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Adaptive cycle in its four phases. Exploitation and Conservation form the front loop, Release and Reorganisation form the back loop. Elaboration of the author from: (Gunderson and Holling, 2001)
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As cities grow in scale and complexity, their social, economic and institutional organisation, as well as their physical structure will be increasingly exposed to pressures for change. Contextually, the form of cities will also be called to fulfil new emerging needs, which might be considerably - when not completely - different from those it was or...
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... Reorganization (α phase) (Figure 7). In the Exploitation "r" phase the system undergoes a period of rapid growth: at the beginning of this stage, the system is relatively simple, as its components are poorly interconnected. ...
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... several later studies have described the same cyclical processes in considerably disparate locations as Omaha, US (Conzen, 1990), Lodz, (Koter, 1990), and Porto ( Oliveira et al., 2015), as well as in traditional Chinese urban fabric (Whitehand et al., 2014). More importantly, the periods of growth, crisis and renewal, schematically conceptualised in the Burgage cycle through the succession of repletive, climax, recessive, fallow/institutive phases are, at all effects, a morphological equivalent of the cycle of exploitation, conservation, release and reorganisation described by Gunderson and Holling (2001) under the name of Adaptive cycle and presented in Section 3.2 ( Figure 7). ...
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... of a specific sub-system and/or associated to a specific disturbance Figure 27. Difference between performances, attributes and assets. ...
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... parallel, within the city boundaries, 29 Comprehensive Development Areas, corresponding to 8% of the city, were earmarked for redevelopment (Figure 67). Of the 118,500 housing units contained in all 29 CDAs, 97,000 were classed as either unfit or likely to degenerate within a short period and, for the most part, demolished (Pacione, 2009). ...
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... height, façade material, back court size…) (Worsdall, 1989, Gibb, 1983. Old buildings and property lines ( Figure 70) were replaced with a new grid-iron street layout of wide streets, with Alexander Greek's Gorbals Cross as a new focal point, and lines of fourstorey (Figure 71), red-sandstone tenements, the same type of fabric characterising the surrounding suburbs, giving greater spatial uniformity to the architecture of the area (Reed, 1999). Plot sale to private developers started in 1872 and construction took over thirty years to complete, radically transforming the area (Figure 87). ...
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... buildings and property lines ( Figure 70) were replaced with a new grid-iron street layout of wide streets, with Alexander Greek's Gorbals Cross as a new focal point, and lines of fourstorey (Figure 71), red-sandstone tenements, the same type of fabric characterising the surrounding suburbs, giving greater spatial uniformity to the architecture of the area (Reed, 1999). Plot sale to private developers started in 1872 and construction took over thirty years to complete, radically transforming the area (Figure 87). as wells well-to-do traders, skilled industrial workers, lawyers and doctors. ...
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... as, respectively, the first and the eight of 29 Comprehensive Development Areas (CDAs) (Corporation of the City of Glasgow, 1960) ( Figure 72) . Most of the 13,276 ...
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... a new street system was designed to segregate traffic into clearly-defined routes and away from residences and pedestrians. Figure 72. Break-down and mapping of the development phases for Hutchesontown/Gorbals CDA (blue) and Laurieston/Gorbals CDA (orange), plus a series of additional developments (grey) carried out during the same years, (1957)(1958)(1959)(1960)(1961)(1962)(1963)(1964)(1965)(1966)(1967)(1968)(1969)(1970)(1971)(1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976). ...
Citations
... These metrics have been widely employed in urban morphology research and have been defined by numerous scholars. Feliciotti (2018) and Stangl (2015) used geometrical properties of blocks and plots to measure compactness. Stangl (2015) used block sections to measure compactness at the block scale, and Feliciotti (2018) employed three metrics-block section, block-face length, and compactness index-to gauge the compactness of Gorbals, Scotland, across three distinct periods: Victorian, Modernist, and New Gorbals. ...
This study uses morphological mapping to trace sustainable urban forms over six decades in sixty-five neighborhoods in seven Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) cities. The study examines the evolution of three dimensions—compactness, connectivity, and diversity. The aims are (1) to assess the extent to which sustainable forms have been implemented in neighborhood development and (2) to identify model neighborhoods that can guide sustainable neighborhood development. Findings indicate that pre-suburban developments are generally more sustainable than contemporary neighborhoods, although some modern neighborhoods incorporate sustainable elements. Effectively implementing policies requires striking a balance between physical ideals and consideration of social aspects.
