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A successful in vitro propagation system for the Garnem rootstock (almond × peach) was optimized. Axillary buds were successfully established in Murashige and Skoog (MS) free-hormone. In proliferation stage, the effect of three culture media including MS, Driver and Kuniyuki (DKW) and Lloyd and McCown (WPM) supplemented with BA (0.5, 1 and 2 mg.l-1...
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A multi-year orchard experiment was established to measure the performance of Rootpac®-R, Rootpac®-20, Rootpac®-40, and Rootpac®-70 rootstocks using ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica var. persica) as the scion, compared with the ‘Bailey’ peach seedling rootstock, the current industry standard. Tree survival after five years was 79% on Rootpac-40, wh...
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... It is resistant to root knot nematodes (Felipe, 2009;Erfani et al., 2017). ...
Garnem and GF-677 rootstocks are important rootstocks commonly used for Prunus species in modern orchard establishment. These rootstocks can be propagated by generative and vegetative methods. However, the use of the micropropagation technique in vitro has many positive aspects. With the micropropagation technique, mass production is increased, and it is significant because production can be done irrespective of the vegetation period. In micropropagation, cytokinins, plant growth regulating hormones, play an active role in shoot regeneration. In the micropropagation of species and varieties, cytokinins and their concentrations can vary. The study was conducted to increase the regeneration success of Garnem and GF-677, significant Prunus rootstocks, under in vitro conditions. Micro-cuttings were used as explants in the study. Micro-cuttings taken from healthy plants were first subjected to a pre-sterilization process in the laboratory. In this process, the micro-cuttings were soaked in water with detergent for 10 minutes and rinsed with tap water until well cleaned. Then, the micro-cuttings taken into a sterile cabinet were soaked in 70% ethyl alcohol for 2 minutes, followed by 15 minutes in a 10% sodium hypochlorite solution, and then rinsed three times with sterile pure water to complete the sterilization process. After the sterilization process, micro-cuttings of Garnem and GF-677 rootstocks were transferred to MS nutrient medium containing 3% sucrose, 0.2 mg L-1 GA3, 1.2 ml L-1 PPM (Plant Preservative Mixture), 6 g L-1 agar, and 2 mg L-1 of three different cytokinin hormones: 6-benzylaminopurine, kinetin, and meta-topolin. The study was concluded after 4 weeks. In the study, parameters such as the bud break rate (%), shooting rate (%), number of leaves (pieces per plantlet), and shoot length (cm) were examined. Among the examined parameters, the highest bud break rate in the Garnem rootstock was 83.33% with T3 (2 mg L-1 meta-topolin) application, and in GF-677 rootstock, it was 75.00% with T2 (2 mg L-1 Kinetin) application. The highest shooting rate in GF-677 rootstock was 100.00% with T2, and in Garnem rootstock, it was 83.33% with T3 application. The highest number of leaves in GF-677 rootstock was 8.00 (pieces per plantlet) with T1 (2 mg L-1 BAP), and in Garnem rootstock, it was 5.88 (pieces per plantlet) with T3 application. The longest shoots in Garnem rootstock were 0.46 cm with T1, and in GF-677 rootstock, it was 0.45 cm with T1 application.
... While some studies focused on the regeneration of Garnem rootstock, the resulting plantlets were transferred to external conditions. However, the acclimatization of Garnem rootstock has not been specifically examined, and growth-supporting exogenous applications have not been tried (Erfani et al. 2017;Ak et al. 2021). In the present study, different healing agents and concentrations were tried to improve the process. ...
Continuing productivity of the acclimatization stage of plantlets means successful micropropagation. Due to the free water and high humidity in the culture container environment, poorly developed cuticle results in rapid water loss and drying of plantlets with watery stems and leaves, incomplete stomata, and large intercellular space. When plantlets are exposed to an environmental condition different from the culture medium, problems, such as rapid water loss and drying, may be encountered, and the survival rate of plantlets in vitro may be reduced. The aim of this study was to reduce the stress factors that occur during the acclimatization phase. For this reason, various healing agents have been used. Some of these compounds are ascorbic acid (AsA), salicylic acid (SA), and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). In the study, the response of AsA (100.0 and 200.0 mg L ⁻¹ ), SA (100.0 and 200.0 mg L ⁻¹ ), and SNP (100.0 and 200.0 µM) applications on growth parameters (survival rate (%), node count (pieces per plant), count of leaves (pieces per plant), shoot length (mm), and shoot diameter (mm)) and physiological variable (Soil Plant Analysis Development (SPAD)) were examined. The AsA100 (100.0 mg L ⁻¹ ascorbic acid), AsA200 (200.0 mg L ⁻¹ ascorbic acid), and SNP100 (100.0 µM sodium nitroprusside) applications resulted in an improvement in node count, leaf count per plant, shoot length, and shoot diameter parameters. The highest shoot length (60.50 ± 7.81 mm) and node count (16.83 ± 1.15 pieces per plantlet) were achieved with the AsA100 application. The maximum stem diameter (2.31 ± 0.37 mm) was determined with the SNP100 application. There were no statistically significant differences found in the survival rate, leaf count, and SPAD parameter. The current study determined that AsA, SA, and SNP applications were effective in regulating several growth parameters in Garnem plantlets and in reducing acclimation stress thereby facilitating adaptation to external conditions.
