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A new method is presented for smartphone-based impedance spectroscopy, especially fine-tuned for biomimetic sensor readout. Complete user control is given by means of an app while the on-board audio hardware of the smartphone or tablet PC is used to perform impedance measurements. This considerably limits the required external hardware. Disposable...
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... accuracy was analyzed by measuring a set of metal-film resistors from the E12 series within the range of 100 to 100 k. Measurements were performed at a fixed frequency of 2 kHz, thus in the center of the audio spectrum. Deviation was calculated in respect to the values measured with a Keithley 2000 digital tabletop multimeter. Fig. 3 shows the deviation in respect to the resistor value for the two measurement channels on the ...
Citations
... Similarly, the pollution position system is created based on the growing Internet of Things innovation [8] [9]. It includes a robust, minimal effort system for spill detection in urban water supply pipes. ...
... Essentially, when the sensor identifies the soil condition as wet, then the controller sends direction to the hand-off to switch off the engine. [7] Fig. 4. Proposed methodology block diagram [7] IoT for data collection table ...
... Essentially, when the sensor identifies the soil condition as wet, then the controller sends direction to the hand-off to switch off the engine. [7] Fig. 4. Proposed methodology block diagram [7] IoT for data collection table ...
Technology has played an increasingly important role in all aspects of our lives, farming, which is heavily influenced by various environmental factors, has necessitated the development of new methods to improve crop yield. The existing GSM-based Automated Irrigation system is not as effective and has some drawbacks, so the proposed method aims to develop a more effective Smart Irrigation system. With the help of various sensor configurations, users have addressed the use of IoT technology to assist farmers in detecting significant environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and water level. A water pump controls the flow of water by opening and closing the flow when a signal is sent through the Arduino controller. Drop by drop, water is delivered to the plant's roots by a rain gun, and when the moisture level returns to normal, the sensor detects it and sends a signal to the controller, which shuts down the water pump. Smart Farming using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their high sensor systems and output results are possibilities to enable more accurate, network, durable Smart Agricultural systems for better Soil health using IoT.
... Essentially, when the sensor identifies the soil condition as wet, then the controller sends direction to the hand-off to switch off the engine. [7] Fig. 4. Proposed methodology block diagram [7] IoT for data collection table ...
... Essentially, when the sensor identifies the soil condition as wet, then the controller sends direction to the hand-off to switch off the engine. [7] Fig. 4. Proposed methodology block diagram [7] IoT for data collection table ...
Technology has played an increasingly important role in all aspects of our lives, farming, which is heavily influenced by various environmental factors, has necessitated the development of new methods to improve crop yield. The existing GSM-based Automated Irrigation system is not as effective and has some drawbacks, so the proposed method aims to develop a more effective Smart Irrigation system. With the help of various sensor configurations, users have addressed the use of IoT technology to assist farmers in detecting significant environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and water level. A water pump controls the flow of water by opening and closing the flow when a signal is sent through the Arduino controller. Drop by drop, water is delivered to the plant's roots by a rain gun, and when the moisture level returns to normal, the sensor detects it and sends a signal to the controller, which shuts down the water pump. Smart Farming using the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) with their high sensor systems and output results are possibilities to enable more accurate, network, durable Smart Agricultural systems for better Soil health using IoT.
... Based on the sensor techniques employed by electrochemical devices, smartphone-based sensor systems have also been developed for several electrochemical techniques, including amperometry, potentiometry, and impedance 25 . Regarding smartphone-based impedimetric detection, Broeders et al. reported the first biosensor 166 . They introduced a new approach for reading biosensors, and the approach employs the onboard audio hardware of smartphones and tablets. ...
