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Active and passive post-vaccination surveillance approaches and their success in choosing various biomarkers like nucleic acids or proteins with suitable platforms
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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a pandemic and named as novel coronavirus disease (nCOVID-19). SARS-CoV-2 is different from other known viruses due to multiple mutations on the sites of non-structural proteins (NSP) 2 and 3, and the varying nature of virulence between different persons. Immunotherapies such...
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Context 1
... reports, symptoms exhibited by COVID-19 patients are nonspecific and its virulence inside the host is getting altered from person to person. In view of this, post-vaccination surveillance plays a crucial role and better results can be achieved by choosing proper biomarkers like nucleic acids or proteins with suitable platforms as shown in Fig. 3 (Udugama et al. ...
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The technology behind vaccine development varies significantly from one vaccine to another depending on the time when the vaccine was first developed. Over the years, the vaccine innovation time has significantly shortened with the advancement of knowledge in the fields of molecular and cell biology, and discoveries in the field of biotechnology. T...
Background and objectives
The study of prevalence, risk factors, and vaccine effectiveness (VE) in children, adolescents, and young adults during the Omicron era has been limited, making this the objectives of the study.
Methods
A prospective, test-negative case-control study was conducted on patients aged 0–24 years old classified as patients und...
Citations
... Management approaches and smart strategies such as electronic menus, credit card payment, or codes, money transfer apps and touch-free payment are suggested to prevent the contact with unnecessary contaminated equipment. This can also reduce the need for disinfecting surfaces that are likely to be contaminated [42,43]. ...
Newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 virus has been identified in China since 2019 and is still progressing as a tense threat to the human health worldwide. This virus can cause an acute respiratory infection and lead to death under acute circumstances. To describe the environmental factors affecting the prevalence of the disease as well as make an appropriate health strategy, some databases were reviewed. Coronavirus is mainly transmitted by direct contact through respiratory droplets. It can also be transmitted through secondary routes such as air, close contact and contaminated surfaces. The transmission through food has not been conclusively proven, but there are concerns about the food preparation, storage, infected staffs and improper use of personal protective equipment as the source of infection. Some possible sources of transmission are the contaminated water and sewage, especially in the areas where patients have the symptoms of diarrhea and vomiting. In this study, we described the essential strategies in order to prevent the spread of COVID-19 disease. Based on the most important criteria, this study developed a prevention model and health strategy including updated training information, improvement programs, risk assessment, environmental monitoring, operational measures as well as supportive approaches and programs, which can be used step by step to reach a healthy environment, increase the compliance with protocols and, eventually, decrease the incidence of COVID-19.
... But the huge surge in the usage of masks, gloves and personal protective equipment (PPE) contaminated the water bodies more than expected (Ormaza-Gonzaìlez, Castro-Rodas, & Statham, 2021). Although many health managements sectors have taken huge steps toward proper handling and disposal procedures, contamination of water bodies still needs to be taken care of for all kinds of lives and right balance of the ecosystem (Baranwal, Mahapatra, Purohit, Roy, & Chandra, 2020;Dastidar & Roy, 2021;Roy & Ramadoss, 2021;Sampath Kumar, Chintagunta, Jeevan Kumar, Roy, & Kumar, 2020). Various health issues and disorders in human life such as different types of cancer, lung diseases, heart issues, low birth rates, abdominal problems, respiratory issues and many more have resulted due to the consumption of water and fishes from polluted water bodies (Nel & Markotter, 2009;Ullah, Javed, Shafique, & Khan, 2014). ...
... Still, the epidemiological, viral load, and more details of clinical features are unclear. [35,36] Further investigations are needed regarding these findings. [15] However, this strain quickly affected the whole world within a few days from origin. ...
... The spike protein facilitates viral entry in to host cells by binding to a host receptor through the host cell 3 . Antibodies binding to the spike (S) protein RBD can neutralize SARS-CoV-2, covid-19 infected patients with a wide range of clinical features from mild illness to severe pneumonia 4 . The common symptomatology of these patients including fever, dry cough, sore throat, shortness of breath, mayelgia, headaches,diarrhea and insomnia. ...
