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Adaxial and abaxial epidermal surfaces of the Solanum species. S. torvum A-B) adaxial, C-D) abaxial, E) venation; S. anomalum F-H) adaxial, I) abaxial, J) venation; S. melongena K-L) adaxial, M) abaxial, N) venation; S. aethiopicum O-P) adaxial, Q-R) abaxial, S) venation; S. americanum T-U) adaxial, V-W) abaxial, X) venation. ST – stomata, EC – epidermal cell, SC – subsidiary cell, NGL – nonglandular trichome, GL – glandular trichome, RT – rotate stellate, MTG – multiangulate, STL – stellate trichome, 5STL-5-armed trichome, AR – areoles, CS – crystal grain, D – druses. Scale = 30 µm.
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Epidermal features of ten Nigerian species of Solanum were studied, in order to find useful taxonomic characters. Fresh leaf material was collected and treated by conventional anatomical procedures. Characters that indicate close interrelationships among the investigated species include: presence of anisocytic to anomocytic stomata, amphistomatic l...
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... cells on the adaxial surface ( Fig. 1, a, b) are polygonal, with straight to wavy anticlinal walls. Sto- mata are mostly anisocytic, but occasionally brachy- paracytic types are encountered and are densely dis- tributed. Non-glandular trichomes of different types are present, densely distributed, which may be unicel- lular, uniseriate, 2 to 5-armed or rotate-stellate. On ...
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... are polygonal, with straight to wavy anticlinal walls. Sto- mata are mostly anisocytic, but occasionally brachy- paracytic types are encountered and are densely dis- tributed. Non-glandular trichomes of different types are present, densely distributed, which may be unicel- lular, uniseriate, 2 to 5-armed or rotate-stellate. On the abaxial surface (Fig. 1, c, d), epidermal cells are irregu- lar to polygonal, with wavy to sinuous anticlinal walls. Stomata are anomocytic, more densely distributed than on the adaxial surface. Rotate to stalked multian- gulate and 4 to 5-armed stellate types of trichomes are present. Venation (Plate 1, e) shows the major veins as cladodromous, with well formed ...
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... epidermal cells (Fig. 1, f-h) are polygonal in shape, with wavy anticlinal walls. Stomata are pre- sent, they are anisocytic and densely distributed. Non- glandular and glandular trichomes are present and are sparsely distributed. Non-glandular trichomes are of different types, they may be unicellular, uniseriate, 2 to 5-armed and multiangulate stellate ...
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... in shape, with wavy anticlinal walls. Stomata are pre- sent, they are anisocytic and densely distributed. Non- glandular and glandular trichomes are present and are sparsely distributed. Non-glandular trichomes are of different types, they may be unicellular, uniseriate, 2 to 5-armed and multiangulate stellate trichomes. Abaxial epidermal cells (Fig. 1, i) are polygonal in shape, with straight to wavy anticlinal walls. Stomata are present, they are anisocytic and more densely distributed than on the adaxial surface. Non-glandular trichomes are present, densely distributed; they are of the sessile to stalked multiangulate stellate types, much longer than on the adaxial surface. Major ...
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... 1, i) are polygonal in shape, with straight to wavy anticlinal walls. Stomata are present, they are anisocytic and more densely distributed than on the adaxial surface. Non-glandular trichomes are present, densely distributed; they are of the sessile to stalked multiangulate stellate types, much longer than on the adaxial surface. Major veins (Fig. 1, j) are clad- odromous, areoles are well formed and variable in size and shape. Crystal grains and druses of calcium oxa- late are present, numerous and randomly ...
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... cells on the adaxial surface are polygonal in shape (Fig. 1, k-l), with straight to wavy anticlinal walls. Stomata are anisocytic and densely distributed. Glandu- lar and non-glandular trichomes are present; non-gladu- lar stellate types could be rotate to multiangulate, dense- ly distributed, but unicellular and uniseriate types are few. Abaxial epidermal cells (Fig. 1, m) are irregular in shape. ...
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... surface are polygonal in shape (Fig. 1, k-l), with straight to wavy anticlinal walls. Stomata are anisocytic and densely distributed. Glandu- lar and non-glandular trichomes are present; non-gladu- lar stellate types could be rotate to multiangulate, dense- ly distributed, but unicellular and uniseriate types are few. Abaxial epidermal cells (Fig. 1, m) are irregular in shape. Anticlinal walls are deeply sinuous. Stomata are present; anomocytic, densely distributed. Non-glandu- lar trichomes are present; rotate to stalked multiangulate stellate type, more densely distributed than on the adaxi- al side. Major veins are cladodromous, with well formed areoles (Fig. 1, n) variable in size ...
