Table 1 - uploaded by Khaldun Mohammad Al Azzam
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
A simple micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method for the simultaneous determination of 2-furfural (2-F), 3-furfural (3-F), 5-methylfurfural (5-MF), 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 2-furoic acid (2-FA) and 3-furoic acid (3-FA) in honey and vegetable oils is described. Parameters affecting the separation such as pH, buffer and surfactan...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... adopted conditions are summarized in Table 1 5-HMF 2-F 3-F 5-MF 2-FA 3-FA 2 6 10 14 18 22 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7. ($ 24 min) for the separation of 2-F, 5-MF and 5-HMF was observed [22]. Moreover, the present method enables the separation of six furanic compounds compared to the reported reversed phase (RP) HPLC method (5 furanic compounds) [10]. ...
Context 2
... adopted conditions are summarized in Table 1 5-HMF 2-F 3-F 5-MF 2-FA 3-FA 2 6 10 14 18 22 6.5 6.7 6.9 7.1 7.3 7.5 7. ($ 24 min) for the separation of 2-F, 5-MF and 5-HMF was observed [22]. Moreover, the present method enables the separation of six furanic compounds compared to the reported reversed phase (RP) HPLC method (5 furanic compounds) [10]. ...
Citations
... 58 Adulteration of food has cost the lives of adults, infants and 59 animals [6], [7], [8], [9]. To prevent these occurrences of "eco- 60 nomically motivated adulteration" (EMA), careful screening 61 of food products is required; d) Pharmaceutical residues such 62 as hormones and antibiotics detection-These are commonly 63 utilized in farms to increase meat and milk output for eco- 64 nomic gain. There are rising concerns about the presence of 65 antibiotic residues in food items as a result of the emergence 66 of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic strains in human 67 beings [10]. ...
... They selected a range of 4% to 20% for the concentration to P-1, and the shift in resonance wavelengths was also 467 enhanced when compared to P-1, as shown in Fig. 12 . Food and beverage ageing can 488 be assessed using furanic chemicals, for example, because 489 of poor storage situations [60], [61], [62]. The utilization 490 of POFs with a low size equipment ensures the device's 491 portability. ...
Food safety is a scientific discipline that requires sophisticated handling, production, and storage. Food is common for microbial development; it acts as a source for growth and contamination. The traditional procedures for food analysis are time-consuming and labor-intensive, but optical sensors overcome these constraints. Biosensors have replaced rigorous lab procedures like chromatography and immunoassays with more precise and quick sensing. It offers quick, nondestructive, and cost-effective food adulteration detection. Over the last few decades, the significant spike in interest in developing surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for the detection and monitoring of pesticides, pathogens, allergens, and other toxic chemicals in foods. This review focuses on fiber-optic SPR (FO-SPR) biosensors for detecting various adulterants in food matrix while also discussing the future perspective and the key challenges encountered by SPR based sensors.
... Data acquisition was performed with 3D-CE ChemStation software (Agilent Technologies). Preliminary experiments were conducted using the MEKC conditions adopted from Wong et al. (2012) for the determination of furanic compounds in honey and vegetable oil. Standards and samples were introduced hydrodynamically (30 mbar) for 8 s under the following conditions: background electrolyte (BGE) was a mixture of NaH 2 PO 4 (75 mM) and SDS (100 mM), pH 7.2; temperature 25 ℃; voltage 25 kV; and detection wavelength at 280 nm. ...
... The concentration of 5-HMF is used as a quality indicator of heat processing and freshness of various foodstuffs such as sauces, honey, oils, jams, vegetable products, and fruit-based products [32]. This is because its concentrations tend to elevate during the heating process or long storage period [34]. ...
