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Adult Mastigias papua medusa (103 mm bell diameter) from the type locality: Waigeo, West Papua (specifically from Mastigias Papua Cove). A. Profile view of M. papua, with details of the oral arm and margin of the bell. Two rhopalia are marked with arrows, delineating an octant. B. Details of the subumbrellar view of the terminals clubs, showing the typical 'tricorn' cross-section of lagoonal animals. C. Details of the contracted bell margin and oral arm. Note the patches of endosymbiontic zooxanthellae (here most easily visible as tan tiny dots in the unwinged part of oral arm). D. Subumbrellar view of canals dyed in the laboratory, note the perradial canal (p) and the interradial canal (i) which are both generally simple canals originating at the gastrovascular cavity and ending at the ring canal; the origins of the highly anastomosing adradial canals are marked with yellow circles where they join the gastrovascular cavity. E. Subumbrellar view of the bell margin, with velar lappets in between the two pairs of rhopalar lappets (r).
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Mastigias, the 'golden' or 'spotted' jellyfish, is distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific. Specimens are identified routinely as Mastigias papua, although eight species were described historically, and molecular analyses evince at least three phylogenetic species. Understanding species diversity in Mastigias has become a priority because of its gr...
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Context 1
... measurements followed Dawson (2005a) except for color (f1-f7, f25) and mass (f8), which could not be measured on formalin-fixed specimens. Radial canals and stomach cavity were stained with a solution of food dye (Fig. 5.D), photographed under reflected and transmitted light in aquaria and on a flat measuring table. Morphological features f29-f40 were measured on the resulting high-resolution digital photographs using JMicrovision v. 1.2.7 (Roduit 2008). Only the ten samples from West Papua and the 190 samples from Palau were considered for the ...
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... Specimen of Mastigias papua. Medusa is yellow-brown with white spots of various sizes on the exumbrella (Fig. 4A, B, 5A). Bell diameter 122.2 mm. Ring canal about twice the diameter of the oral disc (respectively 104 mm and 49 mm). Mesoglea of the bell flexible, thicker around the center portion, thinning towards bell margin. Velar lappets round (Fig. 5E), 80 in the whole medusa (number in each octant: 9, 10, 10, 11), with furrows often between adjacent pairs of lappets. Mean (±s.d.) oral arm length is 43.37±0.51 mm, with winged portion about 1.5 times longer than unwinged part (respectively 26.65±1.27 mm and 16.7±1.07 mm). Four perradial and four interradial rhopalia, each between two ...
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... 26.65±1.27 mm and 16.7±1.07 mm). Four perradial and four interradial rhopalia, each between two pointed rhopaliar lappets. Brood filaments present at the base of the oral arms and oral disc (mature female specimen). Terminal clubs about 1.4 the size of bell diameter (bd; mean 175.42±6.65 mm) and shaped like a tricorn in cross-section (Fig. 5B). Oral pillars 15.05±0.07 mm wide, 3.68 ±0.12 mm long and 2.8±0.14 mm deep. Genital ostia 35.5 ±0.28 mm wide. Gastrovascular cavity (GVC) with one perradial, one interadial and 7±0.5 adradial origins per octant (Fig. 5D). Two perradial, two interadial and 27.5±0.68 adradial anastomoses per octant. One gastrovascular and one adradial ...
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... Terminal clubs about 1.4 the size of bell diameter (bd; mean 175.42±6.65 mm) and shaped like a tricorn in cross-section (Fig. 5B). Oral pillars 15.05±0.07 mm wide, 3.68 ±0.12 mm long and 2.8±0.14 mm deep. Genital ostia 35.5 ±0.28 mm wide. Gastrovascular cavity (GVC) with one perradial, one interadial and 7±0.5 adradial origins per octant (Fig. 5D). Two perradial, two interadial and 27.5±0.68 adradial anastomoses per octant. One gastrovascular and one adradial sinus, no perradial nor interadial sinuses, per quadrant. One ring canal sinus present in each of 2 ...