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... Abaxial epidermal cells (Fig. 1, m) are irregular in shape. Anticlinal walls are deeply sinuous. Stomata are present; anomocytic, densely distributed. Non-glandu- lar trichomes are present; rotate to stalked multiangulate stellate type, more densely distributed than on the adaxi- al side. Major veins are cladodromous, with well formed areoles (Fig. 1, n) variable in size and shape. Crystals: druses of calcium oxalate are present, with numerous and randomly distributed crystal grains. ...
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... aethiopicum L. (Fig. 1, o-s) Epidermal cells are irregular on the adaxial surface ( Fig. 1, o-p), with wavy to sinuous anticlinal walls. Sto- mata are anisocytic and densely distributed. Non-glan- dular trichomes are present; they could be unicellular, uniseriate, rotate to multiangulate or, 3 to 5-armed stel- late trichomes, sparsely distributed. On the abaxial ...
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... aethiopicum L. (Fig. 1, o-s) Epidermal cells are irregular on the adaxial surface ( Fig. 1, o-p), with wavy to sinuous anticlinal walls. Sto- mata are anisocytic and densely distributed. Non-glan- dular trichomes are present; they could be unicellular, uniseriate, rotate to multiangulate or, 3 to 5-armed stel- late trichomes, sparsely distributed. On the abaxial sur- face (Fig. 1, q-r), epidermal cells are irregular in shape, with ...
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... Epidermal cells are irregular on the adaxial surface ( Fig. 1, o-p), with wavy to sinuous anticlinal walls. Sto- mata are anisocytic and densely distributed. Non-glan- dular trichomes are present; they could be unicellular, uniseriate, rotate to multiangulate or, 3 to 5-armed stel- late trichomes, sparsely distributed. On the abaxial sur- face (Fig. 1, q-r), epidermal cells are irregular in shape, with wavy to sinuous anticlinal walls and anomocytic stomata. Non-glandular trichomes are present; rotate to stalked multiangulate or 4 to 5-armed stellate, densely distributed. Major veins are cladodromous, areoles are well formed, and they are variable in size and rectan- gular to polygonal in ...
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The impact of detergent effluent on the growth, yield and foliar epidermal characters of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) was investigated. The variety of tomato ((ROMA VF) was grown on soil contaminated with different concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%) of the effluent. It was observed that the effluent affected the time of germination, flo...
Citations
... 3J; Tab. 2). The study of Mohamed and El-Gohary (2007) Bello et al. (2017) and Ogundola et al. (2017). The glandular trichomes are dense in S. sinaicum (Pl. ...
... 3J; Tab. 2). The study of Mohamed and El-Gohary (2007) Bello et al. (2017) and Ogundola et al. (2017). The glandular trichomes are dense in S. sinaicum (Pl. ...
Trichomes are extensions of the epidermis, frequently used as diagnostic traits for determining plant species. Solanum L., 1753 is a widespread and taxonomically complex genus. Although the genus Solanum has been the subject of numerous types of research, little attention has been given to the trichomes of the wild species found in Egypt. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine trichome types in ten wild Solanum species and assess their taxonomic importance. Using light, scanning electron microscopy and line drawings, indumentum characteristics on the abaxial leaf surface are investigated. The results showed a wide range of variation in trichome density on a 1 mm2 area of leaf blade (sparse, moderate, and dense), nature (glandular or non-glandular, simple or stellate), and structure (number of composing cells in simple non-glandular and glandular stalk and head; the number of radiating rays in stellate hairs). SEM revealed the existence of unique wax structures, including warty granules in addition to flakes. Our observations are consistent with the general characteristics of the subgenus Leptostemonum and the subgenus Solanum. This work provides strong evidence for the separation and interspecific delimitation of the investigated Solanum species using trichome morphology as a significant taxonomic trait.
... Illoh and Inyang (27) described the epidermal characteristics of six Solanum species in the subgenus Leptostermonum. Benitez De Rojas and Ferrarotto (28), Thongpukdee and Thepsithar (29), Anil Kumar and Murugan (30), and Bello et al. (31) observed the leaf epidermis of some Solanum species via light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bhat et al. (32) and Ekeke et al. (33) studied the leaf anatomy and epidermis of some Physalis L. species, Mohamed and Al-Gohary (34) studied the leaf architecture of Solanum species. ...
