pulvinaria drimyswinteri Kondo & Gullan sp. nov., and Stictolecanium cranstoni Kondo & Gullan sp. nov., are described and illustrated. An updated species list and a taxonomic key to the 13 coccid species now known to occur in Chile are provided. Pulvinariella mesembryan...
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Se catalogan las 87 especies de Fulgoroidea registradas para Chile pertenecientes a 12 familias. Se recopilan antecedentes nomenclaturales, distribucionales, de plantas hospedantes, y se observa como dudosa la presencia de cuatro especies. Se proporcionan claves para el reconocimiento de las familias, géneros y, en algunos casos, especies. Se repor...
Citations
... Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi, an oligophagous semi-parasitic soft scale, is native to South Africa (Miller and Miller 2003) and was unintentionally introduced in Australia, Europe, and North and South America (Washburn and Frankie 1981;Collins and Scott 1982;Miller and Miller 2003;Kondo and Gullan 2010;Franco et al. 2011). The distribution of P. mesembryanthemi coincides with its specific host, C. edulis and other species of the genus Carpobrotus. ...
... Although P. mesembryanthemi is present in both Chile and Spain, its distribution is very limited and environmental conditions dependent (Vieites-Blanco et al. 2020b). For this experiment, in Chile and Spain, we selected C. edulis populations where P. mesembryanthemi has not been observed (according to Amouroux et al. 2017;Kondo and Gullan 2010;Rodríguez et al. 2021a;Vieites-Blanco et al. 2020a). We collected one fruit per plant from at least 20 plants 5 m apart to avoid sampling the same clone in each population. ...
The Enemy Release Hypothesis (ERH) predicts that the escape from natural enemies, such as specialist herbivores, may explain the invasiveness of some invasive alien plants, maximizing their investment in growth and reproduction. This release from natural enemies might decrease the investment in expensive defense mechanisms (i.e., digestibility reducers) against the attack of specialist enemies, whilst increasing the investment in defenses (i.e., cheap toxins) and tolerance against the attack of generalist herbivores, as exposed by the Shifting Defense Hypothesis (SDH). To test this, we conducted a greenhouse experiment to compare morphological and physiological traits of Carpobrotus edulis, collected in its native (South Africa) and introduced (Chile and Spain) ranges, attacked by the generalist spittlebug Philaenus spumarius and the specialist scale insect Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi. Our results do not support the ER and SD hypotheses. We found that C. edulis plants collected from native and introduced ranges showed no significant differences in growth and defensive compounds studied for both controls and those plants under attack by the generalist P. spumarius (i.e., showing no increase in biomass or changes in biochemical defenses). In contrast, the specialist herbivore P. mesembryanthemi induced the production of total phenols and tannins and reduced the growth and survival of C. edulis plants. Overall, we found strong evidence that C. edulis is negatively affected by the attack of its specialist herbivore, but not by that of generalist herbivores, regardless of origin. The observed tolerance to generalist herbivores suggests the intriguing possibility of trait selection, allowing C. edulis plants to tolerate generalist herbivores more than specialists.
... (Miller and Miller, 2003). Its distribution currently coincides with its specific host C. edulis (Collins and Scott, 1982;Franco et al., 2011;Kondo and Gullan, 2010;Washburn and Frankie, 1981), being accidently introduced with infested plants outside its native range. In general, P. mesembryanthemi can reduce plant growth and even cause its death (Campoy et al., 2018). ...