Studies on physical and chemical compositions of stingless bee honey from northern region in Malaysia are still limited. Therefore, this study evaluates the physicochemical profile [pH, free acidity, ash content, total dissolved solids (TDS) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF)], multi-elemental composition and antioxidant property of fresh stingless bee honey of Heterotrigona itama. Twenty honey samples were collected from the Northern regions (Kedah and Penang) of Malaysia. The results revealed that the values for pH, free acidity, ash content, and TDS were pH 3.01-3.43, 65.42-184.66 meq/kg, 0.07-0.61 g/100g, and 258.83-365.67 ppm, respectively. The concentration of 5-HMF in the honey samples elevated from not detected (fresh) to a maximum of 214.38 mg/kg (after 6-and 15-months storage). For multi-elemental composition, potassium was the highest concentration (16.13-1623.75 mg/kg) followed by calcium (36.23-272.5 mg/kg), sodium (31.25-148.25 mg/kg), aluminum (25.35-62.25 mg/L) and magnesium (11.14-179.75 mg/kg). Iron (< 0.02-41.55 mg/kg), copper (< 0.05-23.15 mg/kg), manganese (< 0.02-13.85 m/kg) and zinc (< 0.01-4.63 mg/kg) were found in low concentrations. Arsenic, lead, nickel, barium, cadmium and chromium were found in lower concentrations than the limit of detection, which indicates no contamination or environmental pollution on the studied areas. The total phenolic content (TPC) of the samples was 95.0-364.9 mg GAE/100g, showed relevant amounts of antioxidant properties, suggesting a source of natural antioxidants. In conclusion, the ash content, pH, and 5-HMF of fresh honey samples were compliant with the limit set by the Malaysian Standards. The 5-HMF concentration of all the honey samples after prolonged storage for six months exceeded the permitted range, which indicates that the honey samples deteriorated. Therefore, it is advised to consume the honey in less than six months. Abstrak Kajian tentang komposisi fizikal dan kimia madu lebah tanpa sengat dari wilayah utara di Malaysia masih terhad. Oleh itu, kajian ini menilai profil fizikokimia (pH, keasidan bebas, kandungan abu, jumlah pepejal terlarut (TDS) dan 5-hidroksimetilfurfural (5-HMF)), komposisi pelbagai unsur dan sifat antioksidan madu lebah tanpa sengat segar iaitu Heterotrigona itama. Dua puluh sampel madu telah dikumpul dari wilayah Utara (Kedah dan Pulau Pinang) Malaysia. Keputusan menunjukkan bahawa nilai pH, keasidan bebas, kandungan abu, dan TDS masing-masing adalah pH 3.01-3.43, 65.42-184.66 meq/kg, 0.07-0.61 g/100g dan 258.83-365.67 ppm. Kepekatan 5-HMF dalam sampel madu adalah daripada tidak dikesan (segar) kepada maksimum 214.38 mg/kg (selepas penyimpanan 6 dan 15 bulan). Bagi komposisi berbilang unsur, kalium adalah berkepekatan tertinggi (16.13-1623.75 mg/kg) diikuti kalsium (36.23-272.5 mg/kg), natrium (31.25-148.25 mg/kg), aluminium (25.35-62.25 mg/L) dan magnesium (11.14-179.75 mg/kg). Besi (< 0.02-41.55 mg/kg), kuprum (< 0.05-23.15 mg/kg), mangan (< 0.02-13.85 m/ kg) dan zink (< 0.01-4.63 mg/kg) didapati dalam kepekatan rendah. Arsenik, plumbum, nikel, barium, kadmium dan kromium didapati mempunyai kepekatan lebih rendah daripada had pengesanan yang menunjukkan tiada pencemaran atau pencemaran alam sekitar di kawasan yang dikaji. TPC sampel ialah 95.0-364.9 mg GAE/100g, menunjukkan jumlah sifat antioksidan yang relevan, mencadangkan sumber antioksidan semulajadi. Kesimpulannya, kandungan abu, pH, dan 5-HMF sampel madu segar adalah mematuhi had yang ditetapkan oleh Piawaian Malaysia. Kepekatan 5-HMF bagi semua sampel madu selepas penyimpanan berpanjangan selama 6 bulan telah melebihi julat yang dibenarkan, menunjukkan sampel madu semakin merosot. Oleh itu, adalah dinasihatkan untuk mengambil madu kurang daripada 6 bulan.
