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Actinosepia landmani n. sp. BHI-5855, paratype, POAZ, H. nicolletii Zone, Trail City Member, Fox Hills Formation, South Dakota; scale bar = 1 cm.
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... this is a 'split' all are non-tuberculate. The first lateral rib has an angle of 11º off the median and the second lateral rib has an angle of 20º off the median keel. There is a round hole present on the left side of the median rib close to the anterior edge resembling the cross-section of a tooth and indicating vertebrate predation. BHI-5855 (Fig. 5), paratype, has a nearly complete median field but lacks the lateral fields and the apex. The anterior, scalloped edge is nearly complete. The first lateral rib has an angle of 11.5º off the median and the second lateral rib has an angle of 22º off the median keel. The gladius measures 10.8 x 27.2 cm long. There are two round "tooth" ...
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... Exposures of this Formation extend over much of northern and central Montana (U.S.A.) as well as in the southern part of Alberta and Saskatchewan (Canada). The lithostratigraphic interval represented by the Bearpaw Formation separates two major clastic wedges: in ascending order the Belly River and Edmonton groups, both renowned for their remarkable fossil record and studies on the evolution of clastic systems (Russel and Chamney, 1967;Dodson, 1971Dodson, , 1990Currie and Koppelhus, 2005;Larson, 2010;Larson et al., 2013;Eberth et al., 2013;Cullen and Evans, 2016;Gilbert, 2019). As the Bearpaw Formation has a complex lateral relationship with the correlative non-marine units of the Belly River and Edmonton groups, previous sequence stratigraphic studies investigated the possibility of defining mappable transgressive-regressive (T-R) sequences across Alberta, integrating exposures and geophysical well-log signatures. ...
This study presents the first integrated, high-resolution stratigraphic analysis of a large area of the Cretaceous Western Interior Basin in Alberta (western Canada), providing new tools to discriminate sedimentary processes and stratigraphic patterns of transgressive-regressive (T-R) cycles in correlative marine and non-marine domains. We integrate gamma ray well-log analysis, measured sections, and paleontological data to determine sediment accumulation and distribution during the second-order T-R cycle of the late Campanian Western Interior Seaway over a previously unstudied area encompassing approximately 97,000 km² of the Alberta foreland basin. The Bearpaw Formation, historically regarded as the product of a single transgression, is shown to include two T-R cycles, whose timing is constrained by new chronostratigraphic data that provides an unprecedented resolution (~200 kyr) for the Cretaceous of western North America. Seven reference stratigraphic markers were mapped across the study area from the marine deposits into the fluvial domains. 3D-modelled stratigraphic surfaces and stratigraphic intervals resulted in isopach maps for consecutive systems tracts, allowing detailed interpretations of their architecture and patterns of sediment accumulation. Our analysis provides paleogeographic maps for the Western Interior Seaway, focusing primarily on the evidence of the paleo-coastlines during the documented cycles. The distribution of fine-grained, primarily marine, sediments resulted in an effective seal for hydrocarbon accumulation in the Belly River Group. Further oil migration upsection, within the Edmonton group, was prevented by the occurrence of these sealing units. Data support the interpretation that eustasy provided the main control on the evolution of the Western Interior Seaway during the late Campanian.
... The reproductive strategy of these advanced coleoids remained unchanged: all known representatives produced small eggs (Fig. 7). Many studied Jurassic-Cretaceous representatives of the belemnite genera Acrocoelites, Aulacoteuthis, Dactyloteuthis, Dicoelites, Hibolithes, Holcobelus, Lissajousibelus, Pachybelemnopsis, Pachyteuthis, Parapassaloteuthis, Eocylindroteuthis, Somalibelus, Belemnopsis, and Cylindroteuthis were characterized by a maximum size of IC of ∼0.3-0.6 mm (Pugaczewska 1961;Jeletzky 1966;Kabanov 1967;Barskov 1973;Bandel et al. 1984;Mariotti and Pignatti 1990;Doguzhaeva et al. 2003Doguzhaeva et al. , 2014Larson 2010;Doguzhaeva and Bengtson 2011;Arkhipkin et al. 2015;Weis et al. 2015;Doguzhaeva and Meléndez 2017;Ippolitov and Desai 2019), so their eggs were small and hatchlings pelagic, as in the modern epipelagic oceanic squid families Ommastrephidae, Enoploteuthidae, and Thysanoteuthidae (Nigmatullin and Laptikhovsky 1994;Nigmatullin and Arkhipkin 1998;Laptikhovsky 1999). Modern deep-sea cephalopods generally produce larger eggs, but deep waters were not available to belemnites due to the risk of shell implosion (see Westermann 1973). ...