Carpobrotus edulis is an invasive clonal plant with drastic effects on biodiversity and functioning of coastal ecosystems. In recent years, authorities and land managers have implemented diverse management strategies that usually focus on mechanical removal and chemical control. However, applying mechanical control to remove C. edulis may cause indirect adverse effects since it could increase the probability of spreading new propagules, which do not lose their physiological activity. Therefore, reducing the physiological activity of these plant fragments should be a priority to avoid their spread and re-rooting. Our goal was to assess the plant regeneration capacity after applying mechanical control (i) when placing the plant material on different types of ground surface (on sand, on stones and using rooted plants as control) and (ii) combined with the attack of specialized herbivores (the soft scale Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi). To achieve this, we evaluated how these two factors (ground surface and herbivory) affected the plant physiological activity, its survival and re-rooting, biometric measurements, shoot and root nutrient composition and biochemical parameters (total phenols and tannins). Regardless of the ground surface type, our results indicated that the specialist herbivore greatly affected the C. edulis parameters studied. The attack of P. mesembryanthemi stimulated the plant defence mechanisms, even in those individuals with less photosynthetic activity. Furthermore, P. mesembryanthemi severely reduced the biomass and volume of plant material. Decomposition of C. edulis was accelerated by the combination between the inoculation of P. mesembryanthemi and placing the plants on the stones ground surface. Overall, preventing plant re-rooting by avoiding connection to the soil is an effective method of reducing its viability after the eighth-tenth month. After applying mechanical control, we recommend placing C. edulis fragments over an inert ground surface to avoid re-rooting, which would favour its death. We conclude that the combination of mechanical control and P. mesembryanthemi or even direct inoculation with this specialist herbivore could help authorities and land managers to improve management strategies for C. edulis.
... They are the most diverse group of the suborder, with small sizes (< 5 mm), cryptic habits and with diverse reproductive processes; likewise, they show contrasting sexual dimorphism, reduced mobility -mainly in adult females-and the ability to secrete waxy substances that offer protection from environmental conditions and natural controllers. These insects also have trophobiotic relationships with other insects, mainly ants (Ben-Dov & Hodgson, 1997;Gavrilov & Kuznetsova, 2007;Gullan & Cranston, 2005;Gullan & Martin, 2003;Kondo & Gullan, 2010;Kondo, Ramos, & Vergara, 2008;Ramos & Serna, 2004). Nearly 8,000 scale insect species are known and have been grouped into 47 families (32 existing and 15 extinct), of which 187 species are recorded for coffee (García-Morales et al., 2016). ...
Actualmente los insectos escama hipogeos (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) son el segundo artrópodo plaga más importante de la caficultura colombiana. Para desarrollar planes de manejo integrado de este problema fitosanitario se hace necesario reconocer las especies que están asociadas al cultivo. En esta investigación se analizaron 768 especímenes de 85 muestras recolectadas en raíces de café en Norte de Santander y Valle del Cauca. Se identificaron 10 géneros reunidos en cuatro familias. Puto barberi, Toumeyella coffeae y Dysmicoccus varius fueron las especies más recurrentes. Se registra a Dysmicoccus mackenziei, Dysmicoccus radicis y Mixorthezia minima por primera vez para Colombia y a Coffea arabica como nuevo hospedante de Phenacoccus solani y se describe una nueva especie del género Pseudorhizoecus.
Abstract: Currently, the hypogeal scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) are the second most important problem pest arthropods for Colombian coffee crops. In order to develop integrated pest management programs, it is necessary to identify the species associated with this crop. In this study, 768 specimens from 85 samples collected from coffee roots in Norte de Santander and Valle del Cauca were analyzed. Ten genera belonging to four families were identified. Puto barberi, Toumeyella coffeae and Dysmicoccus varius were the most recurrent species. Dysmicoccus mackenziei, Dysmicoccus radicis and Mixorthezia minima are recorded for first time in Colombia. Coffea arabica is reported to be a new host for Phenacoccus solani and a new species of the genus Pseudorhizoecus is described.
... Hodgson (1994) separates Ctenochiton from Alecanochiton and Avricus by its smaller leg size, the different structure of the dorsal pores and its asymmetric mouthparts that are positioned close to one of the prothoracic legs. Another genus, Stictolecanium Cockerell, 1902, which members are distributed in southern South America (Argentina, Brazil and Chile) also produces a reticulate pattern on dorsum with preopercular pores and/or small and round cribriform plates (Hodgson 1994, Granara de Willink 2006, Kondo and Gullan 2010. Alecanochiton differs from Stictolecanium by the presence of dorsal tubercles and a discal seta on each anal plate, which are lacking in Stictolecanium. ...