... As a proof of concept, to test this strategy, we have chosen a MIP specific for furfural (2-FAL) detection, which is a relevant task for food and beverages quality and safety monitoring [16,[21][22][23][24][25][26] because of the possible toxic and carcinogenic effects on human beings [26][27][28]. ...
A novel optical chemical sensing approach is presented and successfully tested in this work. The device is based on modified plastic optical fibers (POFs), with molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) inside, coupled with a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) in POFs. The MIP is deposited in a microstructured POF platform which is used to launch the light into the SPR-POF sensor. Therefore, the SPR sensor is not directly in contact neither with the MIP layer, nor to the sample under examination and the sensor system has been made insensitive both to the MIP thickness and refractive index. The chemical sensing platform interacts with the analyte changing the effective refractive index of the POF core, and the SPR conditions at the SPR sensor. As a proof of concept, a MIP receptor specific for furfural (2-FAL) in water is used to realize the proposed sensing principle. A detection limit (LOD) of fractions of μg/l was obtained, about 2 orders of magnitude lower than that obtained with another SPR-POF sensor where the same MIP receptor was directly deposited upon the SPR-sensitive surface to detect 2-FAL in water.
... Nozal et al. (2001) and Spano et al. (2009) used RP-HPLC with diode array and UV-Vis detection, respectively. Yong Foo et al. (2012) and Güray et al. (2019) utilized micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MECC). MECC approach requires a shorter analysis time compared with RP-HPLC and the HMF detection limit is also lower. ...
Honey is a natural food produced by honeybees and contained approximately 200 distinct chemical compounds. The chemical compositions are dependent on the floral and geographical origin of the nectar collected by the bee. The physicochemical properties of honey such as moisture content, pH, free acidity, electrical conductivity, diastase activity, proline content, hydroxymethylfurfural, organic acids, protein, vitamins, and phenolic compounds are very important properties to measure to ensure the quality of honey for human consumption. International and Malaysian standards on honey quality parameters have been established as a reference for quality control of honey. Therefore, this review aims to compile the latest progress in established analytical techniques in the investigation of physicochemical properties and various constituents of honey.
... More specifically, detecting furanic compounds as furfural (2-furaldehyde, 2-FAL) in aqueous solutions or beverages, such as wine [28], is becoming a critical challenge, not only because of its importance in influencing flavor and aroma [29], but also because of its probable hazardous and carcinogenic effects on humans [30][31][32]. Furthermore, furanic compounds have been proposed to assess the aging of food and beverages as a result of improper storage conditions [32,33]. ...
... HMF is used as an indicator of quality in various food products. (Foo Wong et al., 2012;Türköz Acar et al., 2018). Due to its negative effects on human health such as mutagenic, cytotoxic, genotoxic, and carcinogenic, some foods such as pekmez and honey have an HMF content limitation (Türköz Acar et al., 2018 (International Honey Commission, 2002;Zappala et al., 2005). ...
... In general, to determine HMF and related substances, high or ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC or UHPLC) combined with ultraviolet (UV) detector, diode array (DAD) detector, or photodiode array (PDA) detector. Moreover, some other methods, such as micelle electrokinetic capillary chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, planar chromatography, and gas chromatographymass spectrometry were also used (Foo Wong et al., 2012;Kasiotis & Machera, 2017;Li et al., 2019). ...
Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a chemical contaminant that is not naturally present in carbohydrate‐containing food samples. The HMF amounts were changed between 4.8 and 214.1 mg kg‐1 in honey; between 7.8 and 204.0 mg kg‐1 in pekmez (grape molasses); between 5.9 and 22.4 mg kg‐1 in strawberry jam; between 6.0 and 65.4 mg kg‐1 in apricot jam, and between 9.2 and 55.9 mg kg‐1 in cherry found by HPLC. The linear calibration plot of HMF was ranged from 0.05 to 10.0 µg mL‐1. The correlation coefficient was found to be 0.99997. LOD and LOQ values were found to be 12.0 and 40.0 ng mL‐1, respectively. According to the experimental results, HMF amounts of 4 honey samples, 3 pekmez (grape molasses) samples, 1 apricot jam and 1 cherry jam for investigated samples were found to be higher than permission amount of Turkish Food Codex.
