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Cedar leaf oil (CLO), derived from the Western red cedar, Thuja plicata, was evaluated as a safe and acceptable broad spectrum antimicrobial agent, with a view to its potential applications in buildings, including the alleviation of sick building syndrome. Various Gram-positive and Gram-negative human bacteria, and two fungal organisms, all known t...
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... C. lawsoniana is mainly limited to the Pacific Coast, from southwestern Oregon to northwestern California, while T. plicata has a somewhat broader distribution along the Pacific Coast from southeastern Alaska to northwestern California as well as inland, along the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia to Idaho and Montana [5]. It is known that C. lawsoniana essential oil has been widely used in aromatherapy [6], and T. plicata essential oil is used to treat a variety of upper respiratory ailments and superficial wounds and as a natural insect repellent and wood preservative [7]. ...
... Some biological activities of C. lawsoniana essential oil (CLEO) and T. plicata essential oil (TPEO) have recently been published, with a primary focus on their antibacterial and antifungal activities [7][8][9][10][11][12]. In addition, the inhibitory effect of CLEO and TPEO was also reported against plant-damaging fungi, specifically Phytophthora [6]. ...
... Another study investigated the population dynamics of TPEO, revealing substantial efficacy against both capacity and growth rate in a dose-dependent manner against S. aureus and E. coli strains; however, P. aeruginosa demonstrated resistance to the oil's action [69]. In the study by Hudson et al. [7], concentrations from 0.1% to 1% were tested using different methodologies (liquid and vapor phase) against a panel of bacterial strains. The authors found good activity of this oil against vegetative cells, bacterial spores, and the fungus Aspergillus niger, but the chemical profile of the EO was not provided. ...
Essential oils (EOs) derived from evergreen conifer trees are recognized as complex sources of agents with various biological activities. In this study, the biological activities of the EOs derived from Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A.Murray bis) Parl. (CLEO) and Thuja plicata Donn ex D.Don (TPEO) were investigated. The third instar larvae of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster were used as a model organism to determine the in vivo toxicity, genotoxicity, and antigenotoxicity of five different concentrations of CLEO and TPEO, ranging from 0.19% to 3%. Artemia salina was used for acute toxicity assessment and determination of LC50 after 24 h and 48 h. The antimicrobial activity of the CLEO and TPEO was tested against fourteen bacterial and two fungal strains using the microdilution method. The larvicidal activity and developmental time of D. melanogaster increased as the concentrations of the EOs rose. CLEO and TPEO produced a dose-dependent increase in DNA damage compared with the negative control. Both oils, at concentrations up to 1.5%, demonstrated the ability to reduce the genotoxic effect induced by ethyl methanesulfonate, with a reduction rate exceeding 60%. CLEO and TPEO were highly toxic against Artemia salina nauplii. The results indicate that the tested EOs act as antimicrobial agents against some pathogenic bacteria and fungi. CLEO and TPEO show promising potential as a source of antimicrobial and antigenotoxic agents and as potential biocides against pest insects and arthropods.
... Vaporized essential oils also have been shown to inactivate enveloped viruses, including influenza H1N1 virus (Madia et al., 2022) and coronaviruses (Romeo et al., 2022). The use of essential oil vapors for treating "sick building syndrome" has been proposed by Hudson et al. (2011). In that study, adenovirus and rhinovirus type 14 were dried on a plastic surface and inactivated by vapors within 60 to 120 min. ...
Plant extracts, natural products and plant oils contain natural virucidal actives that can be used to replace active ingredients in commercial sanitizers and disinfectants. This review focuses on the virucidal mechanisms of natural substances that may exhibit potential for indoor air and fomite disinfection. Review of scientific studies indicates: (1) most natural product studies use crude extracts and do not isolate or identify exact active antiviral substances; (2) many natural product studies contain unclear explanations of virucidal mechanisms of action; (3) natural product evaluations of virucidal activity should include methods that validate efficacy under standardized disinfectant testing procedures (e.g., carrier tests on applicable surfaces or activity against aerosolized viruses, etc.). The development of natural product disinfectants requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of action (MOA), chemical profiles, compound specificities, activity spectra, and the chemical formulations required for maximum activity. Combinations of natural antiviral substances and possibly the addition of synthetic compounds might be needed to increase inactivation of a broader spectrum of viruses, thereby providing the required efficacy for surface and air disinfection.
... The foliar essential oil of T. plicata has shown insecticidal [42], insect antifeedant [25], as well as antibacterial and antifungal [25,43] activities. The biological activities of T. plicata essential oil can be attributed to the major component, α-thujone. ...