... Numerous studies explore this area of research to understand how a city's physical configuration behaves in the face of hazard risks. Some of these studies specifically explore the linkage between urban form and resilience from planning perspective (Dhar & Khirfan, 2016;Feliciotti, 2018;Fisher et al., 2018;Leon & March, 2014;Lu & Stead, 2013;Sharifi, 2019a). They indicate a correlation between urban planning practices and the behavior of cities under disturbances. ...
... The literature review indicates an ambiguity regarding the application of resilience perspectives to different types of systems. While Chelleri (2012) considers the ecological resilience perspective standing close to the behavior of an urban system, many authors have employed the evolutionary resilience perspective to explain the relationship between urban form and resilience (Feliciotti, 2018;Feng et al., 2020). On the other hand, Fisher et al. (2018) have used the engineering resilience perspective to assess urban form resilience. ...
... For instance, disaster mitigation research aligns with the engineering resilience approach, whereas resilience in urban sustainability research has developed as a socio-ecological approach. The Burgage Cycle by Conzen (1960) in urban morphology can be compared with the adaptive cycle in the socio-ecological resilience of complex systems (Feliciotti, 2018). Additionally, engineering resilience represents "control the nature" or "fail-safe" design approach, whereas ecological/socioecological resilience represents "live with nature" or "safe-to-fail" design approach. ...
Building resilient and sustainable cities in the face of rising climate change is increasingly getting attention of the research community as well as decision-makers. Despite the sizable quantum of research encompassing various facets of urban resilience, the physical form of cities has received limited attention from researchers. One of the challenges encountered involves the generalization of these studies across diverse settings and heterogeneous contexts. This study investigates different tools and frameworks proposed for the assessment of urban form resilience. Furthermore, it explores the applicability of these frameworks within the specific context of the Global South. The literature analysis is based on attribute selection, study context, methodology, and resilience perspective. The findings reveal a degree of fragmentation in the selection of attributes, approaches, and perspectives within the literature concerning the assessment of urban form resilience. Divergent arguments exist concerning the impact of urban form attributes on urban resilience, notably regarding factors like density and city size. Furthermore, the research underscores the complexities associated with integrating these assessment frameworks into the unique urban morphology of cities in the Global South, characterized by the prevalence of informal development. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for researchers and planners in comprehending the relationship between resilience and urban morphology, enabling the application of these concepts for the assessment of urban form resilience, particularly in the context of the Global South.
... The thematic analysis reveals that spatial structure of a city, such as the presence of multiple service centre systems in Banda Aceh, had a positive influence on reinforcing the service system in the event of a disaster. This finding aligns with the assertion made by Feliciotti (2018) that polycentric city model may promote urban resilience by enhancing the modularity of infrastructure, functions and institutions of different sizes. This organisational framework effectively spreads risk across sub-centers and diversifies traffic flow, mitigating significant losses in areas with a high concentration of resources during a catastrophe. ...
The paper identifies the determinants influencing spatial planning for urban resilience within the context of an Islamic society. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with relevant stakeholders in spatial planning and disaster management in the city of Banda Aceh, Indonesia to assess their attitudes, opinions and experiences in implementing spatial planning for urban resilience. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed dominant factors specific to the Islamic society in the city of Banda Aceh, which were then elaborated on and categorised into five major groups: spatial pattern, spatial structure, spatial culture, spatial-related non-physical factors and religious factors. The interviews affirmed the importance of religious and cultural factors in spatial planning for urban resilience within Islamic societies. The findings will provide an essential understanding of the need to enhance urban resilience against disasters in the urban planning process and incorporate aspects of local wisdom derived from religious and cultural values, as well as societal necessities, as a planning approach. Given the context-specific nature of this research, future researchers may consider doing a comparative case study in another city with similar characteristics.