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... Mastigias papua (Lesson 1830) (Mastigiidae; Rhizostomeae; Scyphozoa; Cnidaria), a well-known representative jellyfish species originally described from West Papua, Indonesia (Stiasny 1921), holds particular interest among cnidarian biologists (Dawson and Hamner 2003;Bayha and Graham 2011;Swift et al. 2016). Despite its recent redescription as an endemic species in the tropical western Pacific islands and the designation of a neotype based on comprehensive morphological and molecular analyses (Souza and Dawson 2018), the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of this species has yet to be sequenced. ...
We assembled the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa: Rhizostomeae: Mastigiidae) by the data generated from the next-generation sequencing platform. The complete mitogenome of M. papua was 16,560 bp in length, containing 14 protein-coding genes, two transfer RNA genes, and two ribosomal RNA genes. The base compositions were A 30.65%, C 15.16%, G 16.34%, and T 37.86%, with a gene arrangement similar to the mitogenomes derived from other representatives of Scyphozoa. Based on the 13 common protein-coding genes of 16 species within Scyphozoa, we constructed the phylogenetic tree and found that M. papua has a close relationship with Cassiopea andromeda and Cassiopea xamachana. All these species belong to an order of jellyfish Rhizostomeae, which have similar morphological characteristics. This is agreement with the conclusion we got by the phylogenetic relationship analysis using molecular data. This research has practical implications for advancing understanding of the phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic classifications, and phylogeography within Scyphozoa.
... Indonesia shows in the top three countries with the highest landing (~ 29,469 tons) and exports of jellyfish (Omori and Nakano 2001;Brotz 2016). Yet, there are 35 species of Discomedusae reported for Indonesia (Table S1; Kramp 1961;De Souza and Dawson 2018;Jarms and Morandini, 2019). However, the species identification and distribution range are uncertain for 13 of the 35 recorded species (Table S1). ...
... There are 35 species recorded for Indonesia (Table S1; Kramp 1961;Swift et al. 2016;De Souza and Dawson 2018; -5 57 27 ---8 49 23 ---9 123 106 ---12 48 28 ---13 43 30 ---16 34 52 5 --17 3 -1 --20 5 2 3 --21 67 56 ---Total 441 338 13 --Transect 2 2 -----3 -1 ---6 4 4 6 5 3 7 15 14 2 6 6 10 81 52 7 4 4 11 0 1 2 11 7 14 5 -1 4 3 15 --2 10 8 18 ---3 4 19 11 11 2 --22 1 3 ---Total 117 86 22 43 35 Jarms and Morandini 2019). Ten of these recorded species' distribution are not confirmed for Indonesia (Table S1). ...
The Indo-Pacific is recognized as a hotspot for marine diversity. The taxonomy of certain taxa, such as Discomedusae jellyfish, has been neglected, despite its importance in the fishery industry. This study documents the first records of Discomedusae for the Java Sea using an integrative approach and provide notes about its distribution in the area. We used up to 53 morphological and meristic characters and amplified one mitochondrial marker (COI). The comparison and assessment of these data resulted in the recognition of seven species of Discomedusae, from which five has been recorded for the Indo-Pacific area. Two other species require a taxonomic revision to confirm the species assignation. The distribution of jellyfish in the coast of Java Sea might be correlated with the jellyfish life history and species-specific ranges of tolerance, and not solely determined by the environmental parameters. These findings provide the foundations for extending the taxonomic research in the area; the description of the biodiversity will increase the understanding of the population dynamics and its implications in the fisheries.
... The genus Mastigias comprises only eight valid species of spotted lagoon jellyfish, i.e., M. albipunctata Stiasny, 1920, M. andersoni Stiasny, 1926, M. gracilis (Vanhöffen, 1888, M. ocellatus (Modeer, 1791), M. pantherina (Haeckel, 1880), M. papua (Lesson, 1830), M. roseus (Reynaud, 1830), and M. sidereus Chun, 1896(Kramp 1961De Souza and Dawson 2018;Jarms et al. 2019). Mastigias roseus is the only species described from the Atlantic Ocean, while the remaining taxa originate in the Indo-Pacific and adjacent seas (Kramp 1961;Jarms et al. 2019), where they usually live in coastal waters (Dawson et al. 2001). ...