Introduction: A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2) emerged at the end of 2019 in Wuhan, Hubei province, China named as COVID-19. IgM, the first antibody produced by the body, is generated gradually 1 week after symptom onset and declines by 4 weeks after the COVID infection. In this background, the antibody response was observed in vaccinated (by Oxford-AstraZeneca) doctors of SSMC(Sir Salimullah Medical College) with or without previous COVID-19 infection. Methodology: This cross-sectional analytical study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at SSMC and BSMMU. A total of 70 doctors of SSMC aged 25-59 years were enrolled according to inclusion criteria. Among them 35 vaccinated doctors were previously infected by SARS-CoV-2 regarded as group A and another vaccinated 35 doctors were non-infected regarded as group B. Collected data was analyzed by Statistical Package for Social Science 26 (SPSS 26). The data were expressed as frequency and percentage, mean ± SD for normally distributed data or median (inter-quartile rage) for data not normally distributed. Mann-Whitney test was done to compare IgG status between vaccinated SARS-CoV-2 infected and non-infected individuals. Result: There was significantly higher level of antibodies (serum IgG level) present in fully vaccinated doctors with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection than in only vaccinated doctors without prior infection. Update Dent. Coll. j: 2022; 12(2): 19-23
... Alongside the Chinese, The USA in collaboration with the Institute of India is working on a product named CDX-CoV. The vaccine is based on both structural and non-structural proteins of the virus [108]. ...
Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly pathogenic and transmissible virus. Infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 known as Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) can be severe, especially among high risk populations affected of underlying medical conditions. COVID-19 is characterized by the severe acute respiratory syndrome, a hyper inflammatory syndrome, vascular injury, microangiopathy and thrombosis. Antiviral drugs and immune modulating methods has been evaluated. So far, a particular therapeutic option has not been approved for COVID-19 and a variety of treatments have been studied for COVID-19 including, current treatment such as oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, antiviral agents until targeted therapy and vaccines which are diverse in each patient and have various outcomes. According to the findings of different in vitro and in vivo studies, some novel approach such as gene editing, cell based therapy, and immunotherapy may have significant potential in the treatment of COVID-19. Based on these findings, this paper aims to review the different strategies of treatment against COVID-19 and provide a summary from traditional and newer methods in curing COVID-19.
... Which were also shown to be effective on COVID-19 patients. 111 Researchers from the United States and Korea proposed a novel molecular transformer-drug target interaction model 112 to address the need for an antiviral medication that could really treat COVID-19. The study compares AutoDock Vina, an open-source virtual screening and molecular docking tool, to a model based on a DL algorithm that uses COVID-19's 3C-like proteinase and FDA-approved 3410 existing medicines. ...
The outbreak of the corona virus pandemic has severely disrupted human lives and socioeconomical structures across most nations around the world since December 2019. Researchers around the world are working on finding solutions to overcome or at least control the pandemic. Biometric monitoring and artificial intelligence (AI) offer on-spot sample management for monitoring patients as advanced applications of modern technologies. Various telehealth and remote monitoring systems have become prevalent for early detection of symptoms by collecting dynamic data from patients through biometric monitoring technologies (BMTs). In this chapter, we have summarized rapid diagnostic kits that are available in the market recently. Furthermore, the principle of BMTs and its applications have been discussed in this chapter. In addition, the benefits and challenges involved in using these advanced technologies have also been summarized. Further, advantages of AI technologies that are used in proper screening, analysis, tracking, and prediction have been discussed. We also provided a detailed insight on systematic sample handling processes using the above-mentioned technologies. The advantages of remote data collection and future outlooks of biosensors to be employed remotely for COVID-19 detection and diagnosis have also been explored.
... 5 When examining the clinical features of COVID-19, it was found that the likely incubation time was 3 days, with mortality signs manifesting within 14 days in older people. 6 While SARS fatalities were examined in previous studies, it took between 4 and 17.4 days for the very first death signs to manifest. 6 Additionally, it is worth noting that SARS-CoV-2 has a muchreduced incubation time than the other 24 days. ...
... 6 While SARS fatalities were examined in previous studies, it took between 4 and 17.4 days for the very first death signs to manifest. 6 Additionally, it is worth noting that SARS-CoV-2 has a muchreduced incubation time than the other 24 days. Furthermore, a period of toward with little action toward spreading has been reported. ...
The COVID-19 pandemic offers enormous potential for digital health solutions, with social distancing being the only current approach that has thus far been established to reduce the risk. Wearable Activity Tracker (WATs) is an appealing, successful, and inexpensive choice in this context. This technology is of vital significance in ensuring the well-being of both patients and healthcare professionals following sustainable development goals. The application of technological interventions will in no doubt help in tackling the debilitating effect of health emergencies in the world population. However, there is a shortage of literature explaining the programming resources needed to effectively treat this novel infection which is briefly addressed in this review. This study prominently addressed the potential of wearable Activity Tracker as a technological solution to healthcare disaster management.