... Resilience principles can refer to either a range of different responses that a resilient system is able to implement when facing a disturbance, such as persistence, adaptability and transformability, or to a set of general qualities that the system possesses, such as redundancy, diversity and flexibility. Feliciotti [54] coined these as resilience performances and resilience attributes, respectively (see, e.g., [55][56][57] for a detailed description of these principles). Furthermore, only primary literature (e.g., research papers, method papers, theory papers, case studies, viewpoint/commentary papers) was included in this systematic review and secondary sources, such as narrative reviews, systematic reviews and meta-analyses that are based on original research publications, were excluded to avoid biases from the authors' perspectives or the studies they chose to include. ...
... On the other hand, around 46% of the publications (49) focused on the meso-to-microscale level of urban form. Within this level, buildings (14), open/green spaces (13) and neighborhoods or sanctuary areas (i.e., assemblages of meso-/micro-scale urban form elements such as buildings, plots, streets and blocks [54]) (8) were the most discussed urban form elements in relation to resilience performances and/or attributes. The latter concept of sanctuary areas was introduced in 1980 by Appleyard [74] and is similar, in principle, to the "plan unit" of Conzen [35] and the "tessuto urbano" of Caniggia and Maffei [73]. ...
... More specifically, the review suggests that the relationship between urban form and urban resilience is complex and multifaceted. An important part of this complexity comes from the fact that urban form is a complex system with many constituent elements that exist at different scales, overlap and influence one another [54,61]. Furthermore, each of these elements has its own adaptive cycle and changes at different speeds, with changes being slower and more difficult at larger scales [167]. ...
The concept of resilience was only recently introduced into urban studies to address the complexity and future uncertainty in cities. In particular, the interest in better understanding how it can be integrated into studying urban form—as the raw material of urban planning/design and key for the sustainability of cities—has been growing. However, resilience is a polysemic concept with different meanings/interpretations, which creates ambiguity and challenges in its operationalization. This paper resolves this issue through a systematic review of 106 peer-reviewed publications guided by recurring questions in the literature (e.g., resilience of/through what? To what? For whom? How? When? Where?). The results showed that the urban form–resilience relationship is complex, where many urban form elements can influence resilience to a great many disturbances (general/specified). In facing these disturbances, urban form exhibits different performances (i.e., persistence, adaptability and transformability) and where it can be either persistent/adaptable/transformable itself or can enhance people’s persistence/adaptation capacities. The review also showed that there are many actors for urban form resilience and potential trade-offs. Finally, an overview of existing definitions of urban form resilience is provided to improve clarity in the field, and examples of general urban planning/design recommendations were formulated to enhance the resilience of different urban form elements.
... To face actual and future economic, cultural and climate change, urban environment must adapt at multiple scales. It evokes irrevocable resilience through change and time (Feliciotti, 2018;Romice et al., 2020) from building to the city scale. Urban area deals as a fundamentally complex system. ...
Quebec City holds two case studies, the St. Charles River linear park new urban design and the urban development of ecodistrict of Pointe-aux-Lièvres, both relevant of innovative new urban waterfronts.
The climatic crisis brings new challenges for the urban environment where the transition from hard engineering infrastructure to soft engineering transforms urban design and urban planning to address the complexity and unpredictability of present and future patterns. This paper aims to discuss how such districts, in port cities under transformation, may contribute to the resilience of the living environment and their communities. The paper introduces the theoretical background of the study based on urban resilience. It illustrates the geomorphological conditions of the Quebec City riverfront area and exposes how it has been transformed through industrialisation.
The area inherited a physical reality with hard engineering infrastructures that were deeply transformed to adapt to the present climatic patterns. Each case study provides a critical look at anthropogenic actions carried upon the natural environment and integrate soft engineering strategies with new ecological functions. To mitigate the challenges brought by natural disasters, both projects search to adapt and transform raising the question whether St. Charles River Linear Park and Pointe-aux-Lièvres Ecodistrict that may shed light of innovative design for the 21st century.