... Pollen has been germinated in variety of media, which differs from species to species (Jayaprakash 2018). The sugar in the medium serves as energy source (Erfani et al. 2017;Miri et al. 2003) and osmoticum (Matani Borkheyli et al. 2021); and sucrose is generally used in pollen germination medium (Jayaprakash 2018; Miri and Roughani 2018). The aim of this study was to determine the pollen viability and in vitro germination rate of Prunus spp. ...
Pollen quality is important for fruit tree growers and genetic breeders. This study was carried out to determine pollen viability and in vitro pollen germination in seven cultivars/genotypes of Prunus spp. Pollen viability was evaluated by IKI (iodine potassium iodide) method. Pollen germination was studied using in vitro media containing 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 g/l sucrose to determine the best sucrose concentration for germination. The viability rates were different according to cultivars/genotypes. Results showed that P. salicina ‘Angelano’, P. domestica ‘Bukhara’ and P. domestica ‘St. Julien’ had the highest pollen viability rates (91.4, 90.3 and 85.7%, respectively). The pollen germination rates of the seven cultivars/genotypes studied were significantly different due to the sucrose
concentrations (p < 0.01). Angelano (71.2%) and P. salicina ‘Formosa’ (22.2%) exhibited the highest and lowest in vitro pollen germination, respectively. The pollen germination rate showed an increasing trend by increase in the concentration of sucrose up to 250 g/l. The pollen viability and pollen germination had high positive correlation (r = 0.79).
... Significant differences were based on ANOVA, followed by the Tukey test at P ≤ 0.05 of sorbitol (15, 30 and 60 g L −1 ) were also tested. Some studies indicate the preference for sorbitol in the in vitro propagation of species from the Rosaceae family, such as peach rootstock 'GF 677' (Borkheyl et al. 2021), and 'Garnem' hybrid rootstock (Erfani et al. 2017). ...
... Overall, several studies have published data with the aim of evaluating the effect of exogenous carbohydrates on the morphology of explants grown in vitro (Erfani et al. 2017;Borkheyl et al. 2021). However, they are limited to physiological growth assessments. ...
Sugars regulate many aspects of plant growth and development and recently are referred to as phytohormone-like plant growth regulators. Thus, the present study aimed (i) to investigate the effect of sorbitol on growth parameters and (ii) to understand sugar signalling through the transcriptional activation/repression of sugar metabolism-associated genes, enzyme activity and their associated sugar content in in vitro-grown 'Myrobalan 29C'. For this, explants were cultivated in Murashigue and Skoog medium with 30 g L −1 sucrose (control plants) or sorbitol (15, 30 and 60 g L −1). After 30 days, the explants were sectioned into two parts, by separating the base from the apex. The responses to sorbitol treatment were related to the concentration and type of tissue evaluated. Sorbitol treatment (30 g L −1) positively affected growth parameters. Sorbitol induces the expression of a variety of sugar metabolism-related genes, whose expression pattern was down-and upregulated in apical and basal tissue, respectively. High sugar availability in apical tissue inactivated Sucrose non-fermenting-1 (SNF1)-related kinase 1 (SnRK1) to support growth and to maintain energy homeostasis. Besides, SnRK1 may positively interact with Hexokinase 1 (HXK1). In conclusion, our results showed the role of sorbitol as an exogenous source of carbon on sugar metabolism in in vitro-grown 'Myrobalan 29C' in basal-apical leaf tissue (source-sink) and they could potentially provide new avenues for large-scale in vitro propagation. Future studies may focus in establish an interplay among SnRK1/Target of rapamycin (TOR)/HXK1 and sugar signal (Trehalose-6-phosphate, sucrose, glucose, and sorbitol) in "usual sorbitol producers" species.
... For instance, pH and sucrose significantly impact how well dinitroanilines bind to -tubulin [23,37]. Vitamins, amino acids, plant growth regulators, and other regrowth medium elements significantly impact the survival of experimentally produced polyploids [1,12]. ...
Fruits are storehouses of phytochemicals and other bioactive substances promoting good health. Numerous environmental and genotypic variables may influence the quality of fruits. Ploidy manipulation is one of several methods used to improve the quality of fruits, including breeding and other biotechnological methods. Colchicine and oryzalin, antimitotic agents that alter ploidy levels, are being utilized widely. Increasing up and down the number of chromosomes in a species within a polyploid sequence constitutes ploidy manipulation. There are several ways to manipulate ploidy, including endosperm culture, chromosomal duplication, interploid hybridization, sexual polyploidization, and the creation of haploids. Ploidy modification may be a practical approach to improve the fruit quality attributes with these cutting-edge methods.