Conifers are of great economic value in terms of lumber production, important for construction and other uses such as pulp and paper. They are also important sources of essential oils. Conifer species have been vital to the ethnobotany and traditional herbal medicine of many different Native American groups. The objective of this work was to obtain and analyze the essential oils of several conifer species (Abies lasiocarpa, Picea engelmannii, Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii, and Thuja plicata) growing in Idaho. The foliar essential oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and then analyzed by gas chromatographic methods, including GC-MS, GC-FID, and chiral GC-MS. The essential oils were obtained in varying yields from 0.66% up to 4.70%. The essential oil compositions were largely dominated by monoterpene hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenoids. The chiral monoterpenoids were generally rich in the (-)-enantiomers for members of the Pinaceae, but the (+)-enantiomers predominated in the Cupressaceae. The essential oil compositions obtained in this work are qualitatively similar, but quantitatively different, to previously reported compositions and confirm and complement the previous reports. However, this is the first comprehensive analysis of the chiral terpenoid components in these conifer species. Additional research on essential oils of the Pinaceae and Cupressaceae is needed to describe the chemical profiles, chemical compositions, and enantiomeric distributions more reliably in the various species and infraspecific taxa of these two families.
... TRPM channels were first identified in tumour cells with expression linked to metastatic potential [23,35]. Table 1 Medicinal properties and chemical structures of the plant derived substances frequently found in traditional herbal cough and cold remedies [22,96,97,104,114,[146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160] ✓denotes medicinal properties most relevant to the management of cold symptoms *denotes additional medicinal properties not specifically related to cold symptoms ...
Background
Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) impact all age groups and have a significant economic and social burden on society, worldwide. Most URTIs are mild and self-limiting, but due to the wide range of possible causative agents, including Rhinovirus (hRV), Adenovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Coronavirus and Influenza, there is no single and effective treatment. Over-the-counter (OTC) remedies, including traditional medicines and those containing plant derived substances, help to alleviate symptoms including inflammation, pain, fever and cough.
Purpose
This systematic review focuses on the role of the major plant derived substances in several OTC remedies used to treat cold symptoms, with a particular focus on the transient receptor potential (TRP) channels involved in pain and cough.
Methods
Literature searches were done using Pubmed and Web of Science, with no date limitations, using the principles of the PRISMA statement. The search terms used were ‘TRP channel AND plant compound’, ‘cough AND plant compound’, ‘cough AND TRP channels AND plant compound’, ‘cough AND P2X3 AND plant compound’ and ‘P2X3 AND plant compound’ where plant compound represents menthol or camphor or eucalyptus or turpentine or thymol.
Results
The literature reviewed showed that menthol activates TRPM8 and may inhibit respiratory reflexes reducing irritation and cough. Menthol has a bimodal action on TRPA1, but inhibition may have an analgesic effect. Eucalyptus also activates TRPM8 and inhibits TRPA1 whilst down regulating P2X3, aiding in the reduction of cough, pain and airway irritation. Camphor inhibits TRPA1 and the activation of TRPM8 may add to the effects of menthol. Activation of TRPV1 by camphor, may also have an analgesic effect.
Conclusions
The literature suggests that these plant derived substances have multifaceted actions and can interact with the TRP ‘cough’ receptors. The plant derived substances used in cough and cold medicines have the potential to target multiple symptoms experienced during a cold.
... Several studies have reported the antiviral activity of EOs against influenza A virus (IAV) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], even though these works were carried out with the liquid phases of the oils and their components. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the vapor phase of several EOs showed good antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity, sometimes better than the corresponding liquid phase of the oil [27][28][29][30]. Still, a paucity of data is reported in the literature on the anti-influenza effect of EO vapors. ...
Influenza viruses are transmitted from human to human via airborne droplets and can be transferred through contaminated environmental surfaces. Some works have demonstrated the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) as antimicrobial and antiviral agents, but most of them examined the liquid phases, which are generally toxic for oral applications. In our study, we describe the antiviral activity of Citrus bergamia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Illicium verum and Eucalyptus globulus vapor EOs against influenza virus type A. In the vapor phase, C. bergamia and M. alternifolia strongly reduced viral cytopathic effect without exerting any cytotoxicity. The E. globulus vapor EO reduced viral infection by 78% with no cytotoxicity, while I. verum was not effective. Furthermore, we characterized the EOs and their vapor phase by the head-space gas chromatography–mass spectrometry technique, observing that the major component found in each liquid EO is the same one of the corresponding vapor phases, with the exception of M. alternifolia. To deepen the mechanism of action, the morphological integrity of virus particles was checked by negative staining transmission electron microscopy, showing that they interfere with the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope, leading to the decomposition of membranes. We speculated that the most abundant components of the vapor EOs might directly interfere with influenza virus envelope structures or mask viral structures important for early steps of viral infection.
... Several studies have reported the antiviral activity of EOs against influenza A virus (IAV) [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], even though these works were carried out with the liquid phases of the oils and their components. On the other hand, it was demonstrated that the vapor phase of several EOs showed good antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activity, sometimes better than the corresponding liquid phase of the oil [27][28][29][30]. Still, a paucity of data is reported in the literature on the anti-influenza effect of EO vapors. ...
