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Acryptolaria bulbosa (Stechow, 1932). (A) Part of branch showing hydrothecal arrangement; (B-D) hydrothecae. All drawings from the holotype. Scale bar: 400 mm.
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The genus Acryptolaria is reviewed, with a complete redescription of the type specimens, with the exception of A. andersoni and A. rectangularis for which type material could not be located. The genus includes 16 valid species, though A. andersoni is insufficiently known. All records found in the literature have been checked. The cnidome proved to...
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Citations
... Allman 1888; Ritchie 1911). This, together with the poor original descriptions of many nominal species, prompted Peña Cantero et al. (2007) to carry out a revision of the genus based on the study of type specimens, re-describing most of the known species, and including information about the cnidome, which, ignored until then, turned to be a useful tool for species identification. Peña Cantero et al. (2007) reported 16 valid species of Acryptolaria known at that time. ...
... This, together with the poor original descriptions of many nominal species, prompted Peña Cantero et al. (2007) to carry out a revision of the genus based on the study of type specimens, re-describing most of the known species, and including information about the cnidome, which, ignored until then, turned to be a useful tool for species identification. Peña Cantero et al. (2007) reported 16 valid species of Acryptolaria known at that time. Soon after, Peña Cantero & Vervoort (2010) added an astonishing number of species new to science, mainly from the New Caledonia area, after studying the species of Acryptolaria present in the large hydroid collection gathered by several French expeditions in the western Pacific. ...
... After the study by Peña Cantero et al. (2007), it became evident that previous identifications were not reliable because of the lack of cnidome information, now recognized as essential for species distinction. As a result, despite having a relatively high diversity (36 species known so far), valid records are extremely scarce. ...
Acryptolaria is a worldwide genus of deep-water benthic hydroids. The genus has relatively high species diversity, with 36 species described so far, yet most of them have been reported only occasionally. As a result, scientific knowledge of their ecology and distribution is scarce. Here I present the results of the study of species of Acryptolaria collected during several Antarctic and sub-Antarctic expeditions under the United States Antarctic Research Program between 1958 and 1986. Eight species were found in the collection (plus one determined to the genus level), with A. operculata having the highest occurrence. Acryptolaria flabellum is reported for the second time; the study also represents the third record for A. corniformis and A. minuta. Despite the scarcity of records, most of the species studied seem to have a wide geographical distribution, which could be related to their deep-water bathymetric distribution and the deep-water circulation of the Great Ocean Conveyor Belt.
... Acryptolaria crassicaulis (Allman, 1888) ( Fig. 3A-B) Acryptolaria crassicaulis-Peña Cantero et al., 2007: 245-247, figs 6, 15D, 17E (synonymy); Peña Cantero & Vervoort, 2010: 282-283, figs 6, 30. ...
The deep-sea benthic hydroid fauna remains poorly known, in part because of less frequent sampling than the shelf fauna, in part owing to the immense study area, and partly also because available samples have been little studied by experts. In order to correct this, deep-sea benthic hydroid material from the modern Discovery Collections has been studied. Samples come from localities in the North-East Atlantic including the Porcupine Seabight, Porcupine Abyssal Plain, Rockall Trough, Rockall Bank, and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Sixteen species belonging to 12 families and 16 genera were found. Leptothecata are clearly dominant, being represented by 14 species; the remaining species belong to Anthoathecata. Lafoeidae and Tiarannidae are the most diverse families with three species each; the remaining families being represented by a single species. The low species diversity is remarkable at the generic level, with each genus being represented by a single species. Hydroid occurrence is low: twelve species were found in ≤ 9% of stations; Amphinema biscayana has the highest occurrence (27% of stations). Fifteen species were recorded in the Porcupine Seabight, two in the Rockall Trough, one at Rockall Bank, one on the Porcupine Abyssal Plain, and two at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The known bathymetric range for a third of the species is extended; the increase is particularly noteworthy in Amphinema biscayana, Acryptolaria crassicaulis, Clytia gigantea and Schizotricha profunda. Two distinct bathymetric groups are recognized: strictly deep-sea inhabitants and eurybathic species. Most species are globally distributed, some are widely distributed in the Atlantic, and others are limited to the North Atlantic or the Northeast Atlantic.
... Schizotricha binematotheka El Beshbeeshy, 2011 are currently considered junior synonyms of Acryptolaria operculata Stepanjants, 1979 and Schizotricha multifurcata Allman, 1883, respectively (Peña Cantero et al. 2007; Peña Cantero & Vervoort 1999). The binomen Oswaldella blanconae was proposed by El Beshbeeshy (1991) for material identified as O. antarctica (Jäderholm, 1904) by Blanco (1984). ...
