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In the context of renewable energy sources, storage systems have been proposed as a solution to the issues related to fluctuations in the production and consumption of electric power. The EU funded BAoBaB project is aimed at developing the Acid/Base Flow battery (AB-FB), an environment-friendly, cost-competitive, grid-scale battery storage system b...
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... this context, the Acid / Base Flow Batteries represent an innovative, safe and sustainable way to accumulate electricity (van Egmond et al., 2018). The AB-FB is an electro-dialytic battery, whose operating principle is based on the water dissociation / recombination reaction performing acid and base production / neutralization ( Figure 1). In particular, the Bipolar Membrane ElectroDialysis (BMED) produces acidic and basic solutions during the charging phase ( Gurreri et al., 2020). ...
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... The working principle of AB-FBs is based on the water dissociation reaction, which occurs in the bipolar membranes of the battery . During the charge phase, the electricity input is converted into acidic and alkaline solutions, and the neutralisation of the acidic and alkaline solutions during the discharge phase produces electricity again (Culcasi et al., 2021) (Figure 1). The AB-FB is made up of repeating units called "triplets" that consist of one anion-and one cation-exchange membrane and one bipolar membrane, which are separated by net spacers. ...
Recently, the utilisation of renewable energy sources is a matter of increasing importance in Europe for Energy Transition and to achieve energy independence. To this aim, tailored Electric Energy Storage (EES) devices must be employed to tackle the issue of fluctuating production from renewables. The Acid/Base Flow Battery (AB-FB) is a cutting-edge technology that allows energy to be stored in the form of acidic and alkaline solutions (van Egmond et al., 2018). This method employs two membrane processes, one for the charge phase and one for the discharge phase, namely Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane (EDBM) and Reverse Electrodialysis with Bipolar Membrane (REDBM), respectively. The polymeric membranes and the two electrodes are the main components of this battery. The AB-FB is a novel technology, and a lot of effort is needed to properly assess its current and future potential and identify the geometrical and operating conditions maximising its performance. This study presents a techno-economic analysis (TEA) carried out by using technically optimal results from a previous bi-objective optimisation (Culcasi, et al., 2022b). By assessing the sensitivity on the input parameters, the Levelized Cost of Storage (LCOS) of a battery operating in closed-loop and using current commercial membranes spanned from 0.17 € kWh−1 to 0.45 € kWh−1 , indicating that the AB-FB has significant potential in the commercial market.
... The charge phase is accomplished by using bipolar membrane electrodialysis, whereas the discharge phase is performed via bipolar membrane reverse electrodialysis. In a previous work, we developed an advanced multi-scale process model (Culcasi et al., 2021b), revealing the importance of operating conditions and design features for the AB-FB battery performance. For the first time, the current work attempts to optimize the AB-FB. ...
... Recently, the demand for renewable energy has increased (Culcasi et al., 2021b). However, there is a discrepancy between supply and demand, especially for energy from intermittent sources such as solar and wind. ...
... Acid-Base flow batteries (AB-FBs) are a novel storage method that meet all the above requirements, work well with modern smart grids, and have a high performance . The working mechanism of AB-FB involves with the water dissociation reaction in the bipolar membranes (Culcasi et al., 2021b). Additionally, the AB-FB combines two membrane processes known as Bipolar Membrane Electrodialysis (BMED) and Bipolar Membrane Reverse Electrodialysis (BMRED) (Culcasi et al., 2021a). ...
Electrical energy storage is critical for a broader penetration of renewable energies with intermittent nature, such as solar and wind energy. The Acid/Base Flow Battery (AB-FB) is a unique, sustainable, and environmental-friendly storage technology with high electrolyte solution energy density. The method relies on reversible electrodialytic technologies using bipolar membranes to transform electrical energy into chemical energy related to pH gradients and vice versa. The charge phase is accomplished by using bipolar membrane electrodialysis, whereas the discharge phase is performed via bipolar membrane reverse electrodialysis. In a previous work, we developed an advanced multi-scale process model (Culcasi et al., 2021b), revealing the importance of operating conditions and design features for the AB-FB battery performance. For the first time, the current work attempts to optimize the AB-FB. The net Round Trip Efficiency and average net discharge power density were maximized in a two-objective optimization. The ε-constraint method was used to construct curves of Pareto optimal solutions under various scenarios, thereby systematically assessing the effect of decision variables consisting of operating and design parameters. The gPROMS Model Builder® software package's optimization tool was used. This optimization study demonstrated that in a closed-loop configuration, optimized operating conditions and design features can be chosen to maximize net Round Trip Efficiency up to 64% and average net discharge power density up to 19.5 W m-2 using current commercial membranes.