... The anticlinal cell wall was recorded in three patterns (undulate, sinuous, and straight). The cell wall pattern is one of those epidermal features of taxonomic importance at specific levels (31,46). Four surface sculpturing patterns were recorded in the studied species: wrinkled, striated, reticulate, and favulariate. ...
... Leaf constants can be used as principalparameter to separate genuine drugs from their adulterants(Rashid et al., 2018). It is also thought to be a strategy employed by angiosperms to adapt to prevailing environmental conditions, to prevent excessive water loss(Anifat et al., 2017).7 | POWDER DRUG STUDY OF D. MUCRONATA AND M. COMMUNIS (SEM) 7.1 | D. mucronata Royle ...
The present study was undertaken to establish micromorphological standards of Daphne mucronata Royle and Myrtus communis (L.). Daphne mucronata Royle is a xerophytic perennial shrub while, Myrtus communis is an evergreen shrub or small tree. Micromorphological investigation is one of the cheapest methods. It will be helpful in the accurate identification of these plants from other species. Results of macroscopic evaluation showed various organoleptic features. Anatomy of the selected plant parts was carried out. It showed a typical dicot structure as it revealed the presence of epidermal cells, crystals, trichomes, cuticle, mesophyll tissues, xylem, phloem, paracytic, and dicytic stomata. Anatomical study facilitates the detection of adulteration with inferior commercial varieties, exhausted drugs, cheaper natural substances, and chemicals. Stomatal number, types, and size of stomata, and palisade ratio of Myrtus communis were observed. These observations will be helpful in the preparation of taxonomic key for the identification of selected species. Powder drug study [scanning electron microscopy (SEM)] showed characteristics histological differentiation. The methods cited here can be measured as characteristics to identify and validate these drugs.
... Stomatal characters such as number, type, size, shape and orientation of the guard cells to the subsidiary cells are paramount to taxonomic studies (Stace, 1984;Das, 2002). Despite the occurrence of different foliar stomata types in specific and intraspecific levels, some plant species have only one stomata on their leaf surfaces (Ekeke and Agbagwa, 2015;Bello et al., 2017). Although the epidermal features of T. triangulare have been observed, there seems to be no report on its developmental process. ...
Leaf and stem anatomical structure of the four Oldenlandia L. (O. affinis (Roem. & Schult.) DC., O. corymbosa L., O. herbacea (Linn.) Roxb., and O. lancifolia (Schumach) DC.) from some parts viz. Ogbokor (Edo State), Obiga-Asa (Abia State), IITA staion Onne (Rivers State), and Agricultural farm Uniport (Rivers State) Nigeria were examined by light microscopy. The epidermal cells are pentagonal to polygonal with straight, curved or wavy anticlinal walls, and paracytic stomata. All the species have dorsiventral leaf with the leaf vein vascular bundles embedded in the spongy mesophyll. The midribs vascular bundles form an arc enclosed by parenchymatous endodermal cells. O. herabcea is amphistomatic while the other species are hypostomatic. Raphide bundles were seen only in the lamina of O. corymbosa. Tuft hair is absent in O. herbacea but occurred on the adaxial leaf surfaces of O. affinis, O. corymbosa, and O. diffusa. The stem of O. diffusa is terete while other species have quadrangular stem. Papillae occurred on the adaxial epidermis of O. affinis and O. corymbosa. The stem pith thickness (PT)/cortical thickness (ET) ratio varied among the species. Notable diagnostic features in these species include the PT/ET ratio, layers of cortex in the stem, occurrence of tuft hairs on the leaf veins and surface, presence or absence of raphides and papillose, layer of abaxial and adaxial cortex in the midrib, and amphistomatatic or hypostomatic leaf.
... Stomatal characters such as number, type, size, shape and orientation of the guard cells to the subsidiary cells are paramount to taxonomic studies (Stace, 1984;Das, 2002). Despite the occurrence of different foliar stomata types in specific and intraspecific levels, some plant species have only one stomata on their leaf surfaces (Ekeke and Agbagwa, 2015;Bello et al., 2017). Although the epidermal features of T. triangulare have been observed, there seems to be no report on its developmental process. ...
