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Many fruits and vegetables are sensitive to ethylene, which upon prolonged exposure induces the deterioration of food quality, such as change in taste, odour and colour, or microbial growth. Therefore, ethylene scavengers in packages can be used to limit ethylene accumulation. Ethylene scavengers extend the shelf life and retain the original food q...
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... production leads to an increase in the biosynthesis of carotenoids in tomatoes. Recently, Kaewklin et al. (2018) developed chitosan-based ethylene scavenging films (Fig. 5) incorporated with nano-TiO 2 to preserve the quality and extend the storage life by 14 days of Korean cherry tomatoes. These films showed ethylene photo-degradation, which might contribute to delay the ripening and prolong the storage period of the most widely consumed fresh ...
Citations
... 1. Antioxidants (Vitamin C, vitamin E, butylated hydroxytoluene) (Gómez-Estaca et al., 2014) 2. Antimicrobials (Essential oils, enzymes, phenolic compounds) (Ribeiro-Santos et al., 2017) 3. Scavengers or absorbers (Oxygen scavengers, carbon dioxide absorbers or emitters, ethylene scavengers, and moisture controllers) (Gaikwad, Singh and Negi, 2020). ...
... PET trays are commonly utilized for the packaging of fresh meat and produce. The majority of polymeric films that possess antifogging properties are comprised of PET, a material commonly utilized in various food packaging applications (Gaikwad et al. 2020). The necessity for PET within the food industry will continue unabated until a viable substitute can be identified. ...
Microplastic pollution has emerged as a global environmental concern due to its potential adverse impacts on ecosystems and human health. Among the various sources of microplastics, tyres, bitumen wear, and plastic bottles are recognized as significant contributors to the contamination of terrestrial and aquatic environments. The abrasion of tyre treads and degradation of tyre walls release substantial amounts of microplastic particles into the environment. Over time, traffic and environmental factors lead to the wear and degradation of bitumen surfaces, resulting in the generation of microplastics. The presence of plastic polymers in road bitumen, such as microbeads or polymer-modified bitumen, further exacerbates the release of microplastics into the environment. The mitigation of microplastic pollution requires concerted efforts at multiple levels. Strategies such as promoting sustainable tyre manufacturing practices, developing alternative road construction materials with reduced microplastic release, and enhancing waste management systems to minimize plastic bottle pollution are crucial. Furthermore, public awareness, policy interventions, and international collaborations are essential to address these major sources of microplastics and mitigate their detrimental impacts on the environment.
... In addition, a technology that embeds an ethylene scavenger into active packaging could prolong the shelf lives of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers. An ethylene scavenger can be either an absorber (which absorbs and entraps ethylene) or a scavenger (which absorbs water through the chemical reaction between two materials) (Gaikwad et al., 2020). Furthermore, antimicrobial packaging enhances food's nutritional and sensory qualities, with minimal preservation techniques needed (Vermeiren et al., 2000;Sung et al., 2013). ...
Fresh-cut flowers are considered to be one of the most delicate and challenging commercial crops. It is important to take into consideration how to minimize loss during storage and transportation when preserving cut flowers. Many impinging (bad effect) forces can interact to shorten the flowers' vase life. In the flower industry, effective methods need to be developed to extend freshly cut flowers' life. Fresh-cut flowers' vase life can be shortened by a variety of interlocking causes. The flower industry must develop new techniques to extend the flowers' vase lifespan. This review provides comprehensive, up-to-date information on classical, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), and controlled atmosphere packaging (CAP) displays. According to this review, a promising packaging technique for fresh flowers can be achieved through smart packaging. A smart package is one that incorporates new technology to increase its functionality. This combines active packaging, nanotechnology, and intelligence. This technology makes it easier to keep an eye on the environmental variables that exist around the packaged flowers to enhance their quality. This article offers a comprehensive overview of creative flower-saving packaging ideas that reduce flower losses and assist growers in handling more effectively their flower inventory. To guarantee the quality of flowers throughout the marketing chain, innovative packaging techniques and advanced packaging technologies should be adopted to understand various package performances. This will provide the consumer with cut flowers of standard quality. Furthermore, sustainable packaging is achieved with circular packaging. We can significantly reduce packaging waste's environmental impact by designing reused or recyclable packaging.