Influenza viruses are transmitted from human to human via airborne droplets and can be transferred through contaminated environmental surfaces. Some works have demonstrated the efficacy of essential oils (EOs) as antimicrobial and antiviral agents, but most of them examined the liquid phases, which are generally toxic for oral applications. In our study, we describe the antiviral activity of Citrus bergamia, Melaleuca alternifolia, Illicium verum and Eucalyptus globulus vapor EOs against influenza virus type A. In the vapor phase, C. bergamia and M. alternifolia strongly reduced viral cytopathic effect without exerting any cytotoxicity. The E. globulus vapor EO reduced viral infection by 78% with no cytotoxicity, while I. verum was not effective. Furthermore, we characterized the EOs and their vapor phase by the head-space gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique, observing that the major component found in each liquid EO is the same one of the corresponding vapor phases, with the exception of M. alternifolia. To deepen the mechanism of action, the morphological integrity of virus particles was checked by negative staining transmission electron microscopy, showing that they interfere with the lipid bilayer of the viral envelope, leading to the decomposition of membranes. We speculated that the most abundant components of the vapor EOs might directly interfere with influenza virus envelope structures or mask viral structures important for early steps of viral infection.
... The seeds are contained in little, 1-2 cm long green to brown coniferous pins [26,27] . Figure 1: Thuja leaves and plant Image [28] T. plicata essential oil has generally been used for wood preservation and insect repellant due to its antibacterial and insecticidal qualities [29][30][31] . Aborigines in the Pacific Northwest have long utilised T. plicata leaf oil to treat a variety of upper respiratory tract disorders [29] . ...
Thuja occidentalis plant of Cupressaceae family originated in Eastern North America and is now planted as an ornamental tree in Europe and Brazil, where it is known as the "tree of life" or "white cedar." It's often used to treat liver problems, enuresis, amenorrhea, bullous bronchitis, psoriasis, cystitis, uterine carcinomas, diarrhoea, and rheumatism in traditional medicine. Due to the presence of essential oil, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, and proanthocyanins, the chemical ingredients of T. occidentalis have piqued researchers' curiosity for decades. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, antiviral, gastrointestinal tract protective action, radioprotection, antipyretic, and lipid metabolism regulating activity are all examples of pharmacology. As a result, the current study is a compilation of all essential material for T. occidentalis, including phytochemical, biological and a detailed examination of their pharmacological properties.The current review represents a synthesis of all relevant information for Thuja occidentalis, including phytochemical, biologicaland a thorough analysis of their pharmacological activities, in order to promote all of the biological activities demonstrated thus far, rather than focusing on a single biological activity.
... Three cultivars of T. plicata also had more a-thujone and diterpenes than basic species (Lis et al., 2019). According to Hudson et al. (2011), leaf oil of T. plicata "shows promise as a prospective safe, green, broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent for decontamination of buildings". Some other species of the genus Thuja (T. ...
We examined essential oils (EOs) of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana and Thuja plicata (Cupressaceae), their antifeedant activity on Lymanthria dispar larvae and their antimicrobial activity. Studies of EOs showed that these two conifer species differed both in content of terpene classes and the major compounds. Total monoterpenes strongly dominated in T. plicata (96.4%), while C. lawsoniana was rich in both mono- and sesquiterpenes (40.8% and 30.3%, respectively) as well as in diterpenes (19.1%). The most dominant compounds of C. lawsoniana EO were: limonene (16.7%), oplopanonyl acetate (14.5%), beyerene (10.1%), and 13-epi-dolabradiene (6.7%). The dominant compound of T. plicata EOs was α-thujone (76.9%), followed by relatively small amounts of β- thujone (5.3%), sabinene (4.5%) and terpinene-4-ol (3.2%). The difference in EO compositions of the conifers was reflected on Lymantria dispar larvae performance. Larvae fed on the leaf discs treated by C. lawsoniana EO had a slight phagostimulatory effect at lower concentration shown by higher relative rate of food consumption and relative growth rate than the larvae in the control group. Contrastingly, leaf discs treated with EO of T. plicata EO had an antifeedant effect and lower relative consumption rate (RCR) and relative growth rate RGR than the larvae in the control group. Both tested EOs influenced substantially the colony growth of the subjected Phytophthora plurivora and P. quercina. Namely, 100% inhibitory effect was recorded at concentration of 0.1% in the case of C. lawsoniana EO, whereas of T. plicata colonies did not grow at 0.5% concentration. The implications of these findings and possibility of using the tested EOs in further experiments in vitro and in vivo are discussed.
... To date, the biological properties of cedar oil from Lebanese cedar (Cedrus libani) found in Lebanon and south-central Turkey have not been widely described. However, published data indicate that it exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activities [23,31,32]. ...
... There are many cedar oils which are from the Cupressaceae family, mainly huja occidentalis and Thuja plicata. According to some studies [31], it seems that these oils have some antifungal activities against C. albicans and Aspergillus niger. ...
... To date, the biological properties of cedar oil from Lebanese cedar (Cedrus libani) found in Lebanon and south-central Turkey have not been widely described. However, published data indicate that it exhibits antibacterial and antifungal activities [23,31,32]. ...
... There are many cedar oils which are from the Cupressaceae family, mainly huja occidentalis and Thuja plicata. According to some studies [31], it seems that these oils have some antifungal activities against C. albicans and Aspergillus niger. ...