The Marques’ soft scale, Alecanochiton marquesi (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) is recorded from Colombia and Costa Rica on Sapotaceae (Manilkara zapota) and on Melastomataceae (Conostegia xalapensis, Miconia trinervia, and M. schlimii), respectively. Other scale insects collected on M. zapota in the present study include Hemiberlesia lataniae, Howardia biclavis (Diaspididae), Coccus viridis, Saissetia coffeae (Coccidae), and Crypticerya abrahami (Monophlebidae). Crypticerya abrahami was found tended by Azteca sp. ants (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae) and is for the first time recorded on M. zapota. The first-instar nymph of A. marquesi is described and illustrated based on specimens from Colombia. The affinities of Alecanochiton with other Coccidae genera are discussed based on characters of the adult female and first-instar nymph.
... The soft scale specimens were slide-mounted following the method described by Williams & Granara de Willink (1992). Identification to genus level was made following Hodgsonʼs (1994) dichotomous keys to genera of the family Coccidae; the generic diagnosis and key to species of Cryptinglisia provided by Kondo & Gullan (2010) was also used. Morphological features of the adult female follow those defined by Kondo & Gullan (2010). ...
... Identification to genus level was made following Hodgsonʼs (1994) dichotomous keys to genera of the family Coccidae; the generic diagnosis and key to species of Cryptinglisia provided by Kondo & Gullan (2010) was also used. Morphological features of the adult female follow those defined by Kondo & Gullan (2010). Measurements of the studied specimens were made using an ocular micrometer attached to a Nikon Eclipse E200 phase contrast compound microscope; measurements of the holotype specimen are given in parentheses. ...
... Key to separate the known species of Cryptinglisia Cockerell [Adapted from Brain (1920), De Lotto (1967), Gavrilov-Zimin & Chetverikov (2017), Granara de Willink (1999), Hodgson (1967Hodgson ( , 1994 and Kondo & Gullan (2010) Test of live insect highly convex, like a small bivalve shell. Stigmatic spines bluntly spinose, each as long as a marginal seta. ...
In this study, two new species of soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Coccidae) associated with rosemary, Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Lamiaceae) from Colombia, Cryptinglisia corpoica Kondo & Montes sp. nov. and Cryptinglisia ica Montes & Kondo sp. nov. are described and illustrated based on the adult female. Two other coccid species, namely Parasaissetia nigra (Nietner) and Saissetia coffeae (Walker), are newly recorded on rosemary. An identification key is presented to all species of soft scale that have been reported on Rosmarinus spp. An updated key to soft scale insects of the genus Cryptinglisia Cockerell is provided also.
... However, most of these studies have focused on the insects of North America, Asia and Europe. Morphological studies have been performed on scale insects from South America [20][21][22] , but the marked lack of genetic information for scale insects from this continent is problematic for the efficient management of these pest species in this region. Previous DNA barcoding studies on scale insects have focused on the Pseudococcidae in Chile 14,23 and Brazil 24 . ...
... (Nothofagaceae), and on Hedera helix (Araliaceae) and Olea europaea (Oleaceae) for A. ensifera. For Coccidae, sequences of the recently recorded Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi 21 were provided. ...
Scale insects (Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) are one of the most invasive and agriculturally damaging insect groups. Their management and the development of new control methods are currently jeopardized by the scarcity of identification data, in particular in regions where no large survey coupling morphological and DNA analyses have been performed. In this study, we sampled 116 populations of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and 112 populations of soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Chile, over a latitudinal gradient ranging from 18°S to 41°S, on fruit crops, ornamental plants and trees. We sequenced the COI and 28S genes in each population. In total, 19 Diaspididae species and 11 Coccidae species were identified morphologically. From the 63 COI haplotypes and the 54 28S haplotypes uncovered, and using several DNA data analysis methods (Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery, K2P distance, NJ trees), up to 36 genetic clusters were detected. Morphological and DNA data were congruent, except for three species (Aspidiotus nerii, Hemiberlesia rapax and Coccus hesperidum) in which DNA data revealed highly differentiated lineages. More than 50% of the haplotypes obtained had no high-scoring matches with any of the sequences in the GenBank database. This study provides 63 COI and 54 28S barcode sequences for the identification of Coccoidea from Chile.
