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The lack of efficient and cost-effective methods for gene delivery has significantly hindered the applications of gene therapy. In this paper, a simple one step and cost effective salting-out method has been explored to fabricate silk-PEI nanoparticles (SPPs) and magnetic-silk/PEI core-shell nanoparticles (MSPPs) for targeted delivery of c-myc anti...
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... Such interventions have the potential of combining the advantages of both CpG ODN treatment and cytokine effects thereby activating synergistic antimicrobial effects in vivo. Protective CpG ODN-involving mechanisms are initiated through TLR 9 (Toll Like Receptor 9) pathways and when cytokines and immunostimulatory CpG motif ODNs are therapeutically co-administered against parasitic infections in vivo, strong protection occurs (Li et al.,2004;Barasa et al., 2015). Through interconnection with dendritic cell Toll-like receptors (TLRs) like TLR 9 CpG ODN motifs provoke and up regulate widespread immune functionalities. ...
... Treatments were repeated for 5 days. Parasitaemia and clinical characteristics were monitored on a daily basis in all mice (Barasa et al., 2015). After ten days, all mice were anaesthetized and humanely euthanised for extraction of EDTA-treated blood via intracardiac puncture using a disposable 1ml syringe and a 26 x 6 mm needle for haematological and clinical chemistry analysis soon after the animal phase of experimentation. ...
... Twelve week-old female BALB/c mice purchased from KEMRI were intraperitoneally injected, using a needle of size 26 G, with 1x104 virulent wild type P. berghei ANKAparasitized red blood cells obtained from donor infected BALB/c mice. Blood for daily parasitaemia determination was extracted from all mice (approximately 50 µl per mouse) and used to prepare triplicate Giemsa-stained thin blood smears and parasitaemia were expressed as a percentage of at least 2000 RBCs (Barasa et al., 2015). Studies using mice were approved and performed in accordance with the KEMRI and IPR institutional guidelines. ...
Approximately 198 million cases of malaria manifested worldwide in 2013, causing 584,000 deaths, further solidifying malaria's status as a serious global health predicament. A vast array of immunopotentiating molecules like unmethylated CpG motif oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) operate in concert with cytokines in rendering hosts resistant to parasitic infections. The CpG ODNs exert potent immunostimulatory effects via nexus with dendritic cell Toll-like receptors (TLRs) like TLR 9 and by activating immune cells like B-cells and NK cells. Investigations were performed to resolve the anti-malarial effects of cytokine-CpG ODN co-inoculation in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain. Two BALB/c mice groups were infected with virulent P. berghei ANKA strain parasites, followed by five consecutive days of cytokine-CpG ODN co-therapies. Six control groups with various regimen were included. Parasitaemia, and clinico-haematological outcomes accompanying the immunotherapies were quantified. Cytokine-CpG ODN interventions elicited antimalarial mechanisms involving lower peak parasitaemia, less dramatic parasitaemia trends and overall suppression of parasitaemia. Cytokine-CpG ODN co-administration also induced milder symptomatic sequelae in which lethargy, appetite distortion, convulsions and adverse clinico-haematological outcomes were repressed with ramifications in the potential of cytokine-CpG-based DNA therapy in counteracting malaria.