The detection of specific biomarkers for health monitoring, i.e., molecular diagnostics, can be classified as early or emergency diagnostics. Emergency diagnostics is related to those diseases which is necessary a rapid patient intervention, such as stroke and cardiac attack, in addition to the detection of infectious diseases to monitor and control outbreaks and epidemics, and early diagnosis requires the highly sensitive quantification of the biomarkers related to, specially, degenerative and cancer diseases for a successful treatment. Herein, the challenges of designing improved point-of-care (PoC) molecular diagnostic devices were reviewed, and the limitations of standard technologies were discussed. Despite their high sensitivities, precisions, and reliabilities, standard technologies are still limited by their requirements for expensive reagents and equipment, as well as laborious and time-consuming sample pretreatments, elaborate protocols, and qualified personnel, which highly impact their applications in loco and affordability. PoC assays exhibiting high selectivity and portability have been demonstrated feasibility in biosensing technologies. To explore the biosensor application regarding the limitations of achieving the commercialization of these technologies, the strategies for developing label-based and label-free biosensors would be discussed as they relate to the types of bioreceptor and the signal transduction methods. Electrochemical biosensors would especially be focused on because of their advantages, such as scalability, miniaturization, and sensitivity (with some electrochemical biosensing setups not requiring complex steps, such as sample pretreatment, to complete the diagnostics, thus availing reliable PoC analysis). Further, the challenges of developing reliable commercial PoC devices would be discussed.
... The electrode can have direct contact with body fluid. The second component of the sensor device could be a cell phone app that can effectively be used to read signals directly from the sensor (Broeders et al. 2013;Huang et al. 2018). Such applications may theoretically be made available to the government or health authority of the affected area or population. ...
Biosensors are analytical tools that transform the bio-signal into an observable response. Biosensors are effective for early detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection because they target viral antigens to assess clinical development and provide information on the severity and critical trends of infection. The biosensors are capable of being on-site, fast, and extremely sensitive to the target viral antigen, opening the door for early detection of SARS-CoV-2. They can screen individuals in hospitals, airports, and other crowded locations. Microfluidics and nanotechnology are promising cornerstones for the development of biosensor-based techniques. Recently, due to high selectivity, simplicity, low cost, and reliability, the production of biosensor instruments have attracted considerable interest. This review article precisely provides the extensive scientific advancement and intensive look of basic principles and implementation of biosensors in SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, especially for human health. In this review, the importance of biosensors including Optical, Electrochemical, Piezoelectric, Microfluidic, Paper-based biosensors, Immunosensors, and Nano-Biosensors in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 has been underscored. Smartphone biosensors and calorimetric strips that target antibodies or antigens should be developed immediately to combat the rapidly spreading SARS-CoV-2. Wearable biosensors can constantly monitor patients, which is a highly desired feature of biosensors. Finally, we summarized the literature, outlined new approaches and future directions in diagnosing SARS-CoV-2 by biosensor-based techniques.
... The receptor transforms the binding event of the target into a form of energy that can be measured by the transducer. For chemical sensors, this binding event involves chemical As a recent trend, the miniaturization of sensors and their readout deserves a special attention due to the increasing number of applications available for smartphones [13][14][15][16][17]. From a general point of view, receptor design is perhaps the crucial step in the process of sensor development because it has to match the requirements of high selectivity and sensitivity for a target with the particular characteristics of a given readout. ...
... As a recent trend, the miniaturization of sensors and their readout deserves a special attention due to the increasing number of applications available for smartphones [13][14][15][16][17]. From a general point of view, receptor design is perhaps the crucial step in the process of sensor development because it has to match the requirements of high selectivity and sensitivity for a target with the particular characteristics of a given readout. ...
The field of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based chemosensors has been experiencing constant growth for several decades. Since the beginning, their continuous development has been driven by the need for simple devices with optimum selectivity for the detection of various compounds in fields such as medical diagnosis, environmental and industrial monitoring, food and toxicological analysis, and, more recently, the detection of traces of explosives or their precursors. This review presents an overview of the main research efforts made so far for the development of MIP-based chemosensors, critically discusses the pros and cons, and gives perspectives for further developments in this field.