... En inventarios de cocoideos realizados en diferentes países neotropicales se obtuvieron que el mayor número de especies corresponde a especies cosmopolitas y el menor a especies endémicas (Granara de Willink y Claps 2003;Claps y Gorostiaga 2010;Kondo 2001;Kondo y Gullan 2010). ...
At Topes de Collantes Natural Park, Alturas de Trinidad, in the mountains of Guamuhaya province of Sancti Spiritus, Cuba, 30 species of scale insects belonging to 21 genera, four families and an endemic species
were identifi ed. Specimens were deposited at the insect zoological collection of the Ecology and Systematics Institute (CZACC), Cuba. A literature review was carried out and the world data base on scale insects, ScaleNet was consulted. A cartographic map indicating the collecting sites at the scale of 1: 250,000 was created using MapInfo Professional Version 4.5 program. Twelve species are recorded for the first time for the mountains of Guamuhaya and further 10 species are recorded for other locations. 82% of the species were polyphagous, 11% were oligophagous and 7% were monophagous. 57% were introduced species, 43% were native and 79% are cosmopolitan or widely distributed species. 30 species and 21 families of host plants were identifi ed, of which 23 plant species were new host plant records for 19 scale insect species, and 11 botanical families are for the fi rst time recorded as hosts for 10 scale insect species. There were significant differences in the distribution of scale insects and their host plant species, botanical families and vegetation type.
... In the Neotropical region, 27 species of Pulvinaria have been recorded (Ben-Dov et al. 2014) of which five are considered to be invasive species in South America (Kondo and Gullan 2010). Pulvinaria caballeroramosae sp. ...
A new soft scale (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) species, Pulvinaria caballeroramosae Tanaka & Kondo,
sp. n., is described from specimens collected on twigs of Ficus soatensis Dugand (Moraceae) in Bogota,
Colombia. The new species resembles P. drymiswinteri Kondo & Gullan, described from Chile on Drimys
winteri J.R. Forst. & G. Forst. (Winteraceae), but differs in the distribution of preopercular pores on the
dorsum, the presence of dorsal tubular ducts, dorsal microducts, and reticulation on the anal plates; and
in its feeding habits, i.e., P. caballeroramosae feeds on the twigs whereas P. drymiswinteri feeds on the leaves of its host. A key to the Colombian species of Pulvinaria Targioni Tozzetti is provided.
... Claps & Gorostiaga (2010) obtuvieron que en cultivos, vegetación espontánea yáreas naturales protegidas, el 73 % de las especies de diaspididos resultaron cosmopolitas y el 3 % de distribución original neotropical. En Chile, el 90 % de estas especies correspondieron a especies polífagas ampliamente distribuidas (Kondo & Gullan 2010). ...
RESUMEN
El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la composici´on taxon´omica de los insectos escama (Hemiptera:
Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) en ecosistemas naturales del municipio de Baracoa, macizo monta˜noso de
Nipe-Sagua-Baracoa, provincia de Guant´anamo; obtener la relaci´on de sus plantas hospedantes y su
distribuci´on. Se revisaron las Colecciones Zool´ogicas del Instituto de Ecolog´ıa y Sistem´atica (CZACC),
Cuba; las publicaciones cubanas sobre los cocoideos y ScaleNet (base de datos de los insectos escamas
del mundo). Se realiz´o una representaci´on cartogr´afica de las localidades de recolecci´on de las especies de cocoideos sobre un mapa a escala de 1:250000, utilizando el programa MapInfo Professional Version 4.5. Se hallaron 24 especies de cocoideos, agrupados en 18 g´eneros y cuatro familias; 20 especies se registraron por primera vez para el ´area. Veintiuna especies resultaron pol´ıfagas, cosmopolitas o de amplia distribuci´on y una especie mon´ofaga. El 86.4% correspondi´o a especies introducidas, el 9.1% a especies nativas y el 4.5% a origen desconocido. Se relacionaron 15 especies e igual n´umero de familias de plantas hospedantes, con nuevos registros de ´estas.