... In the past, several authors (e.g. Mayer 1910;Stiasny 1920;Uchida 1926) ascribed the majority of Indo-Pacific records to a single species, namely M. papua, but De Souza and Dawson (2018) recently showed that the distribution of M. papua is limited to its type locality and some other tropical western Pacific islands, and that the China Sea clade (samples from Japan, Komodo, Berau, and Philippines) is most probably M. albipunctata [as M. albipunctatus], whereas the Solomon Sea clade (samples from Papua New Guinea) is M. andersoni or M. ocellatus. However, no studies have been recently conducted on M. sidereus, which has been reported from East Africa to Sumatra, via the tropical Indian Ocean (refers to Stiasny 1920Stiasny , 1921Kramp 1961;Jarms et al. 2019). ...
... The morphomeristic characters (e.g. bell diameter, arm-disc diameter, upper and lower arm length and terminal club length, oral pillar and subgenital ostia width, number of velar lappets and root canals per octant) were measured according to De Souza and Dawson (2018) and Behera et al. (2020). The mean value and standard deviation (SD) of those morphometric and meristic characters were calculated (Table 1), and the mature and immature medusae were distinguished by the presence or absence of gonads (Karunarathne and de Croos 2020b (Mayer 1915), M. albipunctata (Stiasny 1920), P. pacifica (Light 1921) and M. andersoni (Stiasny 1926). ...
Understanding the species diversity of scyphomedusae is a primacy in zoological and ecological studies. Mastigiid medusae, commonly known as “spotted jellyfish”, are widely distributed throughout the Indo-Pacific, although data from the Indian Ocean are limited due to lack of studies. In the “Waya-jel-Survey” conducted at several coastal localities of Sri Lanka, a Mastigias species was netted off the Laccadive Sea coast and Bay of Bengal coast from 2017 to 2020, while a Phyllorhiza species was sampled off the Laccadive Sea coast in 2017 and 2018. Collected specimens were morphologically identified as Mastigias sidereus and Phyllorhiza punctata, both had never been recorded from Sri Lankan waters. As both the species are mild stingers, no sting cases have ensued so far from Sri Lanka; however, P. punctata was observed to be clogged into nets, resulting in a reduction of commercial fish catches in lagoon fisheries.
... Sampling sites in the Koror state, Palau. Each site is presented along with its trophic status (with total phosphorus, TP, in μg l -1 , obtained fromWollrab et al. 2020), the population or sub-species of Mastigias papua inhabiting it(Dawson 2005, Souza & Dawson 2018, the sampling effort (n) for this population, its symbiotic status in 2018 (confirmed by chlorophyll a content; N. ...
The trophic ecology of mixotrophic, zooxanthellate jellyfishes potentially spans a wide spectrum between autotrophy and heterotrophy. However, their degree of trophic plasticity along this spectrum is not well known. To better characterize their trophic ecology, we sampled the zooxanthellate medusa Mastigias papua in contrasting environments and sizes in Palau (Micronesia). We characterized their trophic ecology using isotopic (bulk δ13C and δ15N), elemental (C:N ratios), and fatty acid compositions. The different trophic indicators were correlated or anti-correlated as expected (Pearson’s correlation coefficient, rP > 0.5 or < -0.5 in 91.1% of cases, p < 0.05), indicating good agreement. The sampled M. papua were ordered in a trophic spectrum between autotrophy and heterotrophy (supported by decreasing δ13C, C:N, proportion of neutral lipid fatty acids (NLFA:TLFA), n-3:n-6 and increasing δ15N, eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid ratio (EPA:DHA)). This trophic spectrum was mostly driven by sampling location with little influence of medusa size. Moreover, previous observations have shown that in a given location, the trophic ecology of M. papua can change over time. Thus, the positions on the trophic spectrum of the populations sampled here are not fixed, suggesting high trophic plasticity in M. papua. The heterotrophic end of the trophic spectrum was occupied by non-symbiotic M. papua, whereas the literature indicates that the autotrophic end of the spectrum corresponds to dominant autotrophy, where more than 100% of the carbon requirement is obtained by photosynthesis. Such high trophic plasticity has critical implications for the trophic ecology and blooming ability of zooxanthellate jellyfishes.