... In addition, a technology that embeds an ethylene scavenger into active packaging could prolong the shelf lives of fruits, vegetables, and cut flowers. An ethylene scavenger can be either an absorber (which absorbs and entraps ethylene) or a scavenger (which absorbs water through the chemical reaction between two materials) (Gaikwad et al., 2020). Furthermore, antimicrobial packaging enhances food's nutritional and sensory qualities, with minimal preservation techniques needed (Vermeiren et al., 2000;Sung et al., 2013). ...
Fresh-cut flowers are considered to be one of the most delicate and challenging commercial crops. It is important to take into consideration how to minimize loss during storage and transportation when preserving cut flowers. Many impinging (bad effect) forces can interact to shorten the flowers’ vase life. In the flower industry, effective methods need to be developed to extend freshly cut flowers’ life. Fresh-cut flowers’ vase life can be shortened by a variety of interlocking causes. The flower industry must develop new techniques to extend the flowers’ vase lifespan. This review provides comprehensive, up-to-date information on classical, modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), and controlled atmosphere packaging (CAP) displays. According to this review, a promising packaging technique for fresh flowers can be achieved through smart packaging. A smart package is one that incorporates new technology to increase its functionality. This combines active packaging, nanotechnology, and intelligence. This technology makes it easier to keep an eye on the environmental variables that exist around the packaged flowers to enhance their quality. This article offers a comprehensive overview of creative flower-saving packaging ideas that reduce flower losses and assist growers in handling more effectively their flower inventory. To guarantee the quality of flowers throughout the marketing chain, innovative packaging techniques and advanced packaging technologies should be adopted to understand various package performances. This will provide the consumer with cut flowers of standard quality. Furthermore, sustainable packaging is achieved with circular packaging. We can significantly reduce packaging waste’s environmental impact by designing reused or recyclable packaging.
... The mechanism of scavenging is through reactive oxygen species, which are produced on the TiO 2 surface following exposure to UV light (<380 nm), thus further oxidizing ethylene into carbon dioxide and water. This catalytic system does not need high temperatures or pressure for scavenging, and it is less energy-demanding compared to thermal catalytic oxidation [10]. The above properties are what make this catalytic system an excellent option for the removal of ethylene from the transport and sale conditions of F&Vs sensitive to this gas. ...
It is known that ethylene plays an important role in the quality characteristics of fruits, especially in storage. To avoid the deterioration of fruits caused by ethylene, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been used due to its photocatalytic capacity. The aim of this study was to develop films based on two types of biopolymers, Mater-Bi (MB) and poly-lactic acid (PLA), with nanoparticles of TiO2 and to determine their ethylene removal capacity and its application in bananas. First, the films were fabricated through an extrusion process with two different concentrations of TiO2 (5 and 10% w/w). Then, the films were characterized by their structural (FTIR), morphological (SEM), thermal (DSC and TGA), dynamic (DMA), barrier, and mechanical properties. The ethylene removal capacities of the samples were determined via gas chromatography and an in vivo study was also conducted with bananas for 10 days of storage. Regarding the characterization of the films, it was possible to determine that there was a higher interaction between PLA with nano-TiO2 than MB; moreover, TiO2 does not agglomerate and has a larger contact surface in PLA films. Because of this, a higher ethylene removal was also shown by PLA, especially with 5% TiO2. The in vivo study also showed that the 5% TiO2 films maintained their quality characteristics during the days in storage. For these reasons, it is possible to conclude that the films have the capacity to remove ethylene. Therefore, the development of TiO2 films is an excellent alternative for the preservation of fresh fruits.
... Ethylene (C 2 H 4 ) is a volatile phytohormone responsible for various physiological functions, ripening, and plant growth. Postharvest ripening and deterioration in perishable foods increased due to the production of ethylene gas at a higher rate (Gaikwad et al., 2020). So, controlling ethylene gas has become critical for a longer fruits and vegetable shelf life. ...