... Comparison of SFE-DI-SPME with other methods Table 3 summarizes the performance of the proposed method compared with other methods for extraction and analysis of 2-F and 5-HMF in food matrices. The sample preparation methods in Table 3 include DI-SPME, 39 HS-SPME, 12 vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction, 40 micellar electrokinetic chromatography, 41 and hyphenation of DI-SPME and SFE. Though several SPME-based furfural methods have been previously described, none has been validated in solid matrixes. ...
A new, simple, hyphenated technique couples supercritical fluid extraction and direct immersion SPME with GC-FID (SFE-DI-SPME-GC-FID) for the determination of 2-furaldehyde (2-F) and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in solid foods. A bimetal-organic framework-polypyrrole composite was grown in situ on stainless steel wire in solution and used as a novel solid phase microextraction (SPME) fiber coating. A central composite design based on a 2n-1 fractional factorial experimental design was employed to optimize the SFE conditions for 2-F and 5-HMF at a pressure of 325 atm, temperature of 35 °C, dynamic extraction time of 15 min, and modifier volume of 150 μL. Also, the factors related to the solid-phase microextraction method including ionic strength, desorption time and temperature together with extraction time and temperature were optimized prior to the gas chromatography analysis. Under the optimal conditions, the limits of detection were in the range of 1.28-5.92 μg kg-1. This method showed good linearity for 2-F and 5-HMF in the ranges of 40-50 000 and 4540-500 000 μg kg-1, respectively, with coefficients of determination more than 0.9995. Single fiber repeatability and fiber-to-fiber reproducibility were less than 6.76% and 9.12%, respectively. The new method was successfully utilized to determine the amounts of 2-F and 5-HMF in the real solid food matrix without the need for tedious pretreatments.
... Some separation-enrichment methods have been reported for solid phase extraction (SPE) for 5-HMF, together with a suitable analytical technique such as UV, diode-array detection (DAD) and/or pulsed amperometric detection (PAD), MS, eletrochemical detection (Direct Current (DC), Pulse and Scan as operation mode) in GC, LC, capillary electrophoresis (CE) and micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography (MEKC) to control the selectivity, and improve the sensitivity in terms of S/N ratio. However, these are based on tedious, time-consuming, and complex analytical processes such as solid phase microextraction with and without (SPME and HS-SPME), and vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME) (3,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). The methods have limitations such as greater costs, more time consuming processes, and irreversible adsorption problem of substances in capillary columns, high operating pressure for effective separation, unsatisfactory enrichment factor, expert user requirement, large amounts of expensive organic materials and waste. ...
Background
Because of increasing amounts of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) in processed foods and the complexity of the matrix, monitoring of trace 5-HMF requires accurate and reliable methods. Hence, an efficient sample pretreatment procedure is necessary for extraction and preconcentration of 5-HMF from the matrix.
Objective
In this study, a new and efficient sample preparation method utilizing ultrasound-assisted-cloud point extraction (UA-CPE), indirectly followed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), was introduced for the monitoring of trace amounts of 5-HMF in honey and jam samples.
Methods
With this method, hydroxylamine was used as a derivatizing agent in the presence of Mn(II) and an anionic surfactant, SDS for extraction of 5-HMF at pH 9.0. For dispersing reagents in sample solution, low amounts of mixed surfactant, triton X-45 and SDS were mixed and fast-injected into the extraction media. A cloudy solution formed, and after reaction of 5-HMF with reagents, the cloudy solution was centrifuged. The extracted 5-HMF in the surfactant-rich phase was dissolved in acidic acetone and indirectly analyzed by FAAS.
Results
The method showed a detection limit of 1.27 μg/L in linear working range of 4–240 μg/L, good precision (2.3–6.5%), and recovery rates (93.5–97%) after preconcentration of 70-fold.