Coleoid cephalopods exhibited two distinct reproductive strategies, resulting in small pelagic and large demersal hatchlings, both in the geologic past and recently. In ectocochleate cephalopods, the hatching event is recorded in shell structures (e.g., nepionic constrictions, ultrastructural shifts, or ornamentation differences). In contrast, well-defined hatching markers do not exist on coleoid shells. Changes in septal spacing may be evidence of hatching (e.g., some extant sepiids), but not in all fossil groups. In the present study, we subdivide the early ontogenetic shells of phragmocone-bearing coleoids (belemnoids, spirulids, and sepiids) into key architectural stages and describe their reference to the hatching event. Belemnoids exhibit three key stages, the second of which is here considered to occur shortly before or after hatching. In spirulids and sepiids, there is only one key stage. In Mesozoic belemnoids, spirulids, and sepiids, hatching accordingly occurred with a total shell length of less than 2 mm, which corresponds to mantle lengths of small planktonic hatchlings. Production of small pelagic hatchlings and thus small eggs was therefore the dominant reproductive strategy within the Coleoidea. The first evidence of enlarged hatchlings appeared during the Maastrichtian in Groenlandibelus. During the Eocene, the large-egg strategy apparently became more widespread, particularly in belosaepiids.
... Russell and Landes (1940) recorded Actinosepia canadensis from sandy shales from Manyberries (Alberta, Canada) (Bearpaw Formation, late Campanian) associated with a large molluscan fauna which contained two lucinids (PDB 82638). Larson (2010) noted Actinosepia canadensis presence in North America and noted its preva-lence in the Bearpaw Shale of Alberta and Montana. Actinosepia canadensis was also recorded from argillaceous siltstone of the Hoploscaphites nicolletii ammonoid zone, Trail City Member and Timber Lake Member (Fox Hills Formation, late Maastrichtian) from the Black Hills (South Dakota, USA) associated with large molluscan faunas including a lucinid bivalve (Landman and Waage, 1993;PDB 88510, 88511). ...
Except for the New World and Antarctica, cuttlefish are currently found globally in seagrass and other environments. They had an origin in the Late Cretaceous in the North Atlantic. Although cuttlefish are generally rare, Belosaepiidae may locally be more common. These and Sepiidae are recorded in faunal collections that may have come from the proximity of past seagrass environments. By the middle Eocene, cuttlefish may have evolved into modern Sepia. The record of cuttlefish in the New World ceased by the end of the Eocene, possibly as a result of climate cooling. The lack of cuttlefish in the New World continues to the present day. The distribution of cuttlefish during the Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic are strongly clustered in the North Atlantic
area including Tethys where seagrass had its origin and from which it later radiated globally. Cuttlefish had a relationship with seagrass, which was formed in the Late Cretaceous and this continues to the present day. This fidelity may be due to cuttlefish behaviours in seagrass including feeding, protection, reproduction and seagrass acting as nursery. Fossil cuttlefish are nearly restricted to seagrass environments, which provided the appropriate preservational conditions. Future taphonomic studies may provide reasons for their rarity and near absence from other environments.
... Mesozoic gladii mainly grow along their rims; growth in thickness may occur only locally to form longitudinal ridges or keels on the median field (Fuchs 2016). It is important to note that, among all Mesozoic gladii, the rachis-like median field of muensterelloids, in particular that of enchoteuthids, exhibits the most distinct secondary growth of all Mesozoic gladii (Larson 2010). It is perhaps due to the reduced state of the median field why Patelloctopus and Pearceiteuthis lack any evidence of secondary growth patterns. ...