Thirty new species of benthic leptothecate hydroids were described and named from Patagonia in a 1991 PhD dissertation by Mohamed El Beshbeeshy. Although constituting nomina nuda under provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN), the names of some species were used in several scientific publications between 1991 and 2011. In 2011, the dissertation of El Beshbeeshy was published in accordance with Article 8 of the ICZN. Several species-group names appearing in that work nevertheless fail to fully comply with certain articles of the code. The goal of this contribution is to review the nomenclatural availability of the names of those 30 new taxa, and to clearly establish the current status of El Beshbeeshy’s material. Two of them were made available in 1999 as part of studies other than those of El Beshbeeshy, and correct authorship and date is here noted. Twenty-one of the nomina nuda were made available in a work published by El Beshbeeshy in 2011, although some constitute junior synonyms. Six of the new species-group names appearing in both the 1991 and 2011 works, established following a literature review of Patagonian species, were proposed without re-description, or designation of name-bearing types, or locations of such types. Most of them do not meet criteria of availability and remain nomina nuda. The status of each is discussed to avoid additional nomenclatural errors and continued
taxonomic confusion.
... Other molecular analyses indicate that Lafoeidae includes species of Filellum, Lafoea, Cryptolaria and Acryptolaria (Moura et al. 43,50 , present study), but its taxonomic range could be wider, because Grammaria (6 species) and Cryptolarella (1 species) were not included in our analyses. Altogether, the relationship of both genera with other Lafoeidae has been supported by morphology 44,51 . Another pending question about phylogenetic affinities for this family is its relationship with Clathrozoidae 25,26 , a family with two monospecific genera that has not been sampled in any published molecular phylogenetic analysis. ...
... Additional references: Billard 54 ; Rees & Vervoort 55 ; Vervoort 56 ; Migotto & Marques 57 ; Schuchert 58 ; Marques et al. 59,60 ; Bouillon et al.30 ; Peña Cantero et al.51 . ...
Leptothecata are hydrozoans whose hydranths are covered by perisarc and gonophores and whose
medusae bear gonads on their radial canals. They develop complex polypoid colonies and exhibit
considerable morphological variation among species with respect to growth, defensive structures
and mode of development. For instance, several lineages within this order have lost the medusa
stage. Depending on the author, traditional taxonomy in hydrozoans may be either polyp- or medusaoriented.
Therefore, the absence of the latter stage in some lineages may lead to very different
classification schemes. Molecular data have proved useful in elucidating this taxonomic challenge. We
analyzed a super matrix of new and published rRNA gene sequences (16S, 18S and 28S), employing
newly proposed methods to measure branch support and improve phylogenetic signal. Our analysis
recovered new clades not recognized by traditional taxonomy and corroborated some recently
proposed taxa. We offer a thorough taxonomic revision of the Leptothecata, erecting new orders,
suborders, infraorders and families. We also discuss the origination and diversification dynamics of the
group from a macroevolutionary perspective.
... Remarks: See Peña Cantero et al. (2007) for a recent revision and review of the genus. Descriptions of more species and a key to the species of the western Pacifi c are given in Peña Cantero & Vervoort (2010). ...
This paper gives a systematic account of 32 hydroid species identified in a small collection originating from the Okinawa Islands. While most species are well-known from Japanese waters, three new species and five new records for Japan were found. Some not well known species are redescribed. Taxonomically important features of nearly all species are depicted. The new species are: Schizotricha longinema new spec., Cladocarpus unilateralis new spec., and Macrorynchia crestata new spec. Zygophylax pacifica Stechow, 1920 is recognised as a new synonym of Zygophylax cyathifera (Allman, 1888). New records for Japanese waters are: Lytocarpia delicatula, Macrorhynchia fulva, Caminothujaria molukkana, Zygophylax rufa, Thyroscyphus fruticosus. The presence of Zygophylax cervicornis and Aglaophenia cupressina in Japanese waters are confirmed by new, fertile material.
... Remarks The systematic of the genus Acryptolaria was a complicated issue until the studies carried out by Peña Cantero et al. (2007) and Peña Cantero and Vervoort (2010), who specifically shed light on the morphometry and cnidome of the species of the genus. Our material perfectly coincides with the measurements of the type material obtained by Peña Cantero et al. (2007), although it is slightly larger than the material studied by Peña Cantero and Vervoort (2010) as Acryptolaria cf. ...