Natural and chemical-free material in food packaging applications has gained interest globally with increasing demand for human health and environmental concerns. The present research aimed to develop a mineral and clay-based ethylene scavenger by mixing Sillimanite (Al 2 SiO 5) and Bentonite (Al 2 H 2 O 6 Si) at different ratios to protect the deterioration of fruits and vegetables. The samples were prepared in different proportions of Sillimanite and Bentonite on a weight basis and named SL/BT (100:0), SL/BT (80:20), SL/BT (70:30), and SL/BT (50:50). The ethylene ad-sorption capacity of the samples was studied for 21 days under three conditions, i.e., 29±3°C and 55 ± 3% RH, 25°C and 75 ± 2% RH, 55°C, and 99 ± 1% RH. The scanning electron mi-croscopy (SEM) result determines the average particle size of sillimanite (80-100 nm) and ben-tonite (80-110 nm. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) result shows the surface area and pore volume of the sillimanite (8.42 m 2 /g and 0.039 cc/g) and bentonite (20.765 m 2 /g, 0.073 cc/g), higher surface area and pore volume result in higher ethylene adsorption. FTIR was performed to analyze the functional group changes after ethylene adsorption. The samples kept at 29±3°C and 55 ± 3% RH showed the highest ethylene adsorption capacity of 84%. From the above study, the mineral clay-based material can effectively enhance the shelf life of fruits and vegetable packaging .
... In addition, functional nanoparticles can improve barrier properties, durability, and thermal stability (Bumbudsanpharoke et al., 2015;González-Estrada et al., 2021). In active packaging, some nanoparticles such as oxygen and ethylene scavengers, antioxidants, and antimicrobial agents are intentionally added into the polymeric matrix in order to prevent oxidation, microorganisms, moisture gain, etc., therefore, improving the shelf-life of food (Ashfaq et al., 2022;Gaikwad et al., 2020). Nanosensors have been one of the most successful outcomes of nanotechnology, especially for highly perishable foods. ...
Nowadays, the food waste is a problem worldwide in the food industry caused by several factors. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), more than 1.3 billion metric tons per year of food is wasted throughout the supply chain due to problems in postharvest techniques, during the storage, transport facilities, market, and even in consumer’s home (FAO, 2019). The use and application of nanomaterials can impact on the food industry positively due to their ability to protect the food products (Nile et al., 2020). Nanostructured material has enormous potential to provide innovative improvements to a food product to meet the demands of today’s consumers with positive effects on the supply and bioavailability of nutrients (satiety, weight control, pleasant sensations from eating, health, among others) (Yildirim et al., 2018; Ojeda et al., 2019). The United States National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI)
defined nanomaterials (NMs) as materials with at least one dimension in the scale of 1�100 nm. They can be classified into three classes of food materials: (1) organic NMs (lipids, proteins, and nutritional attributes); (2) inorganic NMs (metal and metal oxide); (3) combined organic and inorganic (antimicrobials, antioxidants, permeability, and rigidity regulators) (Peters et al., 2017). These nanoparticles are designed and synthesized to have composition and physicochemical properties that lead to specific desire functional attributes for customer products such as food packaging, additives, and food preservation (Prajitha et al., 2019; Dudefoi et al., 2017). At present, there are numerous possibilities for their future application in the food industry (Yong-Jin et al., 2008). Interestingly, NMs can be used not only as individual treatments but also combined with other substances. The objective of this chapter was to summarize recent information about the techniques, properties of NMs as well as their diverse applications for fruit and vegetables production.
... Fruits and vegetables are sensitive to ethylene; prolonged exposure is detrimental and causes deterioration of food quality, such as changes in taste, odor, or microbial growth. Ethylene scavengers in packaging increase food's shelf life and preserve the original flavor (Gaikwad et al., 2020;Kumar et al., 2023). HNT's porous structure, surface adsorption capabilities, food-safe quality, and their performance as polymer nanofillers make HNTs excellent ethylene gas absorbers in food packaging (Gaikwad et al., 2018(Gaikwad et al., , 2020. ...
... Ethylene scavengers in packaging increase food's shelf life and preserve the original flavor (Gaikwad et al., 2020;Kumar et al., 2023). HNT's porous structure, surface adsorption capabilities, food-safe quality, and their performance as polymer nanofillers make HNTs excellent ethylene gas absorbers in food packaging (Gaikwad et al., 2018(Gaikwad et al., , 2020. While HNTs are good absorbers, they form inconvenient diffusion pathways for oxygen and water within the polymer matrix, further retaining the freshness of food. ...