Palabras clave: Coccoidea, hospedantes, nuevos registros, cocoideos, cochinillas.
SUMMARY
The goal of this paper was to determine the taxonomic composition of scale insects (Hemiptera:
Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea) occurring in natural ecosystems of Baracoa, in the mountains of Nipe-
Sagua-Baracoa, Guant´anamo province, Cuba, as well as their host plants. Data were gathered from the
Zoological Collections, Institute of Ecology and Systematics (CZACC), Cuba, as well as from papers
on Cuban scale insects and information from the world scale insect database, ScaleNet. Mapping of
collection localities was carried out in at 1: 250000 scale, using the program MapInfo Professional
Version 4.5. A total of 24 species of scale insects distributed in 18 genera and four families were collected,
with 20 new species records for the studied area; 21 species are polyphagous and cosmopolitan or
have a worldwide distribution; 86.4% are introduced species, 9.1% are native species and 4.5% are of
unknown origin. Fifteen species and the same number of families of host plants are recorded, including new host records.
Key words: Coccoidea, host plants, new records, coccoids, mealybugs.
... Tachardiella species occur in the Nearctic and Neotropical regions, but usually in the drier parts of southwest North America and Mexico and areas of Argentina and Brazil (Ben-Dov 2006). Recently, Kondo & Gullan (2010) transferred the species Coccus resinatum Kieffer & Herbst, previously classified in the family Coccidae, to the lac insect family Kerriidae as Tachardiella resinata (Kieffer & Herbst) after translation of the original description written in German. The total number of named species in the genus is now sixteen. ...
... It is clear that these are resinous tests. Kondo & Gullan (2010) regarded C. resinatus as a kerriid because Kieffer & Herbst (1909) described the "larvae" (first-instar nymphs) as red, which is diagnostic of kerriid nymphs. In the absence of type material, Kondo & Gullan (2010) could not be certain whether this species belongs to Autrotachardiella or Tachardiella, but they transferred it to the latter genus as T. resinata because only Tachardiella species have been found on Asteraceae and the resinous tests of adult females of Tachardiella species are usually globular, whereas those of Austrotachardiella species usually have various projections or processes. ...
... Kondo & Gullan (2010) regarded C. resinatus as a kerriid because Kieffer & Herbst (1909) described the "larvae" (first-instar nymphs) as red, which is diagnostic of kerriid nymphs. In the absence of type material, Kondo & Gullan (2010) could not be certain whether this species belongs to Autrotachardiella or Tachardiella, but they transferred it to the latter genus as T. resinata because only Tachardiella species have been found on Asteraceae and the resinous tests of adult females of Tachardiella species are usually globular, whereas those of Austrotachardiella species usually have various projections or processes. The identity of this Chilean species needs to be investigated further based on collections made from the host plant in the region of the type locality. ...
The lac insect genus Tachardiella Cockerell is reviewed and 17 species are recognized, including one new species. The adult female of Tachardiella palobrea Kondo & Gullan sp. n. is described and illustrated based on material collected in Argentina on 'brea', Parkinsonia praecox (Fabaceae). The adult female of Tachardiella argentina (Dominguez) is redescribed and a lectotype is designated based on newly discovered syntype material in the Bohart Museum of Entomology, University of California, Davis (BME). Diagnoses and notes are provided for the other species of Tachardiella studied and a lectotype is designated for Tachardiella ferrisi Chamberlin. A taxonomic key to separate all known species of lac insects in the New World is provided.