... It is because the mobile devices are spread and increased in use since they are smaller, are able to work as wireless and have high memory capacity. These elements require mobile devices to be used in many areas such as environmental control, monitoring of health services and security, transportation and automation [28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39]. ...
One of the most important factors for the life to return to normal after devastating earthquakes is conducting reliable damage assessments, which have quantitative rules that do not vary from person to person. As a result of scientificaly based damage assessment, the housing problem can be mitigated, the economic burden of allowances spent for the destruction of the buildings with redundant destruction order will be eliminated, and the loss of life to occur in aftershocks can be prevented. In this instance, it was increased of siginificance of the first post-earthquake damage assessments. Rapid and scientific based of damage assessments is an important part of the modern post-earthquake disaster management. Masonry structures are at the top of the structures where earthquake damages occurred. The possibility of damage to these structures which have no engineering services is more likely. Damage assessment forms are used in the first damage assessment procedures. Damages can be assessed more rapidly and scientifically with the help of these forms. In this study, the ready-to-use form used for the earthquake damage assessment procedure for the masonry buildings was transferred to the web base, and the data to be obtained at the site were transferred to the database via tablets and smart phones. Keeping the earthquake damages in a memory system will contribute to the studies on earthquakes and the future earthquake regulations. As the data transferred to the web base will be accessible for different people, it will provide savings in terms of both time and staff. A php-based web interface was developed for the study due to its flexibility, speed and secure structure, and MySQL was preferred as the database. In this study, sampling was conducted for four masonry buildings with different damage levels caused by the October 23, 2011 earthquake in Van. Damage assessment procedures will be completed as soon as possible such as an application based on this study.
... The second part of the sensor system can be an application on a mobile phone which can essentially serve the purpose of a direct readout of signals from the sensor. 126,127 Such applications could potentially be made available by the government or healthcare government body of the affected region or community. On the other hand, a standalone readout and data acquisition system with data loggers for disposable sensors can also be developed, which could be equipped in hospitals or at border control posts of a country. ...
Biosensors and nanoscale analytical tools have seen unprecedented growth in literature in the past 20 years, with a large number of reports on the topic of ’ultra-sensitive’, ’cost-effective’ and ’early-detection’ tools with a potential of ’mass- production’ cited on the web of science. Yet none of these tools are commercially available in the market or practically viable for mass production and use in pandemic diseases such as COVID-19. In this context, we review the technological challenges and opportunities that bio/chemical sensors and characterization tools present us by critically analyzing the bottlenecks which have hindered the implementation of advanced sensing technologies in pandemic diseases. We also describe in brief COVID- 19 by comparing it with other pandemic strains such as SARS and MERS for the identification of features that enable biosensing. Moreover, we discuss visualization and characterization tools that can potentially be used not only for sensing applications but also assist in speeding up the drug discovery and vaccine development process. Furthermore, we discuss the emerging mechanism with wastewater analysis for early warning of the outbreak, focusing on sensors for rapid and on-site analysis of SARS-COV-2 in sewage. To conclude, we provide holistic insights into challenges associated with the quick translation of sensing technologies, policies, ethical issues, technology adoption, and an overall outlook of the role of the sensing technologies in pandemics.
... Recently, smartphone-controlled EIS was developed for the detection of heavy metal ion, blood glucose, and bacteria because of its high sensitivity and quality performance. Broeders et al. were the first researchers to develop a smartphone-based impedimetric biosensor [43]. Zhang et al. detected 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) using a smartphone-based impedimetric biosensor [44]. ...