... While exotic species often have lower amounts of parasitization in their introduced range (Torchin et al., 2003), the degree to which epibionts in medusae are affected by host or epibiont endemicity is unknown. The high number of cryptic species, a history of misidentification, and poor understandings of historical ranges compound issues with sparse research on the topic (Dawson, 2005;Graham & Bayha, 2007;Morandini et al., 2017;De Souza & Dawson, 2018). ...
Jellyfish are known to carry various epibionts, including many of the subphylum Crustacea. However, the associations between gelatinous zooplankton and other invertebrates have been chronically overlooked. Crustacea, a massive clade of economically, ecologically, and culturally important species, includes many taxa that utilize gelatinous zooplankton for food, transport, and protection as both adults and juveniles. Here we compile 211 instances of epifaunal crustaceans recorded on Hydromedusae and Scyphomedusae from a century of literature. These include 78 identified crustacean species in 65 genera across nine orders found upon 37 Hydromedusa species and 48 Scyphomedusae. The crustacean life stage, location, nature of the association with the medusa, years, months, and depths are compiled to form a comprehensive view of the current state of the literature. Additionally, this review highlights areas where the current literature is lacking, particularly noting our poor understanding of the relationships between juvenile crabs of commercially valuable species and medusae.
... Here, we study the nutrition of the mixotrophic, zooxanthellate, jellyfish Mastigias papua etpisoni holobiont (host, Mastigias papua etpisoni, Mastigiidae, Rhizostomeae, Scyphozoa, see Dawson 2005, Souza andDawson 2018; symbiont, Cladocopium sp., Symbiodiniaceae, Suessiales, Dinophyceae, see LaJeunesse in Vega de Luna et al. 2019) in Ongeim'l Tketau a marine lake from Palau (Micronesia, Western Pacific Ocean; see Hamner et al. 1982). These marine lakes, especially Ongeim'l Tketau with its jellyfish population, offer an opportunity as model systems for the investigation of densitydependent dynamics impacting the nutrition of mixotrophic organisms. ...
Mixotrophic organisms are increasingly recognized as important components of ecosystems, but the factors controlling their nutrition pathways (in particular their autotrophy–heterotrophy balance) are little known. Both autotrophy and heterotrophy are expected to respond to density-dependent mechanisms but not necessarily in the same direction and/or strength. We hypothesize that the autotrophy–heterotrophy balance of mixotrophic organisms might therefore be a function of population densities. To investigate this relationship, we sampled mixotrophic jellyfish holobionts (host, Mastigias papua etpisoni; symbiont, Cladocopium sp.) in a marine lake (Palau, Micronesia) on six occasions (from 2010 to 2018). Over this period, population densities varied ~100 fold.We characterized the nutrition of the holobionts using the δ13C and δ15N signatures as well as C:N ratios. δ13C values increased and δ15N values decreased with increasing population densities (respectively, R2 = 0.86 and 0.70, P < 0.05). Although less distinct, C:N ratios increased with increasing population densities (R2 = 0.59, 0.1 > P > 0.05). This indicates that the autotrophy–heterotrophy balance tends toward autotrophy when population densities increase.We propose that the availability of zooplanktonic prey is the main driver of this pattern. These results demonstrate that the autotrophy–heterotrophy balance of mixotrophic jellyfishes can be tightly regulated by density-dependent mechanisms.
... species are yet to be rediscovered since many areas are still not covered in the recent jellyfish surveys. There is also the possibility of unreported occurrence by other local studies due to wrong or unresolved species identification given the large inter-and intraspecific variations in the morphology of Cepheidae (Gul et al., 2015) and Mastigias (De Souza & Dawson, 2018). ...
