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Adaptations to different training types. Aerobic training enhances cardiovascular function and promotes skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, thereby improving exercise endurance. Resistance training promotes skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increases strength, allowing for more powerful contractions fuelled by glycolysis and supported by higher lactate dehydrogenase content. A combined aerobic and resistance training programme improves endurance and strength/power, albeit to a lesser extent than individual forms of training. However, all training types improve skeletal muscle glucose transport and glycogen synthesis capacity, expanding glycogen stores and improving glycaemic control. This figure is available as part of a downloadable slideset
Source publication
Exercise elicits high energy demands, stimulating cardiorespiratory function and substrate mobilisation and oxidation. Repeated bouts of exercise lead to whole-body adaptations, which improve athletic performance. Distinct exercise modalities and intensities and nutritional conditions pose specific physiological challenges, subsequently inducing di...
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Aims/introduction:
To explore the predicting factors of exercise response (whether the participants converted to diabetes) in elderly patients with pre-diabetes mellitus (PDM).
Materials and methods:
This is a retrospective sub-group analysis of the registered clinical trial with previous publication of the same cohort. 248 participants with PDM...
Background
Regular exercise is a well-accepted strategy to improve cardiovascular system function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The results of trials assessing the impact of exercise training on cardiac function in T2DM have been inconsistent. Whether combined exercise training improve subclinical cardiac dysfunction in people with T2D...
Background
The number of exercise trials examining cardiometabolic outcomes in spinal cord injury (SCI) is low, and prescribed exercise is often inconvenient for individuals with SCI to perform within their community. Individuals with SCI experience a myriad of barriers to exercise participation, which can include a lack of time, accessible or usab...
Citations
... Preventing and treating the disease is an area of importance [1]. It is well known that regular physical activity is linked to control and prevention of the disease [2] and can improve glycaemic control and cardiovascular disease complications [3]. A non-linear dose-response association exists between moderate-to-vigorous-intensity physical activity and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes [4]. ...
Background
This study aimed to explore predictors associated with intermediate (six months) and post-intervention (24 months) increases in daily steps among people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes participating in a two-year pedometer intervention.
Methods
A secondary analysis was conducted based on data from people with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes from two intervention arms of the randomised controlled trial Sophia Step Study. Daily steps were measured with an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer. Participants were divided into two groups based on their response to the intervention: Group 1) ≥ 500 increase in daily steps or Group 2) a decrease or < 500 increase in daily steps. Data from baseline and from six- and 24-month follow-ups were used for analysis. The response groups were used as outcomes in a multiple logistic regression together with baseline predictors including self-efficacy, social support, health-related variables, intervention group, demographics and steps at baseline. Predictors were included in the regression if they had a p-value < 0.2 from bivariate analyses.
Results
In total, 83 participants were included. The mean ± SD age was 65.2 ± 6.8 years and 33% were female. At six months, a lower number of steps at baseline was a significant predictor for increasing ≥ 500 steps per day (OR = 0.82, 95% CI 0.69–0.98). At 24 months, women had 79% lower odds of increasing ≥ 500 steps per day (OR = 0.21, 95% CI 0.05–0.88), compared to men. For every year of increase in age, the odds of increasing ≥ 500 steps per day decreased by 13% (OR = 0.87, 95% CI 0.78–0.97). Also, for every step increase in baseline self-efficacy, measured with the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Scale, the odds of increasing ≥ 500 steps per day increased by 14% (OR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.02–1.27).
Conclusions
In the Sophia Step Study pedometer intervention, participants with a lower number of steps at baseline, male gender, lower age or higher baseline self-efficacy were more likely to respond to the intervention with a step increase above 500 steps per day. More knowledge is needed about factors that influence response to pedometer interventions.
Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02374788.
... Making healthy choices such as choosing whole grains, leafy vegetables, and fibre-rich foods over sugar-rich foods, including protein-rich foods in the diet, opting for healthy fats, controlling portion sizes, etc. can help diabetes prevention and control [3,5,7]. Research indicates that incorporating regular physical activity into daily routines can improve insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and overall cardiovascular health in diabetic patients [19,22,24]. Listening to music can help in stress reduction and potentially contribute to diabetes control, management, and prevention [26]. ...