Smartphone-based sensors and nanodevices are a popular field for the development of real-time, in-field based diagnoses or applications. Newly launched smartphones have a number of built-in sensor units including accelerometers, wi-fi, high megapixel back and front cameras, Bluetooth, gyroscopes, light sensors, heart rate monitors, fingerprint sensors, touch screens, proximity sensors, pedometers, temperature sensors, microphones, and barometers. These ultra-smartphones are being used for real-time applications in our daily lives. This chapter summarizes the applications of popular smartphone-based nanodevices currently used in various biomedical fields and determination of different metal ions concentration. Smartphone nanodevices are mainly used to determine the presence of metal ions (lead, mercury), anions (chloride), biologically important compounds (cholesterol, albumin), viruses, bacteria, and even single cells. Smartphone detection methods such as colorimetric, fluorescence, electrochemical sensing, luminescence, and even smartphone-based microscopes have been used for the quantitative detection of different analytes. This chapter also discusses the basic working principle of all the aforementioned detection methods, how they are coupled with smartphones, and how they can be applied in biomedical fields.
... [190]. sound recording and analysis chronic lung diseases average error 5.1%, detection rate 80 -90% [90] sound recording and analysis chronic lung diseases average error 8.01% [91] sound recording and analysis number of coughs detection rate 92% [92] sound recording and analysis respiratory rate estimation error < 1% [93] sound recording and analysis nasal symptoms N/A [94] sound recording and analysis snoring quantification correlation > 0.9 [95] sound recording and analysis hearing threshold in noisy environment N/A [96] sound recording and analysis hearing screening with quality control detection rate 97.8% [97] sound recording and analysis tremor detection N/A [98] sound recording and analysis air filter particulate loading detection rate 80% [99] sound recording and analysis cars approaching pedestrians detection rate 91% [100] non-audio signal processing oxygen saturation and heart rate RMS accuracy 0.45 -0.85%, R 2 = 0.99 [101] non-audio signal processing histamine concentration in PBS accuracy 1% in impedance range 120Ω -10kΩ [102] accelerometer, gyroscope driver behavior monitoring 90% [124] accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer driver behavior monitoring 96% [125] accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer driver behavior monitoring 91% [126] accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS, camera driver behavior monitoring 77 -91% [127] accelerometer, magnetometer, GPS road conditions monitoring 78% [128] accelerometer, gyroscope road conditions monitoring 98% [129] accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS road conditions monitoring 90% [130] USB OTG clenbuterol concentration 3-electrodes amperometric immunosensor [134] USB OTG gender verification in human serum 3-electrodes amperometric immunosensor [135] USB OTG metals electrical conductivity and lift-off custom made impedance probe [136] USB OTG alcohol determination in blood samples 3-electrodes micro potentiostat [137] USB OTG emission properties of iridium complex electrochemiluminescence sensing system [138] USB OTG detection of nitroaromatic explosives electrochemiluminescence sensing system [139] USB OTG water turbidity IR LED powered by USB [140] USB OTG iron(II) and phosphate in water IR and Vis LEDs powered by USB [141] USB OTG Hg(II) concentration in water 532 nm laser powered by USB [142] audio jack cyclic voltammetry measurements custom made potentiostat [147] audio jack pH to monitor pulmonary exacerbations LMP91200 interfaced with two pH electrodes [148] audio jack Hepatitis C core antibody concentration custom made potentiostat [149] audio jack nitrate concentration in NaOH microfluidic amperometric sensor [150] audio jack glucose concentration in liquid electrochemical biosensor [151] audio jack electrochemical measurements electrochemical sensor and potentiostat [152] audio jack point-of-care diagnostics multiplexed electrochemical sensor [153] ...
Modern mobile phones, featuring high performance microprocessors, rich set of sensors and internet connectivity are largely diffused all over the world and are ideal devices for the development of low-cost sensing systems, in particular for low-income developing countries and rural areas that lack the access to diagnostic laboratories and expensive instrumentation.
In the design of a smartphone based sensing system different elements must be taken in consideration such as sensors performance, acquisition rate and privacy preserving strategies when personal data must be shared in the cloud.
In this paper a sensor-centric survey on smartphone based sensing systems is presented, covering different fields of application. Two different development approaches will be discussed: 1) the exploitation of the large number of sensors embedded in modern smartphones (high-resolution camera, microphone, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, GPS); 2) the interfacing with external sensors that communicate with the smartphone by the embedded wireless or wired communication technology.