Limpet-like and non-mineralized fossils from the upper Kimmeridgian Nusplingen Plattenkalk are identified as internal
shells of coleoid cephalopods, more specifically as octobrachian gladii. The significantly reduced median field provokes
us to consider this new gladius type to be shorter than the mantle length. It is consequently seen as a vestigial gladius. The
first recognition of an unpaired gladius vestige in the fossil record sheds new light on the evolutionary history of the gladius
vestiges of incirrate and cirrate Octopoda. Patelloctopus ilgi sp. nov. is most similar to Callovian Pearceiteuthis buyi in
having a rudimentary median field with an extraordinary large opening angle and radiating ribs on the lateral fields. Both P.
ilgi sp. nov. and P. buyi are therefore combined in the new family Patelloctopodidae. The patella-shaped lateral fields of the
gladius vestige exposes Patelloctopus and Pearceiteuthis as members of the superfamily Muensterelloidea, which includes,
apart from Patelloctopodidae, the Muensterellidae and Enchoteuthidae. The unpaired patelloctopodid gladius vestige is
morphologically intermediate between the muensterelloid gladius type and the paired (bipartite) gladius vestige of Late
Cretaceous Palaeoctopodidae (Palaeoctopus, Keuppia). The gladius vestige morphology suggests that the mode of locomotion
and the life style of these shallow water inhabitants were similar to those of extant deep-sea octopods (Cirrata) and that
the Patelloctopodidae represents the stem group of the Octopoda (Cirrata and Incirrata), although Patelloctopus ilgi sp. nov.
might alternatively be a stem incirrate.
... Mesozoic gladii mainly grow along their rims; growth in thickness may occur only locally to form longitudinal ridges or keels on the median ield (Fuchs 2016). It is important to note that, among all Mesozoic gladii, the rachis-like median ield of muensterelloids, in particular that of enchoteuthids, exhibits the most distinct secondary growth of all Mesozoic gladii (Larson 2010). It is perhaps due to the reduced state of the median ield why Patelloctopus and Pearceiteuthis lack any evidence of secondary growth patterns. ...
Limpet-like and non-mineralized fossils from the upper Kimmeridgian Nusplingen Plattenkalk are identified as internal shells of coleoid cephalopods, more specifically as octobrachian gladii. The significantly reduced median field provokes us to consider this new gladius type to be shorter than the mantle length. It is consequently seen as a vestigial gladius. The first recognition of an unpaired gladius vestige in the fossil record sheds new light on the evolutionary history of the gladius vestiges of incirrate and cirrate Octopoda. Patelloctopus ilgi sp. nov. is most similar to Callovian Pearceiteuthis buyi in having a rudimentary median field with an extraordinary large opening angle and radiating ribs on the lateral fields. Both P. ilgi sp. nov. and P. buyi are therefore combined in the new family Patelloctopodidae. The patella-shaped lateral fields of the gladius vestige exposes Patelloctopus and Pearceiteuthis as members of the superfamily Muensterelloidea, which includes, apart from Patelloctopodidae, the Muensterellidae and Enchoteuthidae. The unpaired patelloctopodid gladius vestige is morphologically intermediate between the muensterelloid gladius type and the paired (bipartite) gladius vestige of Late Cretaceous Palaeoctopodidae (Palaeoctopus, Keuppia). The gladius vestige morphology suggests that the mode of locomotion and the life style of these shallow water inhabitants were similar to those of extant deep-sea octopods (Cirrata) and that the Patelloctopodidae represents the stem group of the Octopoda (Cirrata and Incirrata), although Patelloctopus ilgi sp. nov. might alternatively be a stem incirrate.
... Remarks: Late Cretaceous genera such as Enchoteuthis Miller and Walker, 1968, Niobrarateuthis Miller, 1957, and Tusoteuthis Logan, 1898 were placed within the Muensterellidae until Larson (2010) separated them and erected the family Enchoteuthidae. "Muensterella" tonii Wade, 1995 from the Lower Cretaceous of Australia is in this context regarded as a member of the Enchoteuthidae (own observation). ...
... The limpet-like gladius unambiguously identifies E. martilli n. sp. as a muensterelloid teudopseid. The lack of a long free rachis excludes affinities with Enchoteuthidae (see Larson, 2010) and instead favours affinities with the Muensterellidae. E. martilli n. sp. ...
