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he lack of faecal sludge treatment, inadequate policies and specified regulations on faecal sludge management as well as institutional framework arrangements are the global challenges that face sustainable sanitation in developing countries. The use of on-site sanitation systems is a possible option for the fast-growing cities including Kigali city...
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Context 1
... city is the capital and largest city of Rwanda that is located at the latitude of 1º 58'S and a longitude of 30º 07' E. [13]. Kigali city has three districts namely: Nyarugenge, Kicukiro and Gasabo, Figure 1. It is one of the most rapid urbanized cities counting over 1,223,000 inhabitants with a high population growth 4% living in an area of 730 km 2 [14]. ...
Citations
... Lack of knowledge on proper emptying of septic tank at regular interval decreases the efficiency of the septic tank Septage collection and conveyance: Rate of septage generation varies based on several factors. Septage should be removed from onsite sanitation system in a safe manner and cleaning of tank is not ensured, at regular interval of 3 years septic tank should be emptied [22]. Generally desludging or vacuum truck is used for the removal of septage, size and design is varied according to the requirement. ...
This paper analyzes the problem of septage management related to opportunities and solution. in accordance with present treatment technologies. The scenario in India is about 41 % of septage sludge is disposed in local area without treatment Still some of the individual housing is not connected to suitable public sewage system. The current scenario of FSM in Warangal city is 77 % of the households have proper access to toilet and 23% insanitary toilet and open defecation were found. The samples were collected from the Warangal city and were tested for the characteristics. BOD and COD were very high above 9800 mg/l. As per CPHEEO norms TSS should be less than 15000 mg/l, but it is observed in all the samples it is in the range of 24,800 mg/l to 82,460 mg/l. Currently the treatment such as sludge drying beds, lime treatment, anaerobic baffled reactor, stabilization pond, constructed wetland, composting with solid waste, Mechanical dewatering,. Neglected septage waste ash was tried for several trial run in the mix design and found 20 % to be optimum replacement of septage ash. Strength enhancement is achieved by adding glass chopped strands and workability is improved by Super plasticizer Polycarboxlate ether. Utilization of residue in septage treatment plant in cost effective and ecofriendly way by replacing cement in concrete was tried in the pilot scale study near Warangal and proven to be effective.
... slums, therefore these inhabitants are at great risk of contracting health issues from the indecently exposed excreta. Treatment and/or disposal sites are usually located on the outskirts of most cities, which encourages this practice of dumping the excreta where it doesn't belong (Kazora et al., 2018). ...
The implementation of faecal sludge management (FSM) services and infrastructure in order to prevent faecal sludge (FS) from being dumped into the urban environment, thereby creating several health and environmental issues, is a major challenge for many West African cities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess FSM in selected West African cities for one or more stages of the sanitation service chain and thereafter to propose improvements.
A thorough and comprehensive literature review was undertaken, to assess urban sanitation in developing countries, analyse the FSM service chain and learn lessons on good FSM practice from around the world. Two case studies were then carried out on two West African cities, i.e. Dakar and Freetown, to assess the technical (for the emptying and transport stages of the sanitation service chain), institutional and social issues and to learn lessons that can be adapted to other West African cities that lack adequate FSM. Interviews were also conducted with two water, sanitation and health (WASH) consultants with experience in the two cities. This was done in order to gain more insight into the issues faced and the key lessons that can be learned from both situations.
This research identified the key issues with FSM in selected West African cities, their approach to improving it and the lessons that can be learned. These lessons were then applied to other West African cities such as Lagos and Lomé, as a set of recommendations.
This led to the conclusion that FSM requires as much attention as collective sanitation is given, and it is important to note that no one size all approach fits all cities. Knowing the unique contexts (institutional and enabling environments) of the cities is critical to achieving success.
Key words: Faecal sludge management, sanitation, health, environment, service chain, emptying, transport, treatment, disposal, West African cities
... Decentralized Wastewater Treatment Systems (DWWTSs) are on-site wastewater treatment systems for small volumes of wastewater produced either from individual homes, cluster of dwellings or businesses [9]. The low of needed costs and expertise, makes DWWTSs a good sanitation choice in developing countries especially for small communities [10,11]. ...
Kigali city, the capital of Rwanda, relies on decentralized, on-site, wastewater systems due to the absence of central sewerage systems and the limited finances to construct sustainable sanitation infrastructures. However, the city has increasingly shown failures in managing these on-site systems either at individual or collective levels. This study aims at assessing the sustainability of the operated collective public semicentralized sewage systems in Kigali city. To fully cover the sustainability assessment of such collective systems, the methods used were field observation, questionnaires, interviews, and laboratory tests. The study also reviewed the influence of national ruling sanitation legal instruments in addressing development, operation and management of such decentralized wastewater systems. The results showed that the sustainability levels of these systems were low in the technical, socioeconomic status, institutional, and legal dimensions. While the sustainability level was fair for the environmental quality. In conclusion, the research highlighted that the improved sanitation coverage does not mean coverage in terms of sewerage connection proportions for wastewater collection as these connections do not imply safe and sustainable treatment before being discharged into the environment.