https://portusonline.org/urban-planning-in-the-era-of-climate-change-in-canada/
... Thus, Urban resilience assessment models can integrate various characteristics, including redundancy, robustness, connectivity, independence, efficiency, resources, diversity, adaptability, innovation, inclusion, and integration (Ribeiro & Pena Jardim Gonçalves, 2019). Although many frameworks have attempted to assess urban form resilience on the neighborhood scale (Dhar & Khirfan, 2017;Feliciotti, 2018;Lak et al., 2020;Shafiei-dastjerdi et al., 2021;Sharifi, 2019c), few have used an urban-morphology approach emphasizing on the concept and scale of resilient place (Lak et al., 2020). For instance, the resilient urban design framework (Lak et al., 2020) on the macro-scale and the resilient place assessment (RPA) framework (Shafiei-dastjerdi et al., 2021) on the micro and meso scale have proposed both quantitative and qualitative indicators for the assessment of urban form resilience. ...
... Blocks have higher inertia to change and may remain unchanged despite plot changes (segregation or merging, destruction, and reconstruction) (Carmona, 2010;Habrekan, 1998). So, we identified the indicators of urban form resilience on the plot scale as plot-size heterogeneity Feliciotti, 2018), contagion indicator (Song et al., 2013), plot opening (Bobkova, 2017;Hermosilla et al., 2012), the frequency area distribution of plots Feliciotti, 2018), plot orientation (Boeing, 2017;Marique & Reiter, 2014), accessible plot density (Bobkova, 2017), and climate adaptability (Ray & Shaw, 2018;Sharifi & Yamagata, 2016). b) Blocks are continuous segments of urban fabric usually formed by one or more street edges and delimited by at least three streets or other natural or artificial features (water stream, ground-level railroad, walls, etc.) (Dibble, 2016). ...
... Blocks have higher inertia to change and may remain unchanged despite plot changes (segregation or merging, destruction, and reconstruction) (Carmona, 2010;Habrekan, 1998). So, we identified the indicators of urban form resilience on the plot scale as plot-size heterogeneity Feliciotti, 2018), contagion indicator (Song et al., 2013), plot opening (Bobkova, 2017;Hermosilla et al., 2012), the frequency area distribution of plots Feliciotti, 2018), plot orientation (Boeing, 2017;Marique & Reiter, 2014), accessible plot density (Bobkova, 2017), and climate adaptability (Ray & Shaw, 2018;Sharifi & Yamagata, 2016). b) Blocks are continuous segments of urban fabric usually formed by one or more street edges and delimited by at least three streets or other natural or artificial features (water stream, ground-level railroad, walls, etc.) (Dibble, 2016). ...
... More specifically, there is still very little understanding of how the physical form of cities affects their overall capacity to adapt to change, and therefore, their potential resilience (Feliciotti, 2018;Garcia and Vale, 2017;Romice et al., 2020). ...
... Additionally, little of the existing literature actively interrogates and spatially analyses the role of urban form in building urban resilience, and which urban forms are more likely to facilitate or hinder urban resilience. The authors that have begun to explore the spatial relationship between urban form and resilience have typically done so from a specific resilience or disaster risk reduction perspective (Allan et al., 2013;Benger et al., 2016;Sharifi et al., 2021;Stangl, 2018) or have only scratched the surface of understanding the relationship between the size, shape, distribution and configuration of urban elements and the ability of an area to adapt to change (Colding et al., 2021;Davis and Uffer, 2013;Feliciotti, 2018;Gharai et al., 2018;Marcus et al., 2020;Marcus and Colding, 2014;Nel and Landman, 2015;Romice et al., 2020;Salat, 2017;Sharifi, 2018;Sharifi and Yamagata, 2018a). ...
... Broadly, urban morphology studies the physical elements that make up the urban landscape, such as buildings, blocks and streets so as to develop an understanding of the formation and evolution of cities as well as social and economic forces that shape them (Moudon, 1997). Given that the general approach of urban morphology is to understand the process of change in the urban form of cities, this field of study provides a good starting point for the investigation of the spatial manifestation of resilience (Feliciotti, 2018). Furthermore, as more recent approaches to urban morphology can be framed within the larger complexity theory of city debates (Batty, 2013;Hillier, 2012), it provides a good intersection point between several fields of study. ...