... Remarks The systematic of the genus Acryptolaria was a complicated issue until the studies carried out by Peña Cantero et al. (2007) and Peña Cantero and Vervoort (2010), who specifically shed light on the morphometry and cnidome of the species of the genus. Our material perfectly coincides with the measurements of the type material obtained by Peña Cantero et al. (2007), although it is slightly larger than the material studied by Peña Cantero and Vervoort (2010) as Acryptolaria cf. conferta. ...
The Scotia Arc, located between the Antarctic Peninsula and the southern tip of South America, is an important zone from the biogeographic point of view. Its benthic biodiversity has been extensively documented with a few exceptions, among others, the hydroid fauna, which constitutes one of the major components of the benthic Antarctic communities. With the aim of increasing the data in three different but complementary fields of knowledge (namely biodiversity, ecology and biogeography), an unpublished collection obtained during the German Antarctic expedition ANTARKTIS XIX/5 (LAMPOS) with the RV Polarstern in 2002 has been studied. A total of 45 species of benthic hydroids, belonging to 9 families and 20 genera, was found. Forty of them, including Halecium stoloniferum sp. nov. and Schizotricha discovery sp. nov., were identified to the species level. Leptothecata was by far the most dominant order with 42 species, while Anthoathecata was only represented by 3 species. Fifteen species (38 %) are endemic to the Antarctic region and 31 (78 %) restricted to Antarctic and/or sub-Antarctic waters. Schizotricha southgeorgiae, Halecium elegantulum and Sertularella argentinica are reported for the second time, whereas Schizotricha jaederholmi, Antarctoscyphus gruzovi and Sertularella jorgensis for the third time. New original autoecological data concerning the use of the substrate, reproductive phenology and bathymetric range of the inventoried species are provided.
... Remarks: See Peña Cantero et al. (2007) for a recent revision and review of the genus. Descriptions of more species and a key to the species of the western Pacifi c are given in Peña Cantero & Vervoort (2010). ...
An account is given of 32 hydroid species identified in a small collection originating from the Okinawa Islands. While most species are well-known from Japanese waters, three new species and five new records for Japan were encountered. Some not well known species are redescribed. Taxonomically important features of nearly all species are depicted. The new species are: Schizotricha longinema new spec., Cladocarpus unilateralis new spec., and Macrorynchia crestata new spec. Zygophylax pacifica Stechow, 1920 is recognized as a new synonym of Zygophylax cyathifera (Allman, 1888). New records for Japanese waters are: Lytocarpia delicatula, Macrorhynchia fulva, Caminothujaria molukkana, Zygophylax rufa, Thyroscyphus fruticosus. The presence of Zygophylax cervicornis and Aglaophenia cupressina in Japanese waters are confirmed by new, fertile material.
... The systematics of Lafoeidae sensu lato (s.l.) at the levels of genera and species within these subfamilies (or independent families) is far from well resolved, mostly because of their simple and highly plastic structure, despite some recent efforts to resolve morphological characters (e.g. Marques et al. 2004Marques et al. , 2005aMarques et al. , 2005bMarques et al. , 2006Peña Cantero et al. 1998, 2007. ...
... The material collected in the Azores and Madeira included specimens obtained as part of a study on by-catch from deep-sea fisheries and some were frozen before fixation in ethanol. Taxa were sorted and classified taxonomically in the laboratory by C. J. Moura mainly based on publications of Cornelius (1975), Millard (1975), Ramil and Vervoort (1992), Medel (1996), Boero et al. (1997), Peña Cantero andGarcía Carrascosa (2002), Bouillon et al. (2006) and Peña Cantero et al. (2007). Morphometric measurements were taken using a graticule on a compound stereomicroscope to assess the diagnostic value of several characters in representatives of nominal species or genera within genetically distinct clades. ...
... The lack of morphological characters to characterise Acryptolaria species is well recognised (e.g. Peña Cantero et al. 2007) and taxonomists have relied highly on morphometric characters to differentiate species (cf. Peña Cantero et al. 2007). ...