... This finding should concern and activate health professionals to mobilize change in the behavior and habits of patients. Exercise seems to have a positive association not only with the regulation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure [71] but also with glycemic control [72] and variability, insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, oxidative stress/antioxidative capacity and/or chronic inflammation [73]. Although there is limited evidence, stopping smoking has been shown to have benefits in reducing or slowing the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in people with diabetes [74]. ...
Diabetes is a metabolic disease that is a major health problem globally. Dietary interventions contribute to the management of the disease and the improvement in patients’ quality of life. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of a nutrition and lifestyle education intervention on a sample of patients with diabetes. The duration of the intervention was 3 months, and it focused on the promotion of the Mediterranean diet through information pamphlets, diet plans and healthy lifestyle guidelines, which were provided in addition to patients’ standard medical treatment. Patients were enrolled in the outpatient clinic of the University Hospital of Larissa (Greece). Anthropometric and biochemical parameters were recorded at baseline and follow-up using standardized equipment and methods. The intervention improved patients’ body mass index, body composition, fasting glucose, postprandial glucose, triglycerides, HDL/LDL cholesterol and cholesterol. For smoking status, alcohol consumption and physical activity categorization, physical activity improved but not the other two indices. The results of this study show that patient education should be provided according to the nutritional recommendations for T2DM plus a more individually structured intervention. It is therefore necessary to direct the attention of doctors to the need for continuous and detailed discussions with patients in relation to both the standards of a healthy diet and the benefits it brings. Patients, for their part, need to commit to following an appropriate, healthy diet.
... The changes in these variables significantly impact the reduction of leptin and the increase in adiponectin, likely due to the effects of training adaptation over the 8-week period. During the trainings, their energy needs expansion, supporting the performance of skeletal muscles in oxidation, improving cardiorespiratory fitness, and inducing overall body adaptation, thereby, reducing body fat composition, enhancing muscle mass, and altering adipokines (Savikj and Zierath, 2020). Further, these changes in adipokines are due to greater involvement of oxidation in meeting energy needs during training, thus, increasing the use of triglycerides in adipose tissue, which are hydrolysed into free fatty acids . ...
... Our analysis results uncover a more efficient change in adipokine secretion (leptin and adiponectin), fat mass, and muscle mass among those doing aerobic training compared to the ones completing resistance training. Aerobic training is characterised by the involvement of large muscle groups, continuously or intermittently, over long periods of time, for improving cardiorespiratory fitness adaptation (McGee and Hargreaves, 2020), as well as increasing mitochondrial biogenesis, expression of mitochondrial respiration and free fatty acid oxidation genes, thereby, providing phenotypic adaptation towards a more oxidative phenotype (Savikj and Zierath, 2020). Additionally, aerobic training also increases the metabolism performance and the skeletal muscle oxidation capacity (Lopez et al., 2022). ...
... This increased ability to use fat as an energy source will reduce body fat mass (Atakan et al., 2021), body fat percentage, and body weight . Meanwhile, weight training focuses more on increasing muscle mass (Ataeinosrat et al., 2022a,b), skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and contraction strength (Savikj and Zierath, 2020). Those processes enhance the secondary metabolism profile (Vidal and Stanford, 2020) by preventing fat mass (Atakan et al., 2021). ...
Physical training is a beneficial strategy to regulate adipokines in preventing obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, effective training remains to be an intriguing topic of debate. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of aerobic training, resistance training, and combined aerobic-resistance training on adipokines using the hormone biomarkers (leptin and adiponectin). Our research subjects were 32 obese females aged 22 years old with a body fat percentage ≥ 30%. Subjects were divided into four groups, namely the CTL (n = 8; control group), ATr (n = 8; aerobic training group), RTr (n = 8; resistance training group), and CTr (n = 8; combined training group). Training was carried out for eight weeks, with frequency 3×/week and moderate intensity. Aerobic training was performed by running on a treadmill with an intensity of 65-70% HRmax for 45 min. Meanwhile, resistance training was completed with 65-70% 1-RM intensity for six sets @15 reps and active resting of 30 s between sets. Further, the blood sampling for leptin and adiponectin examination was carried out pre-and post-training, while its examination was carried out using the ELISA method. The results indicated significantly lower leptin levels and higher adiponectin pre-and post-training in ATr, RTr, and CTr (P ≤ 0.05), but not in CTL (P ≥ 0.05). Besides, we also observed decreasing Δ-leptin at CTL, ATr, RTr, and CTr were 37.42 ± 44.29, −206.16 ± 43.73, −139.49 ± 69.11, and −349.07 ± 71.69 pg/ml, respectively (P ≤ 0.001). Likewise increasing Δ-adiponectin between CTL, ATr, RTr, and CTr were 90.89 ± 212.70, 679.16 ± 136.29, 619.77 ± 168.37, and 872.04 ± 335.73 pg/ml, respectively (P ≤ 0.001). It was concluded that aerobic-resistance combined training has been proven effective in reducing leptin and increasing adiponectin compared to aerobic training and resistance training, therefore it was recommended to use aerobic-resistance combined training in improving adipokines in obese.