Cities are one of humanity’s crowning achievements. However, as cities and regions grow, they become more interconnected and complex while adapting to an ever-changing social, political, and natural environment. More recently, cities have to deal with increasing uncertainty which is brought about by radical changes such as social, economic and political instability, climate change, environmental degradation and global health crises. Under such circumstances, urban planners and designers have realised that the current planning and design approaches are often inadequate to deal with the rapidly changing and increasingly complex environments (Hes and Du Plessis, 2015).
In response to these challenges, resilience thinking has been proposed as an alternative paradigm to challenge the current ‘business and usual approach’ (Walker and Salt, 2006). Resilience thinking embraces uncertainty and encourages planning with and for change. Moreover, because of these qualities, urban resilience is rapidly being viewed as one of the critical factors to achieving the goals of sustainable urbanism (Salat, 2011; UN Habitat, 2016a). Consequently, the rate at which urban resilience concepts have been included in many plans, strategies and assessments has steadily been growing (Zhang and Li, 2018). However, despite the growing acceptance of urban resilience in the urban discourse (Coaffee and Lee, 2016), the spatial aspects of urban resilience have been neglected. More specifically, there is still very little understanding of how the physical form of cities impacts their overall capacity to adapt to change, and therefore, their potential resilience (Feliciotti, 2018; Garcia and Vale, 2017; Romice et al., 2020).
In response to this gap in our knowledge, this study investigates the relationship between the urban form and the manifestation of resilience in cities through addressing four research objectives. First, this study explored how urban form impacts and contributes to the potential adaptive capacity of cities. Secondly, it sought to develop and test a methodological protocol that can describe and assess the potential spatial adaptive capacity of any location within a city. Third, through the application of the protocol on case studies, this study set out to extract a range of typologies that reflect the morphological traits most likely to improve a city’s spatial adaptive capacity. Fourth, using the created typologies, this study proposed a range of urban design principles to promote urban forms that can contribute to more spatially resilient urban settlements.
To address these research objectives, six directives for spatial resilience, which contribute to the formation of spatial-morphological resilience, were derived from a review of urban resilience and urban design literature. Additionally, the conceptual relationships between the directives were explored using a conceptual framework. To operationalise the framework a Spatial Resilience Assessment (SRA) protocol was proposed. The SRA protocol included two sub-protocols which incorporated new and existing methods and metrics that are used to (a) assess, at multiple scales, the extent to which each spatial resilience directive is present for any location within a study area; (b) to evaluate the relative spatial adaptive potential of a location and (c) to extract the morphological typologies that are most likely to improve the potential spatial adaptive capacity of a study area.
Through the application of the proposed SRA protocol in two case studies, Manhattan (NYC) and Hong Kong, this study not only identified which locations within each case study had higher spatial adaptive potential but was also able to extract the morphological qualities of the best performing areas though the creation of the spatial adaptive urban types for each case study. Through the application of the protocol, this study produced over 100 maps per case study as both a quantitative assessment of the quality of the adaptive potential of an area, but also as a means of visually exploring the physical manifestation of the concept of spatial resilience through the morphology of the city. The results from both case studies suggest that variation in the size, shape and configuration of the constituent elements of urban form can greatly impact the potential adaptive capacity of a location. In addition to geometric and configurational characteristics, the relative position of a location (plot or building) within the broader urban context also plays a role in the locations multi-scale adaptive potential within a city. The finding of this study were summarised into a set of spatial resilience urban design principles that, could be used to guide the development and transformation of urban settlements to be more spatially resilient.
... 52 En termes de résilience, les analyses réalisées sur Alger confirment les travaux sur la résilience morphologique évoqués précédemment (Salat, 2011 ;Mehaffy, Salingaros, 2013 ;Feliciotti et al., 2018 ;Fusco et al., 2020 ;Cozzolino, 2020). Il y a de toute évidence une corrélation entre la capacité de résilience d'un tissu et sa forte connectivité, la redondance des éléments qui le compose, le nombre important d'éléments de petite taille, la configuration du parcellaire et de l'îlot, etc. Par ailleurs, en liant les formes urbaines aux acteurs qui les produisent et aux modes de production, l'article apporte un élément inédit par rapport à la majorité des études sur la résilience morphologique. ...