... Various forms of vaccines such as Covishield vaccine (Viral Vector based Technology), Covaxin vaccine (wholeVirion Inactivated Corona Virus), 3 inactivated (PiCoVacc), live attenuated (CDX-CoV), viral vector (Sputnik V), protein subunit (Novavax) and nucleic acid (DNA (Zydus Cadila), RNA (Pfizer, Moderna) are been developed. 4 In India vaccination campaign for COVID-19 was started on January 16, 2021 using two vaccines Covishield and Covaxin. Vaccination in our center was started from February 16, 2021. ...
... SARS-CoV-2 is different from other known viruses due to multiple mutations on the sites of nonstructural proteins (NSP) 2 and 3, and the varying nature of virulence between different persons. 4 Multiple waves of transmission during infectious disease epidemics represent a major public health challenge. 5 Several studies emphasized that newer SARS-CoV-2 variants have increased infectivity, modest decrease in neutralizing activity, and may impact vaccine effectiveness via escape from vaccine-induced immunity, specifically by mutations in the spike protein. ...
... [4][5][6] Public health management during coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) is one of the most concerned topics, which leads the developments in medical technology including molecular-based technology, nanotechnology, advanced biosensing, and immunotherapeutics. 4,[7][8][9] The concept of sustainability in the recent decades has attracted global attention focusing on protecting the environment while providing socioeconomic benefit and development to the present as well as future generations which is based on the concept of social, economic, and environmental sustainability. 10 Several goals and targets have been implemented in global political agendas toward the adoption of a sustainable route. ...
... 14,15 The COVID-19 is a subtype of coronavirus with single stranded RNA enclosed by spike glycoproteins that facilitate the entry of virus into the host cells leading to symptoms such as common cold to respiratory diseases in humans. 8,9 The contagious nature of the virus and the rapid rate of transmission are reported to be the primary cause of the outbreak of the disease. 16 Such transmission from one human to another arises due to human contact directly or indirectly via infected respiratory droplets either through inhalation or contact with contaminated surface or body fluid. ...
The United Nations General Assembly provided an agenda in the form of 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) aimed at following a sustainable approach that would benefit humanity and the environment. The set targets of SDGs were to be fulfilled by 2030; however, the progress toward achieving these goals was not on track to meet the goals. In addition to the slow progress, the world was faced with COVID-19 pandemic causing an unprecedented social and economic crisis. The pandemic has undermined decades of progress toward achievement of SDGs and has adversely impacted all spheres of life. During the pandemic, the world witnessed a significant decrease in the energy demand owing to restrictions in activities causing a plunge in the oil and gas sector while the renewable energy sector remained resilient. However, the pandemic also highlighted the technical challenges and problems such as energy demand and consumption variation, market reliability to name a few. Thus the postpandemic scenario should prioritize sustainable approach that would benefit human and our ecosystem so as to overcome the aftereffect of the pandemic. The present chapter encompasses the importance of SDG7, its progress during pre-COVID-19 era, and the implication of the pandemic in the energy sector. The chapter also highlights on the sustainability of energy during the pandemic and the challenges confronted by the energy sector.
... Vaccine development is an extensive process with high chances of failure and even involves numerous challenges and safety issues to get accepted and approved. [14] Vaccines which are designed to elicit an IgG response, preventing the developing of COVID-19 .However a local mucosal secretory IgA response as shown for anti-polio vaccination is required for protection against viral replication within the airways. Hence limited protection is offered by these vaccine [16,17] In India Covishield, Covaxin, Moderna and Sputnik V are the vaccines that have been granted emergency use authorization by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO). ...
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are highly exposed to SARS-CoV-2 infection. HCWs are also likely source of infection of their family members .COVID-19 Vaccination programs started during December 2020 in several countries and prioritized healthcare workers (HCWs).The vaccination campaign coincided with the second surge of COVID cases in Western part of India.This study assess the prevalence of COVID19 infection and disease severity in vaccinated HCWs. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 cases was 6.3% of vaccinated HCWs. Most infection cases occurred within two weeks of the first vaccine dose. Out of total HCWs 87.4% were mild, 11.1% were moderate, and 1.5% were severe cases.This study stresses on early identification of asymptomatic carriers in vaccinated individuals.Even vaccinated HCWs might spread the infection leading to hospital outbreaks.With the emergence of newer strains of Covid 19 and amid the rising cases of Delta variant across the globe,adequate infection control practices like masking,social distancing,appropriate PPE and hand sanitization and vaccination are mandatory.However,disease severity is milder post vaccination.It is important to distinguish symptoms of side effects post vaccination from COVID infection even in vaccinated HCW in pandemic.