... In addition, it has been shown that exercise can protect lungs against methotrexate-induced lung injury [20]. Furthermore, the beneficial effects of aerobic exercise on blood sugar control and diabetes complications increase with exercise intensity, and more adaptation is achieved with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) [21]. ...
Background
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) leads to serious respiratory problems. This study investigated the effectiveness of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on T2D-induced lung injuries at histopathological and molecular levels.
Methods
Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into control (CTL), Diabetes (Db), exercise (Ex), and Diabetes + exercise (Db + Ex) groups. T2D was induced by a high-fat diet plus (35 mg/kg) of streptozotocin (STZ) administration. Rats in Ex and Db + Ex performed HIIT for eight weeks. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), Interleukin 10 (IL-10), BAX, Bcl2, Lecithin, Sphingomyelin (SPM) and Surfactant protein D (SPD) levels were measured in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels were measured in lung tissue. Lung histopathological alterations were assessed by using H&E and trichrome mason staining.
Results
Diabetes was significantly associated with imbalance in pro/anti-inflammatory, pro/anti-apoptosis and redox systems, and reduced the SPD, lecithin sphingomyelin and alveolar number. Performing HIIT by diabetic animals increased Bcl2 (P < 0.05) and IL10 (P < 0.01) levels as well as surfactants components and TAC (P < 0.05) but decreased fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001), TNFα (P < 0.05), BAX (P < 0.05) and BAX/Bcl2 (P < 0.001) levels as well as MDA (P < 0.01) and MDA/TAC (P < 0.01) compared to the diabetic group. Furthermore, lung injury and fibrosis scores were increased by T2D and recovered in presence of HIIT.
Conclusion
These findings suggested that the attenuating effect of HIIT on diabetic lung injury mediated by reducing blood sugar, inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis as well as improving pulmonary surfactants components.
Graphical Abstract
Type 2 diabetes increased inflammation, oxidative stress and apoptosis and reduced pulmonary surfactants , while high intensity training improved these negative effects
... Aerobic exercise increases insulin sensitivity and vascular function, which ultimately augments exercise-induced blood glucose uptake by skeletal muscle, a key regulator in glycemic control [37]. Resistance exercise works via a similar mechanism, where targeting increased muscle mass can increase glucose uptake by skeletal muscle and improve glycemic control [38]. Another meta-analysis of 14 trials compared reductions in HbA1c across aerobic and resistance training, as well as concurrent training. ...
Diabetes has become a serious health concern for the global population. An estimated 643 million people will have type 2 diabetes mellitus by the year 2030. A sedentary lifestyle is one of the important risk factors along with obesity, hypertension, and diet. Exercise improves blood glucose levels and reduces glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Physical aerobic exercise utilizes energy stored in the form of ATP and helps to burn stored fat. The process of muscular contraction during a physical workout controls the mechanisms responsible for improving blood glucose levels. These involve complex pathways that ultimately increase the uptake of blood glucose, improve insulin sensitivity and blood flow, and optimize the functioning of the endocrine pancreas. An overall reduction in HbA1C can be achieved through the interplay of all these pathways.
... In humans, extensive research has shown that exercise improves the maximal pulmonary oxygen uptake (VO 2max ), insulin sensitivity, and systemic glucose and lipid metabolism [114]. It is well-established that skeletal muscles contribute to these metabolic improvements [116,117], but the beneficial adaptations to exercise may also exist in WAT. Much of the evidence showing promising beneficial adaptations to exercise genes related to oxidative metabolism and mitochondrial function in SAT [137]. ...
