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Adherence to daily oral FTC/TAF. A) Drug adherence in trial I. PRT trained macaques (n = 6) were enrolled in a 30-day oral FTC/TAF adherence trial with Groups A and B housed in separate rooms. Animals were observed for daily consumption of ARVs. Days of drug administration are denoted in rows (one box = one day); the six animals are represented by the columns. Colors in the heat map reflect 100% of the dose eaten (green), 50% of dose eaten (yellow), and 0% of dose eaten (red). Animals were anesthetized twice a week for blood collection; FTC/TAF was given by oral gavage on these two days (gray boxes). Doses were not administered on weekends. B) Drug adherence in trial II. PRT-trained macaques (n = 4) were chosen for a second 30-day adherence trial. The only deviation from the first trial was the addition of honey to the drug delivery mixture. All macaques were housed in the same room. Drugs in this trial were also given on weekends. C) Dose consumption time during drug adherence trial II. Individual daily times are represented by filled shapes and bars denote the mean ± SD time for each animal. D) Changes in animal weight over the course of training. Animal weights were monitored prior to training, during PRT and throughout adherence trials. Longitudinal timeline of training and adherence trials are indicated.
Source publication
Background
Macaque models of simian or simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SIV or SHIV) infection are critical for the evaluation of antiretroviral (ARV)-based HIV treatment and prevention strategies. However, modelling human oral ARV administration is logistically challenging and fraught by limited adherence. Here, we developed a protocol for adm...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... was given as a chaser to encourage any remaining medication to be dislodged from the cheek pouch and as positive reinforcement for taking the cone. The adherence heat map in Fig 3A shows poor compliance during the first week with most macaques eating a partial dose or not eating the dose at all. By trainer observation, the mean dose consumed during the first week was 53% for Group A and 16% for Group B. Due to low adherence doses were not administered over the weekends. ...
Context 2
... initiated a second 30-day adherence trial and drug delivery cones were administered 6 days a week and oral gavage of FTC/TAF was given during the weekly blood collection. Fig 3B shows that the addition of honey resulted in 99.7% adherence in 4 macaques with 115/116 complete doses eaten. ...
Context 3
... of the primary research concerns for oral drug administration in animal models is the input of time required for observation. During the second adherence trial observations, macaques were timed from dose administration to dose completion (Fig 3C). The median consumption time was 73 seconds [range 14-331 seconds], which is similar to the amount of time required to administer drugs via a subcutaneous injection. ...
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The field of applied behavior analysis has been directly involved in both research and applications of behavioral principles to improve the lives of captive zoo animals. Thirty years ago, Forthman and Ogden (1992) wrote one of the first papers documenting some of these efforts. Since that time, considerable work has been done using behavioral principles and procedures to guide zoo welfare efforts. The current paper reexamines and updates Forthman and Ogden's original points, with attention to the 5 categories they detailed: (a) promotion of species‐typical behavior, (b) reintroduction and repatriation of endangered species, (c) animal handling, (d) pest control, and (e) animal performances. In addition, we outline 3 current and future directions for behavior analytic endeavors: (a) experimental analyses of behavior and the zoo, (b) applied behavior analysis and the zoo, and (c) single‐case designs and the zoo. The goal is to provide a framework that can guide future behavioral research in zoos, as well as create applications based on these empirical evaluations.
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