This article questions the resilience of urban forms in the processes of metropolization of the city of Algiers. Through the morphological analysis of urban fabrics’ fragments located along the tramway, this text questions the capacity of these different forms to adapt to change. The arrival of this new transport infrastructure, presented by the public authorities as a lever for metropolization and reduction of spatial fragmentation, is an opportunity to explore the transformations at work in the fabric and the adaptation of urban forms to the changes that have occurred. It shows that the urban production of public sector actors and large private real estate operators contributes to the processes of metropolization, but in many cases accentuates spatial fragmentation with urban forms that are not very resilient. This text also shows that the ordinary ‘self-constructed’ city, although criticized by the official discourse, seems to adapt better to change. It creates resilient urban forms that go beyond spatial fragmentation, on the one hand, and contribute to the processes of metropolization on the other hand.
... 'Modularity' accounts for the organizational relationship between components and the whole at different spatial levels, how the components interact with the whole across scales, and the extent to which these components can disassemble into parts or integrate to form higher-level wholes while maintaining an appropriate level of intrinsic processing independent from the rest of the system (Feliciotti, 2018). ...
Creating ‘resilient places’ has increasingly become a major priority for urban planners, designers, and policy makers. ‘Spatial resilience’ as a subset of urban resilience can be used to guide the development of a conceptual framework for resilient place assessment. In this regard, a resilient place should feature a combination of physical and non-physical characteristics that can contribute to improved response and adaptation to a broad range of natural and manmade hazards. In this context, resilience is claimed to be the ability to manage, mitigate and adapt to varied risks and changes that threaten the quality of the functionality, livability, and vitality of a place. To further elaborate on the concept of resilient place, in this study, 127 articles were reviewed using qualitative methods, and general urban resilience definitions related to semantic resilience dimensions were extracted. These are, namely, intrinsic, resilience behavior, and reinforcing attributes. Eventually, 22 studies were selected for content analysis using a qualitative review. The conceptual framework of place assessment was developed concerning the constituent attributes of ‘place’ and ‘spatial resilience.’ In the proposed framework, the constructive dimensions of Resilient Place Assessment (RPA) include four dimensions, three of which are semantic resilience dimensions. These dimensions include the intrinsic resilience attributes (i.e., robustness, coherence, efficiency, foresight capacity, flexibility, resourcefulness, knowledge and learning, and self-organization), behavioral resilience attributes (i.e., recovery; adaption; innovation; transformation), reinforcing resilience attributes (i.e., diversity, redundancy, modularity, and connectivity), and place-making components (i.e., form and structure, environment and behavior, and image and meaning). Insights provided in this conceptual framework can be used by urban planners, designers, and policy makers in their efforts towards creating more resilient places.
... street openness street hits misses distribution [28] setback deviation street [42] Where is area, is perimeter, is the deviation of angle of corner from 90 • , is centroid-corner distance, is orientation as deviation from cardinal directions, is inter-building distance, is longest axis length, is length, is setback distance, is number of edges, is number of nodes and stands for building, for joined buildings, for block, for building bounding box, for cell bounding box, for perimeter wall, for street, for enclosing circle and refer to the ratio of lines perpendicular to streets intersecting and not intersecting buildings, respectively. For the details of implementation, refer to the open-source software toolkit momepy v. 0.2.1 [28], used to measure listed characters. ...
The impact of sea-level rise on coastal towns is expected to be a major challenge, with millions of people exposed. The climate-induced risk assessment of coastal areas subject to flooding plays an essential role in planning effective measures for adaptation plans. However, in European legislation, as well as in the regional plans adopted by the member states, there is no clear reference to urban settlement, as this concept is variable and difficult to categorise from the policy perspective. This lack of knowledge makes it complicated to implement efficient adaptation plans. This research examines the presence of the issue in Portugal's coastal settlements, the European coastal area most vulnerable to rising sea levels, using the case of seashore streets as the most exposed waterfront public urban areas. Using the morphometric classification of the urban fabric, we analyse the relationship between urban typology and legislative macro-areas aimed at providing integrated adaptation plans. The study suggests that there is only a minimal relationship between the proposed classification and the geographical zones currently identified in coastal planning policies. Such incongruence suggests the need for change, as the policy should be able to provide a response plan tailored to the specificities of urban areas.