The structure and ontogeny of stomata in Talinum triangulare were examined to determine the developmental pathway of stomata in the leaves. Young leaves at different stages of growth and mature leaves were peeled, bleached in 70% ethanol, stained with alcian blue and examined under the microscope. Clear photo-micrographs were taken with trinocular research microscope (Amscope T340B) fitted with Amcope digital camera. The transitional stage of the stomata was mainly anisocytic in nature but the mature stomata were only paracytic. The ontogeny of the stomata was mesogenous and the plant was amphistomatic and glabrous. The ratio of the stomata index on the adaxial (19.02±1.82) to abaxial (36.08±3.52) layer was 1:2. The anticlinal walls of the mature leaves were wavy on both adaxial and abaxial surfaces and straight in the young leaves. The epidermal cell shapes were irregular on both surfaces but polygonal in the young leaves. The length and width of the stomatal complex, guard cell and the epidermal cells were higher in the adaxial surface than the abaxial surface. The stomatal ontogeny of this species could serve as an important taxonomic tool in delimiting the species.
... The taxonomical approaches of Cestrum species based on the morphological, vegetative features have been proposed by C. nocturnum L. and C. diurnum L. Several taxonomical revisions of Cestrum species from different locations were designated [43,67,80]. The macro and micromorphological characters of leaves were used as the main systematic tool in several species of Solanoideae [11]. Thus, the objective of this study was to emphasize the taxonomical features of the four selected species of Cestrum based on the molecular and metabolic profiling, referencing to their traditional morphological features. ...
Cestrum is the second largest genus of family Solanaceae, after Solanum, distributed in warm to subtropical regions. Species of genus Cestrum are one of the most ethnopharmacological relevant plants, for their broad biological and pharmacological properties. There is a scarcity to taxonomical studies and identification of these plants in Egypt, thus, the objective of this study was to implement various morphological features, chemical markers and molecular tools to emphasize the taxonomical features of the different Cestrum species. Morphologically, the epidermal cells of C. diurnum, C. elegans and C. parqui were irregular with sinuate anticlinal wall patterns for both surfaces, while, C. nocturnum has anticlinal walls, sinuolate with polygonal to irregular epidermal cells on the abaxial surface. The species of Cestrum have hypostomatic leaves, except C. parqui that has amphistomatic leaves. The experimented species of Cestrum have Anomocytic and anisocytic stomata, while, C. elegans has a diacytic stomata. The morphologically identified Cestrum spp were molecular confirmed based on their ITS sequences, the sequences of C. diurnum, C. nocturnum, C. elegans and C. parqui were deposited on genbank with accession # MT742788.1, MT749390.1, MW091481.1 and MW023744.1, respectively. From the SCOT analyses, the four species of Cestrum were grouped into 2 clusters (I, II), cluster I contains C. elegans, C. nocturnum and C. parqui, while cluster II contains only C. diurnum with 100% polymorphism for all primers. From the GC–MS profile, the C. diurnum exhibited a diverse metabolic paradigm, ensuring their richness with different metabolites comparing to other experimented Cestrum species. Among the total resolved metabolites, 15-methyltricyclo 6.5.2-pentadeca-1,3,5,7,9, 11,13-heptene was the highly incident compound in C. elegans (35.89%) followed by C. parqui (21.81%) and C. diurnum (11.28%), while it absent on C. nocturnum. The compound, 2,2′,6,6′-tetra-tert-butyl-4,4′-methylenediphenol was highly detected in C. elegans and C. dirunum with minor amounts in the other Cestrum species. Cypermethrin and 3-butynyl-2,2,5-trimethyl-1,3-dioxane-5-methanol were pivotally reported in C. nocturnum. Taken together, from molecular and metabolic markers, C. diurnum, C. parqui and C. elegans have higher proximity unlike to C. nocturnum.
... Leaves are the most varied organs of flowering plants that give valuable criteria for classification of plants species. The microscopic and anatomical features of foliar epidermal studies have become very helpful for identification especially in angiosperm classification at species level in many genera (Adedeji et al., 2007;Bello et al., 2017;Ohikhnena et al., 2017). Light microscopic studies of the four varieties of Capsicum species revealed same shape of epidermal cells on the adaxial and abaxial sides of their leaves. ...
... The stomata were randomly arranged on both epidermal surfaces. The stomatal distribution agreed with earlier works of several researchers of the Solanaceae family (Adedeji et al., 2007;Mbagwu et al., 2007;Zhigila et al., 2015;Bello et al., 2017). The abundant distribution of stomata on the abaxial epidermal surface is a common phenomenon in most angiosperms. ...