The taxonomy of the putative superfamily Lafoeoidea (Hydrozoa), which includes the families Hebellidae and Lafoeidae, has been widely disputed at all systematic levels, mainly because these are morphologically simple and plastic animals. We used the molecular marker 16S mRNA to address phylogenetic relations of ‘Lafoeoidea’ hydroids mainly from shallow and deep waters of the north-east Atlantic and west Mediterranean. This study proves that the morphological simplicity of the ‘Lafoeoidea’ has led to several erroneous taxonomic assignments. We demonstrate that the superfamily ‘Lafoeoidea’ is not monophyletic and thus not valid; the families Hebellidae and Lafoeidae are polyphyletic. The ‘Lafoeidae’ subfamilies ‘Lafoeinae’ and ‘Zygophylacinae’ were recovered as monophyletic but quite distantly related and should be erected to the level of distinct families. The 16S haplotype data analysed in conjunction with morphological characters and distribution data were useful in differentiating morphologically undistinguishable, nominal and cryptic or pseudo-cryptic species, including undescribed taxa. Particularly within the ‘Lafoeinae’ group, unexpectedly high genetic biodiversity (including cryptic species) was encountered in the possibly not monophyletic genera Lafoea, Acryptolaria and Filellum. Cryptic diversity is also likely associated with the ‘Zygophylacinae’ nominal species Cryptolaria pectinata. The indications of genetic segregation by geographical distance of the ‘Lafoeoidea’ hydroids, particularly verified in deep waters, is probably a consequence of their reduced potential for large-scale dispersal, which likely interacts with the influence of the seabed topography, oceanographic circulation and adaptability to tolerate different abiotic conditions.
... The confusing taxonomical history of Lafoeidae is also observed in many of its genera. In a series of papers, we have reviewed several genera included in the Lafoeidae / Hebellidae, such as Bedotella Stechow, 1913a(Marques et al. 2004, Abietinella Levinsen, 1913(Marques et al. 2005b, Cryptolarella Stechow, 1913a(Marques et al. 2005a, Halisiphonia Allman, 1888 (Marques et al. 2006b), and Acryptolaria Norman, 1875(Peña Cantero et al. 2007, see also Peña Cantero et al. 2004a). Herein we continue this series and review the genus Filellum Hincks, 1868. ...
A taxonomic review of the cosmopolitan genus Filellum was performed considering morphology, morphometry and cnidome. Species for which we had access to materials were redescribed and morphologically characterized based on optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The materials examined belong to museum collections, including type specimens. All records found in the literature were checked. Our analyses confirmed the validity of 10 out of the 18 nominal species referred to the genus, and established four others (F. adnatum, F. bouvieri, F. contortum and F. plicatum) as species inquirenda. A new species, Filellum bouvetensis sp. nov., is described. The species Reticularia annulata Watson, 1973, type species of the genus Corystolona Watson, 2002, has its type specimen referred to the genus Filellum, composing Filellum annulatum (Watson, 1973). We provide a key for the identification of the valid species of the genus Filellum.
... Th is genus appears to be extremely diverse in this area. According to Peña Cantero et al. (2007) there are 16 known species of Acryptolaria in the world. We found a total of 29 species, 19 of which are considered new to science, thus doubling the number of known species to 35. ...
... Although the genus can be easily recognized amongst benthic Hydrozoa, both paucity of characters for species diff erentiation and poor original descriptions of many nomimal species made identifi cations at the species level almost impossible. To alleviate this situation, Peña Cantero et al. (2007) carried out a revision of the genus, redescribing most of the known species, based on the study of their type specimens, including new fi gures and information concerning the cnidome, which resulted in a useful tool for species identifi cation. Peña Cantero et al. (2007) also realised that it was impossible to confi rm many of the previous identifi cations, unless the voucher specimens could be studied, because of the lack of cnidome information and, in general, the poor descriptions and fi gures. ...
... To alleviate this situation, Peña Cantero et al. (2007) carried out a revision of the genus, redescribing most of the known species, based on the study of their type specimens, including new fi gures and information concerning the cnidome, which resulted in a useful tool for species identifi cation. Peña Cantero et al. (2007) also realised that it was impossible to confi rm many of the previous identifi cations, unless the voucher specimens could be studied, because of the lack of cnidome information and, in general, the poor descriptions and fi gures. In spite of this, they considered all those records in a fi nal appendix to stimulate future studies of the genus Acryptolaria. ...
Acryptolaria Norman, 1875 (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Lafoeidae) récoltés dans le Pacifique occidental par diverses expéditions françaises, et description de dix-neuf espèces nouvelles. Les espèces d'Acryptolaria présentes dans les récoltes de plusieurs expéditions françaises dans le Pacifique occidental, principalement dans la région néo-calédonienne, ont été étudiées. Il s'avère que cet échantillon est d'une biodiversité importante; en effet 29 espèces ont été trouvées dont 19 sont nouvelles pour la science. Ceci double le nombre d'espèces connues dans ce genre. Toutes les espèces sont décrites et illustrées, et leurs mensurations sont indiquées. Les coppiniae inconnus de plusieurs espèces déjà décrites ont été trouvés; ils sont décrits et illustrés. Cette étude confirme le rôle-clé du cnidome dans l'identification des espèces.