Halloysite clay nanotubes (HNTs) are unique porous aluminosilicates that have assumed the role of a multiplex, adaptable, low-cost, and sustainably sourced nanocomposite across a vast array of applications. HNTs have presented diverse opportunities to researchers from different fields, leading to substantial advances in the applications and innovative uses of HNT as a multifaceted nanocomposite in smart system designs. This review focuses on the role of HNTs in intelligent systems that have wholly realized the potential of HNTs and discusses the important structural, chemical, and physical properties of HNTs concerning different applications and as a core element in complex systems. This review highlights the key challenges HNT-based nanocomposites address and provides prospects for the potential applications of HNTs. This review found that smart materials take advantage of the structure, composition, and morphology of HNTs simultaneously, achieving application-specific results due to the passive and active impact of the HNTs on other elements of the smart system and the surrounding environment. Pioneering efforts stemming from the assortment of performance-enhancing options HNTs can offer have revived the application potential of sustainable materials, which have conventionally suffered from low stability, retention, effectiveness, poor mechanical performance, or overall material incompatibility. Furthermore, the dynamic behavior of the HNTs rising from the structural stability of these natural nanotubes across various physical and chemical conditions has permitted researchers to design smart systems based on the operative contributions of HNTs to application-oriented material performance under fluctuating settings. This review highlighted how HNTs are poised to be a component of next-generation materials in sectors vital to sustainable development, ranging from biotechnology to energy storage.
... Freshly harvested fruits and vegetables are highly sensitive to oxygen, water permeability, and ethylene which are primarily responsible for the degradation of food quality [50]. Thus, food packaging plays an important role in resolving this issue. ...
Nanotechnology is a novel and promising technology that has been introduced into many fields, including medicine, agriculture, and the food industry. For the food industry, nanotechnology is of great interest as an emerging technology in the area of food processing, safety, and packaging. For example, nanotechnology can be used in food processing to enhance the overall quality of food including, taste, flavor, bioavailability, and can also help to extend product shelf life. With regard to food safety, nanotechnology is utilized to detect pathogens and toxins in food products and to strengthen barrier properties. Additionally, nanotechnology is widely used in food packaging as an antimicrobial and to produce intelligent packaging. However, nanoparticles may have a potential toxicity risk to human health. Therefore, establishing an adequate regulatory system to manage the potential risks associated with nanotechnology applications is recommended. This review covered nanotechnology in food safety and packaging, classifications, and safety concerns.
... i. Using Ethylene Scrubbers such as potassium permanganate or activated charcoal. Ethylene scrubbers which can also be classified under ethylene scavengers [28], are devices that actively remove ethylene from the air through chemical reactions or adsorption [29]. Scrubbers typically use materials such as potassium permanganate [29,30], activated carbon, or zeolite [31], de Bruijn et al., 2020) to absorb or oxidize ethylene molecules. ...
... Ethylene absorption filters are passive devices placed within transport containers or storage units. These filters contain absorbent materials that capture and trap ethylene such as potassium permanganate salt loaded on membranes composed of alumina nanofibers [33], preventing its accumulation and reducing its concentration [28,1]. ...
Ethylene is a plant hormone that plays a significant role in the ripening and senescence of fruits and vegetables. While ethylene is essential for many agricultural processes, it can also be detrimental to fresh produce during transport and storage. High levels of ethylene exposure can lead to premature ripening, reduced shelf life, and increased spoilage, resulting in significant economic losses for growers, shippers, and retailers. This paper aims to explore the management of ethylene in fresh produce. The objectives of this study are to investigate the ethylene content in various farm produce, identify factors contributing to ethylene production, assess the impact of ethylene exposure on post-harvest quality, explore ethylene management methods and techniques, and make recommendations for ethylene management. The research hypothesis is that ethylene-61 sensitive produce will exhibit a decreased shelf life and accelerated ripening when exposed to higher ethylene concentrations. Conversely, implementing effective ethylene management strategies, such as reducing ethylene exposure or utilizing ethylene inhibitors, will result in a prolonged lifespan and improved post-harvest quality of the produce. The findings of this study could improve fresh produce's quality and marketability, as well as reduce waste and advance sustainable agriculture practices.