Conclusions
Within this study, an accurate and reliable method for the indirect quantification of 5-HMF in selected samples was successfully developed with a sensitivity improvement factor of 30.6.
Highlights
The figures of merit for the developed indirect method were appropriate. The applicability of the method for the analysis of 5-HMF in processed foods was excellent.
... For these reasons, a pre-separation and enrichment tool is required before determining with these techniques in order to get rid of the matrix effect and lower the detection limit. Some separationenrichment methods generally reported for solid phase extraction (SPE) for 5-HMF with a suitable chromatographic and electrophoretic techniques such as gas chromatography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), capillary electrophoresis (CE) and micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with ultraviolet (UV), diode array detector (DAD), pulsed amperometric detector (PAD), and mass spectrometric (MS) detection are based on tedious, time-consuming and complex analytical processes such as solid phase microextraction without and with head space (SPME and HS-SPME), vortex-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction (VA-LLME) (Teixidó et al., 2006;Costa et al., 1999;Nozal et al., 2001;Spano et al., 2006;Garcia-Villanova et al., 1993;Yuan and Chen, 1998;Wong et al., 2012;Teixidó et al., 2011;Edris et al., 2007;Spano et al., 2009;Xu et al., 2015;Tsai and Kao, 2012;Abu-Bakar et al., 2014;Pérez-Palacios et al., 2013). However, these techniques have reservations such as more expensive, more or less time-consuming processes, irreversible adsorption problem of substances in capillary columns, high operating pressure for effective separation, unsatisfactory enrichment factor, expert user requirement, large amounts of expensive organic materials and waste. ...
... As can be seen from Table 4, the method has a good accuracy, and intra-day /inter-day precision in linear working ranges of 100-and 50-folds using 0.2 and 3.0 mL of 3.0 × 10 − 3 mol L -1 SDS. In addition, the detection limits and the pre-concentration factor of the method were generally better than those of other chromatographic and capillary electrophoretic techniques at different elution and detection modes, which are often used in separation and detection of 5-HMF in food and beverage matrices (Teixidó et al., 2006;Costa et al., 1999;Nozal et al., 2001;Spano et al., 2006;Garcia-Villanova et al., 1993;Yuan and Chen, 1998;Wong et al., 2012;Teixidó et al., 2011;Edris et al., 2007;Spano et al., 2009;Xu et al., 2015;Tsai and Kao, 2012;Abu-Bakar et al., 2014;Gürkan and Altunay, 2015), except requiring a further separation/enrichment procedure such as VALLME (Tsai and Kao, 2012). In terms of operating parameters, the UA-CPE procedure was carried out using low-cost, simple devices and eco-friendly chemicals. ...
In this study, a new method was developed for the extraction/enrichment of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from sample matrix prior to analysis. The method is based on the selective formation of the imine adduct and ion-pair between 5-HMF and phenosafranine (weak base, PSF+) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at pH 5.5 by the base induced disproportionation. Then, the complexes were enriched into the micellar phase of Triton X-114, diluted with ethanol, and detected at 532 nm by micro-volume UV–vis spectrophotometry. The variables affecting extraction efficiency were optimized. In optimal conditions, the calibration curves were over the range of 2−100 and 2−200 μg L−1 with the detection limits of 0.53 and 0.75 μg L−1 using 0.2 and 3.0 mL of 1.0 × 10-3 mol L−1 SDS. From enrichment of 15-mL sample, an enrichment factor of 37.5-fold was obtained. The accuracy/ precision studies after spiking were performed, and observed to be in range of 97.3–102.3 % and 2.5−3.8% (10, 25 and 75 μg L−1, n: 5). After validation, the method was applied to the analysis of the selected foods. From the results, it was observed that 5-HMF levels were in the range of 1.05–18.10 mg kg−1 with a RSD% of 3.0–4.2 % and recovery of 95.5–98.0 % by sample extraction with sonication while they ranged from 1.15–18.05 mg kg−1 with a RSD% of 3.0–4.2 % and recovery of 95–99 % without sonication. Finally, it was observed that the results obtained were in agreements with those of the modified White method, statistically validating the method.