A concretion from the lower Tithonian Kimmeridge Clay Formation (Pectinatus Zone) found by Steve Etches yielded a gladius of a coleoid cephalopod. It is peculiar in shape and has an unusual ornamentation of radiating ribs and tubercles. The new form is named Etchesia martilli n. gen. n. sp. and preliminarily placed within the octobrachian family Muensterellidae based on its limpet-like gladius. Through the presence of radiating ribs as well as the absence of a narrow anterior rachis E. martilli n. gen. n. sp. is similar to Pearceiteuthis buyi from the Oxford Clay Formation (Callovian). The new muensterellid is unique in having an enrolled patella apex, which is located close to the posterior gladius rim. E. martilli n. gen. n. sp. represents the first muensterellid coleoid from the Kimmeridge Clay Formation. A phylogenetic relationship of E. martilli n. gen. n. sp. (and Pearceiteuthis) with cirrate and incirrate octopods is discussed, although further information on soft parts such as the muscular mantle is necessary.
... Seaway of North America (Waage, 1965;Nicholls and Isaak, 1987;Larson, 2010), in the common occurrences of A. canadensis and T. longa (Fuchs et al., 2007). ...
Seven coleoid jaws recovered from Santonian to lower Campanian (Upper Cretaceous) strata in Hokkaido,
Japan were taxonomically studied. Based on the comparison with the jaws of modern and fossil
coleoids, six of the seven jaw fossils are referred to the following two genera and three species, including
one possible new species: Nanaimoteuthis jeletzkyi and N. yokotai of the order Vampyromorpha, and
Paleocirroteuthis sp. nov. (?) of the order Cirroctopodida. The other single lower jaw is seemingly similar
to those of modern octopods and teuthids with respect to the shape of the inner lamella, but its order-level
assignment could not be determined because of its imperfect preservation. N. jeletzkyi has been
described in the Upper Cretaceous fore-arc basin deposits in Hokkaido (Yezo Group) and Vancouver
Island, Canada (Nanaimo Group), whereas N. yokotai occurs only in the Yezo Group. These findings,
complemented by previous reports of coleoid jaws, gladii, and phragmocones from the Yezo and
Nanaimo Groups, demonstrate that a highly diversified, non-belemnitid coleoid fauna including large
teuthids had already appeared during the post-Albian Late Cretaceous, in the North Pacific region.
... anterior median field can be constricted; hyperbolar zones very weakly arcuated, indistinct. (Green 1977;Engeser 1988;Larson 2010), whereas the latter has been reinterpreted as an First coleoid cephalopods from the Upper Cenomanian of Sicily insect wing by Rehn (1939). In addition, Naef (1922) tentatively included the Late Cretaceous genus Tusoteuthis Logan, 1898 (see also Jeletzky 1966 Miller, 1957) in Palaeololiginidae, but, as explained above, the latter genera are typified by large gladii with a solid rachis-like median field that does not reach the posterior gladius end. ...
... nov., assignment to this suborder is reasonable as the anteriorly rachis-like median field suggests affiliations with two teudopseid families: Palaeololiginidae and Muensterellidae. The latter family, typified by Cretaceous forms such as Tusoteuthis, Enchoteuthis and Niobrarateuthis, is unique in having a rachislike median field that does not reach the posterior gladius end, which thus appears patella (capulus)-like (Fuchs et al. 2003;Larson 2010). Instead, the presence of a narrow median field equal in length to the total gladius length, as well as lanceolate lateral fields, justifies placement of M. nebrodensis sp. ...
Our knowledge about the evolutionary history of coleoid cephalopods is mainly based on a few evolutionary windows. In particular, palaeogeographical data is strongly limited; every new fossil locality yielding coleoid remains is therefore of exceptional interest. Here, we describe the first coleoids from the Upper Cenomanian of Sicily (southern Italy). The material includes two fragmentary gladii, identified as Marekites nebrodensis sp. nov. and Rachiteuthis? sp. These two related taxa from the north-western Mediterranean region differ from most of their contemporaries in the south-eastern Mediterranean Lebanon fauna. Owing to their lanceolate posterior gladius, both taxa are classified as members of the Palaeololiginidae, a previously poorly defined family of Mesozoic gladius-bearing octobrachians. In the light of our observations, the family can now be characterized by its very gently arcuate hyperbolar zone, as well as the occurrence of a constriction of the median field. Marekites nebrodensis sp. nov. confirms that Cretaceous palaeololiginids share a relatively longer free (rachis-like) median field than their Jurassic forerunner Palaeololigo. Besides systematic-morphological implications, the higher level phylogenetic position of Paleololiginidae is discussed. In this context, we reject the idea of Palaeololiginidae as early bathyteuthoid decabrachians.