The study evaluated the degree of relatedness and variability in foliar epidermal features of four varieties of two closely related cultivated Capsicum species, C. annuum L. and C. frutescens L., in West Africa using light microscopy, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The varieties used in the study were C. annuum var. abbreviatum,C. annuum var. acuminatum, C. annuum var. grossum and C. frutescens var. baccatum. In general, the results of foliar epidermal traits revealed
similarities and overlaps in the four varieties, and some diagnostic traits that could be employed in taxonomic decision. Across the varieties, stomatal type was anisocytic and epidermal cells were irregularly shaped with wavy anticlinal walls. Non-glandular trichomes were only found on the abaxial and adaxial surfaces in C. annuum var. abbreviatum and C. frutescens var. baccatum although varied in type from unicellular to
multicellular. The four varieties also exhibited similarity in major elemental compositions as revealed by EDX. Capsicum frutescens var. baccatum could be distinguished from the three varieties of C. annuum by the presence of bromine, chlorine, and nitrogen in its elemental composition spectroscopy. The study shed more light on the degree of relatedness and variability among the varieties of the cultivated Capsicum species which could be exploited for selection and breeding purposes.
... The abundant stomata distribution observed at the lower foliar epidermal surface has been reported as a natural phenomenon in the most dicotyledonous plant (Zhigila, Sawa, Aluko, Oladele, & Rahaman, 2015). It is also thought to be a strategy employed by angiosperms to adapt to prevailing environmental conditions, to prevent excessive water loss (Anifat et al., 2017). ...
In the current investigation, 16 samples of six species of the genus Polygonatum were collected from different geographical regions in China. Leaf micromorphological traits were studied in detail using scanning electron microscopy. About five-leaf samples were used for each species collected from different geographical regions. A significant variation was found in the foliar epidermal traits such as stomata types and their distribution, epidermal cell shape, anticlinal wall pattern, and various types of tri-chomes. Polygonal epidermal cells were observed in P. cyrtonema, P. odoratum, P. sibiricum, and P. filipes, rectangular in P. zanlanscianense and P. odoratum and irregular shape in P. filipes and P. zanlanscianense. Straight anticlinal wall pattern was observed in most of the species, but straight to little undulate was observed in P. cyrtonema, P. filipes, and P. zanlanscianense. Similarly, various shape stomata that are, oval, oblong, and elliptical and types that is, paracytic, anomocytic, and actinocytic have been observed. Based on the foliar traits, the P. odoratum and P. sibiricum were found closely related to one another. On the other hand, P. involucratum and P. zanlanscianense shows a strong association. However, P. filipes showed very less similarity with the other five species. Hence this study adds useful information that may be helpful in the further taxonomic classification of the taxa at subspecies level and was found significant in the correct identification and discrimination of the closely related taxa of the genus Polygonatum. K E Y W O R D S foliar epidermal traits, Polygonatum, scanning electron microscopy, taxonomic significance
... The abundant stomata distribution observed at the lower foliar epidermal surface of C. argentea has been reported by various researchers as a natural phenomenon in most dicotyledonous plant (Roelfsema and Hedrich, 2005;Zhigila et al., 2015). It is also thought to be a strategy employed by angiosperms in order to adapt to prevailing environmental conditions, to prevent excessive water loss (Anifat et al., 2017). Kim et al. (2010) reported that the long-term response of stomata to changes in the environment usually leads to production of new leaves, alteration in stomata size and stomata number per unit area. ...
Celosia argentea is an essential vegetable that is cultivated in the western part of Africa. This species has a growing reputation for its role in alleviating nutritional challenges and has found great application as herb of therapeutic importance in many regions of the world. This study investigated the foliar micromorphology and the histochemistry of Celosia argentea. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectrometry and staining agents were used to evaluate the micromorphology of the plant. The result revealed sunken amphistomatic stomata distribution on both surfaces of the leaf. Anomocytic and anisocytic stomata complexes were also observed on both epidermal surfaces. A definitive protuberance was observed on the polar end of the adaxial stomata. Stomata apparatus was ellipsoidal with a mean length of 19.60 ± 0.56 µm, while the mean stomata densities on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces were 83.5 ± 2.12 mm‑2 and 194.18 ± 3.70 mm‑2 respectively. Trichomes (with a length of 100.94 ± 9.44 µm) were sparsely distributed on both surfaces; glandular trichomes were observed only on the abaxial surface. The EDX spectrometry revealed the presence of iron, oxygen, sodium, calcium, potassium and sulphur as the major elements on the leaf, while histochemical tests revealed the presence of polyphenols, starch and lipids. Our results could be used to support and validate the information database on the anatomy of Celosia argentea. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 4, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********