Jellyfish or scyphozoan blooms are known to negatively impact human welfare. However, there is a lack of baseline ecological data or knowledge regarding the scyphozoans in Malaysia which could be used to mitigate these impacts, as well as effectively exploit and manage a fast-growing fishery. Thus, the overall aim of the present study is to verify the scyphozoan diversity in Malaysian waters, and specifically, to explicate the environment, biology and ecological role of the scyphozoans in Klang Strait. The study was conducted via a nation-wide survey of 15 sites in Peninsular Malaysia (January 2011 – June 2015) based on opportunistic samplings, and a monthly sampling regime supplemented with intensive diel (24-hr) and lunar-phase samplings by using commercial bag nets in the Klang Strait. Additional samples examined from May 2010 to December 2010 were part of Dr. Mohammed Rizman Idid’s scientific collection. Scyphozoan abundance, population growth and mortality, reproduction and trophodynamics were investigated. To date, a total of 20 species of scyphozoans in Malaysian waters has been verified. Conjoint or co-occurring mangrove-mudflat habitats have the highest species richness (9 species) among the various coastal habitats in Peninsular Malaysia. The Klang Strait’s mangrove-mudflat habitat is represented by eight species. The overall scyphozoan abundance in the area tends to be higher during the wetter northeast monsoon (heavy rainfall), but decreases during the drier southwest monsoon (less rainfall). The temporal variability in scyphozoan abundance is subjected to the local hydrological regime (salinity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, turbidity and pH) that varied with the regional meteorological events (monsoon and rainfall pattern). During the rainy or wet period, scyphozoan abundances across the water column are generally higher during the daytime than at night. There is evidence of flood-tide horizontal transport of scyphozoan especially by the swift currents during spring tide. Following their ingression into the nearshore areas, some species may actively swim against the offshore ebb current or engage in vertical migration to maintain their position and form aggregations near coastlines. The population of Phyllorhiza punctata and Cyanea sp. (the dominant species) in the Klang Strait perform continuous spawnings and juvenile (medusa) recruitments throughout the year, with one or two peaks observed during the northeast and southwest monsoon. The parameters (K and Loo) of the von Bertalanffy Growth Function and total mortality estimated using the software for both P. punctata and Cyanea sp. are generally similar with that of other scyphozoan populations, although the estimated lifespans of these two species (40 and 32 months, respectively) appear to be greater than that of temperate species. Scyphozoan species in the Klang Strait are zooplankton predators. They can be grouped as specialized copepod feeders (P. punctata, Rhopilema esculentum, Lychnorhiza malayensis, Rhopilema hispidum), copepod and macrozooplankton feeder (Cyanea sp.) and mixed plankton feeder (Lobonemoides robustus). Stable isotope analysis indicates that the scyphozoans mainly derive their primary or basal carbon source from microphytobenthos (65%) and phytoplankton (32%) with little from mangrove (4%). The scyphozoan fauna thus play an important ecological role in the transfer of trophic energy and materials from the benthos to pelagic water, as well as from nearshore to offshore waters.
... Nevertheless, it is possible these two species are yet to be rediscovered since many areas are still not covered in the recent jellyfish surveys. There is also the possibility of unreported occurrence by other local studies due to wrong or unresolved species identification given the large inter-and intraspecific variations in the morphology of Cepheidae (Gul et al., 2015) and Mastigias (De Souza and Dawson, 2018). ...