http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:075B36B1-2ECF-406F-AD99-79C98B06C271
... Landman & Waage (1986) proposed that the coleoids Actinosepia and Belemnitella produced sub-lethal predatory injuries on ammonoids. Indeed, belemnoid and vampyropod coleoids have been reported from the Campanian and Maastrichtian of the Western Interior Province (see review by Larson 2010). The jaw apparatus of modern and fossil coleoids is composed entirely of chitinous material without a calcified tip, but the anterior rostral portion in the upper and lower jaws is sharply pointed (Tanabe et al. , 2008bKlug et al. 2010;Tanabe 2012); hence, it seems likely that vampyropod and belemnoid coleoids could have been capable of producing lethal ventral bite marks on the scaphitid shells. ...
This study is the first to report a trend of predation intensity on scaphitid ammonoids from the Turonian to the Maastrichtian (Late Cretaceous) on the basis of analysis of ventral shell breakage in large samples from the US Western Interior Province. Analysis of 835 adult specimens revealed ventral shell breakage in 50 specimens. In most of the damaged specimens, the breakage occurred in a preferred position at the rear part of the body chamber. Ventral breakage is rare in the Turonian specimens, whereas it is common in the Campanian and Maastrichtian specimens. The shell diameter of adult scaphitid ammonoids tends to increase with time. The position of the breakage and the absence of repairs indicate that the ventral breakage resulted from lethal predation. Based on the incidence of breakage and the size and shape of the breaks, possible predators include fish, reptiles and cephalopods such as Placenticeras, Eutrephoceras and coleoids. Our statistical analysis of ventral shell breakage indicates that the incidence of lethal predation increased in conjunction with an increase in adult shell size, suggesting that the body size of the prey was an important factor in predator–prey interactions. In addition, the predatory damage is more extensive in larger adults.
... Discussion.-Vampyromorphid coleoid lower jaws comparable in overall morphology and size to those of the present genus are hitherto unknown in the fossil record. However, large gladii of vampyromorphid genera Tusoteuthis Logan, 1898,of the suborder Mesoteuthina Naef, 1921, and Actinosepia Whiteaves, 1897, of the suborder Teudopseina Starobogatov, 1983, have been reported from the Campanian strata of Vancouver Island (Fuchs et al. 2007) in addition to the Campanian and Maastrichtian rocks in the Western Interior Province of North America (Whiteaves 1897;Logan 1898;Waaage 1965;Nicholls and Isaak 1987;Larson 2010). The extremely large lower jaws of Nanaimoteuthis and gladii of Tusoteuthis and Actinosepia seem to suggest their taxonomic affinity, but this hypothesis should be verified from future discoveries of exceptionally well-preserved fossils showing a gladius-jaw apparatus association. ...
The origin and phylogenetic relationships of most modern coleoid groups have not yet been explained by reliable fossil evidence, in large part because of the reduction or disappearance of a calcified chambered shell during their evolutionary history. Herein we describe two exceptionally large coleoid lower jaws from the Upper Cretaceous strata in Hokkaido, Japan. On the basis of the comparison of gross morphology and morphometric data of the lower jaws of modern and fossil coleoids, we assigned the two lower jaws to the following new taxa: Nanaimoteuthis hikidai sp. nov. of the order Vampyromorpha (superorder Octobrachia) and Haboroteuthis poseidon gen. et sp. nov. of the order Teuthida (superorder Decabrachia). The lower jaw of N. hikidai is distinguished from other species of the same genus from the Upper Cretaceous of Vancouver Island (Canada) and Hokkaido by having a broader, more anteriorly curved hood of the outer lamella. The lower jaw of H. poseidon seemingly exhibits mosaic features like those of modern teuthids and sepiids but is assigned to Teuthida on the basis of the overall shape of the outer lamella and the development of a distinct fold on the lateral wall. Because of the unusually large lower jaws, these new taxa appear to be comparable in body size to modern giant squids (Architeuthis spp.) and the Humboldt squid (Dosidicus gigas). This and other discoveries of large jaws referable to octobrachian and decabrachian coleoids from the Upper Cretaceous strata of the North Pacific fill the gap in the relatively poor fossil
record of mainly soft-bodied coleoids.