White adipose tissue (WAT) is an important endocrine organ that regulates systemic energy metabolism. In metabolically unhealthy obesity, adipocytes become dysfunctional through hypertrophic mechanisms associated with a reduced endocrine function, reduced mitochondrial function, but increased inflammation, fibrosis, and extracellular remodelling. A pathologic WAT remodelling promotes systemic lipotoxicity characterized by fat accumulation in tissues such as muscle and liver, leading to systemic insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Several lines of evidence from human and animal studies suggest a link between unhealthy obesity and adipocyte mitochondrial dysfunction, and interventions that improve mitochondrial function may reduce the risk of obesity-associated diseases. This review discusses the importance of mitochondrial function and metabolism in human adipocyte biology and intercellular communication mechanisms within WAT. Moreover, a selected interventional approach for better adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism in humans is reviewed. A greater understanding of mitochondrial bioenergetics in WAT might provide novel therapeutic opportunities to prevent or restore dysfunctional adipose tissue in obesity-associated diseases.
... Interestingly, skeletal muscle is responsible for ∼80% of insulin mediated glucose uptake. 47 Thus, targeting increased muscle mass and/or quality with resistance exercise seems appropriate to reduce blood glucose in T2D. In parallel, a meta-analysis of 14 studies reported that resistance training in T2D lowered total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglycerides. ...
Exercise is a first-line therapy recommended for patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although moderate to vigorous exercise (e.g. 150 min/wk) is often advised alongside diet and/or behavior modification, exercise is an independent treatment that can prevent, delay or reverse T2D. Habitual exercise, consisting of aerobic, resistance or their combination, fosters improved short- and long-term glycemic control. Recent work also shows high-intensity interval training is successful at lowering blood glucose, as is breaking up sedentary behavior with short-bouts of light to vigorous movement (e.g. up to 3min). Interestingly, performing afternoon compared with morning as well as post-meal versus pre-meal exercise may yield slightly better glycemic benefit. Despite these efficacious benefits of exercise for T2D care, optimal exercise recommendations remain unclear when considering, dietary, medication, and/or other behaviors.
... The 6MWT work calculated using bodyweight and walking distance is an important parameter that evaluates functional capacity [9][10][11] . No complicated equipment is required to perform the test 12,13 . 6MWT plays a crucial role in evaluating daily functional exercise capacity, essential in determining the survival of patients in many chronic diseases such as T2D 14, 15 . ...
... The prevalence of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes (T2D) is rising globally [1]. Regular physical activity is associated with preventing and controlling the disease [2,3]. However, most people with prediabetes or T2D do not meet recommended physical activity levels [4][5][6]. ...
Background
People with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D) need to be physically active, including moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and light-intensity physical activity (LIPA) and reduce time in sedentary behaviour (SB). Few studies have evaluated the effect of randomised controlled trials taking all movement behaviours into account. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a 2-year pedometer-based intervention in people with prediabetes or T2D on relative time in movement behaviours.
Methods
Secondary analysis of longitudinal data on individuals with prediabetes or T2D from a three-armed randomised controlled trial, the Sophia Step Study, was conducted. The three groups were (1) a multi‑component group (self‑monitoring of steps with a pedometer plus counselling), (2) a single‑component group (self‑monitoring of steps with a pedometer, without counselling), and (3) a standard care group (control). The three behaviours MVPA, LIPA and SB during waking hours were measured with an ActiGraph GT1M accelerometer at baseline, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months. Relative time in MVPA, LIPA and SB for each participant at each time point was calculated and used as outcome measures. Linear mixed models assessed the effect of the intervention over time.
Results
In total 184 participants with mean (SD) age 64.3 (7.6) years and 41% female was included. In the multi-component group, compared to the control group, a significant group-by-time interaction effect for relative time in all three behaviours was found at 6 and 18 months and for MVPA and SB at 24 months. In the single-component group, compared to the control group, an effect occurred in the MVPA and SB behaviours at 6 months and MVPA and LIPA at 24 months. The estimated marginal means ranged from 0.9 to 1.5% of more MVPA, 1.9–3.9% of less LIPA and from 0.5% of less SB to 1.7 more SB in the intervention groups compared to the control group.
Conclusions
The findings show a beneficial effect on all behaviours over time in the two intervention groups compared to the control group. A more pronounced effect occurred in the multi-component intervention compared to the single-component intervention, implicating the importance of counselling in pedometer-based interventions.
Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02374788