Despite the significant impacts of scyphozoan jellyfish blooms and fishery to human welfare, scientific knowledge pertaining to the scyphozoans particularly in the tropics have not been progressive due to high species diversity and unresolved taxonomic issues. Previous works in Malaysian waters have exemplified these problems. Here, we provide the most up-to-date collation of research data on scyphozoan jellyfish from Malaysian waters pertaining to their valid species names, distribution and habitat through field surveys and examination of past records. We further examined the threats and positive impacts of the local scyphozoan blooms to human welfare. Twenty identified and verified species, nine unidentified species (i.e. to the genus level only) and five unverified species of scyphozoan from the orders of Rhizostomeae, Semaeostomeae and Coronatae in the Malaysian waters are reported. Versuriga anadyomene is a first record for the Malaysian region, while the edible Lobonemoides robustus is a first record in the eastern waters of Peninsular Malaysia. Species richness was the highest in southern Peninsular Malaysia (19 species), with the mangrove-mudflat habitats having more species (nine species) than the other coastal habitats. Chrysaora chinensis was generally more abundant than other species in the sandy-beach areas. Some species appear to be habitat-specific; Acromitus hardenbergi was only found in the Perak River and Sungei Buloh mangrove-estuary while Cassiopea, Cephea and Netrostoma species were only recorded in the island waters of the eastern and southern Peninsular Malaysia. Nine species were identified as threats to the fishing industry, marine aquaculture, power plant operation, coastal tourism or human health, while eight species are providing economic benefits to the jellyfish fishery and aquarium trade.
... Raja Ampat samples fell within the clade of Mastigias papua, while samples from jellyfish lakes in Berau, Indonesia are putatively classified as M. albipunctatus (Fig. 2) (Souza and Dawson, 2018). Jellyfish populations from Raja Ampat formed a distinct subclade, including some Palau locations. ...
Peripheral marine ecosystems can harbor endemic diversity and attract tourism attention, yet are generally not included in conservation management plans due to their remoteness or inland positioning. A case study in Raja Ampat of seven landlocked marine lakes containing golden jellyfish (Mastigias spp.) was conducted to address the lack of fundamental insights into evolutionary, ecological and social contexts of these ecosystems. An in- terdisciplinary approach was taken towards identifying the jellyfish lakes as distinct management units in order to incorporate them into existing Marine Protected Areas. Mastigias papua populations showed strong genetic (φST: 0.30–0.86) and morphological (F = 28.62, p-value = 0.001) structure among lakes, with putative new subspecies. Risks arising from rapid increase in tourism to Raja Ampat (30-fold since 2007) warrant restrictions on jellyfish lake use. Recommendations are provided for adaptive management and science-based conservation policies for jellyfish lakes across Indonesia.
... Mastigias papua (Lesson 1830) medusae from different locations from Palau (Micronesia) (see Souza and Dawson 2018 for a recent redescription of the species). Palau is characterized by the presence of many marine lakes formed between 12 000 and 5 000 years ago as a consequence of rising sea levels after the last glacial maximum (Dawson and Hamner 2005). ...
... Names, location, and sampling effort of the populations and sub-species of Mastigias papua from Palau (seeDawson 2005, Souza andDawson 2018) ...
Whereas most jellyfishes are strictly heterotrophic organisms, some of them undergo a photosymbiosis with autotrophic Dinophyceae (“zooxanthellae”). These zooxanthellate jellyfishes, as holobionts, are mixotrophic deriving nutrition from both predation and photosynthesis. However, the relative importance of autotrophic and heterotrophic nutrition can vary as a function of ontogeny, phylogeny and ecology. Such variations of nutrition have important consequences for the population dynamics of these organisms. It is therefore central to characterize the variability and the plasticity of the nutrition of zooxanthellate jellyfishes to understand their ecology. In this thesis, the nutrition of zooxanthellate jellyfishes was investigated using laboratory experimental systems and field studies. A first experiment allowed to confirm previous findings that autotrophic nutrition is of small importance for the polyp of zooxanthellate jellyfishes. A second experiment assessed how elemental and isotopic compositions of zooxanthellate jellyfishes could be used to study their nutrition. The findings of this experiment are then confronted with results from the field: The nutrition of zooxanthellate Mastigias papua medusae was studied in their natural environments (Palau) through the use of isotopic, elemental but also fatty acids compositions. These field results demonstrate the wide plasticity of the nutrition of Mastigias papua ranging from pure heterotrophy to dominant autotrophy. The existence of such a wide plasticity in the nutrition of zooxanthellate jellyfishes helps to understand some crucial aspect of their ecology such as their generally low ability to bloom relative to non-zooxanthellate jellyfishes, or their reactions to temperature-induced bleaching.