... In the present work, the ½ strength MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of IAA and NAA resulted in substantial indirect root formation, and no rooting was observed on IBA. These results are in contrast to Maryam et al. (2017) where rooting of Garnem shoots on IBA was reported. Babaei et al. (2014), Lata et al. (2013), and Sujatha and Kumari (2007) have observed the same results on Curculigo latifolia, Stevia rebaudiana, and Artemisia vulgari respectively. ...
Atropaacuminata Royle is a critically endangered annual herb growing in Kashmir Himalaya and is used as a source of medicine for many ailments like arthritis, muscle pain, and joint pain. Due to its immense medicinal importance, the plant needs a tissue culture protocol for mass propagation. The present study is an attempt to develop a highly reliable and reproducible tissue culture protocol for this valuable herb and also an attempt to evaluate and estimate primary biochemical attributes and antioxidant activities. The tissue culture protocol was standardized using in vitro–raised nodal segments and leaves as explants followed by the studies on biochemical evaluation and antioxidant potential of both in vitro–regenerated and field-raised plant material. Best regeneration was observed on MS media augmented with BAP and IAA with the maximum number of shoots obtained as 17.33 ± 4.15. For biochemical studies, field-growing leaf explants, in vitro–raised leaves, and callus developed were used as plant material. For antioxidant activity, in vitro–raised stem and leaf explants were used. It was observed that total chlorophyll, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoid concentration were found more in field-growing explants while total carbohydrate and soluble protein contents were more in in vitro–raised leaves. In the case of antioxidant activity studies, methanolic fraction of in vitro–raised leaves and stem showed powerful free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 27.73 and 8.32 (µg mL−1) respectively.
... Selain itu, media 1/2MS juga mengandung vitamin dan asam amino. Media MS mengandung ion Ca 2+ yang dibutuhkan untuk sintesis dinding sel dan membran sel (Erfani et al., 2017). ...
Phalaenopsis venosa Shim & Fowlie, one of Sulawesi’s endemic orchid species, is threatened to extinction, hence
require conservation efforts. Capsules of P. venosa were harvested six months after pollination. Seeds were stored in the
freezer at -4 °C for nine months. Micromorphology was observed using a light microscope OPTIKA M-699. The seeds of P.
venosa were 91.99±17.73 µm long and 20.64 ±4.34 µm wide, containing embryos 52.27±12.13 µm long and 16.72±3.42 µm
wide, and the air space was 13.25%±11.65%. The experiment used a completely randomized design with one factor, namely
six media and six replications. Media for germination including modified Hyponex (HS), modified Vacin & Went (mVW),
modified Knudson’s C (mKC), Knudson’s C (KCA), Murashige & Skoog half concentration (1/2MS), and Murashige & Skoog
(MS). The highest germination rate at 12 weeks after planting (12 WAP) was found in HS (70.52%). The average number
of seeds germinating in HS at 12 WAP was 14.35 seeds, but the development of protocorms was slower compared to 1/2MS,
which showed the development of rhizoid and leaf primordia. This is due to the higher nutritional content of 1/2MS compared
to HS.
... A positive significant correlation was observed among all traits in both multiplication and rooting stages (Table 3 and 4). These results are contrary to the findings of Erfani et al. (2017) who stated that there is a negative significant correlation between the length and number of shoots due to limited capacity of food-making of the explants. From the correlation analysis, it seems that the composition of most culture media are suitable and sufficient for shoot proliferation and rooting of GF677, so that it does not limit the growth and development of explants. ...
... However, our results showed that sorbitol is a better carbon source for shoot proliferation and root induction as compared to sucrose. This result agrees with results reported elsewhere for other species of Rosaceae family such as apple (Miri et al., 2003a) and Garnem rootstock (Erfani et al., 2017). The positive influence of sorbitol on proliferation of Rosaceous shoots could be ascribed to the fact that these plants produce sorbitol as a major photosynthetic product, translocate it within the phloem and metabolize it in the sinks. ...
permits unrestricted, use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, or format for any purpose, even commercially provided the work is properly cited. Purpose: Micropropagation of GF677 rootstock, the most widely clonal rootstock used in peach orchards, is an important method for large-scale production of disease-free plants. In this research, effects of media, plant growth regulators and carbohydrates in order to optimize the efficient micropropagation protocol of GF677 rootstock has been investigated. Research method: In vitro shoots were multiplicated on MS, WPM and DKW media supplemented with 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg L-1 BA. Proliferated shoots were rooted on MS, WPM and DKW media containing 0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg L-1 IBA. In another experiment, the effect of carbohydrate type was investigated. Findings: High shoot number and node number as well as shoot fresh weight were achieved with shoot tips when cultured on MS medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg L-1 BA. The highest percentage of rooted shoots was obtained on MS or WPM media supplemented with 1 or 2 mg L-1 IBA. Maximum root number was regenerated on WPM medium containing 1 mg L-1 IBA. Sorbitol was found to be more effective carbon source on shoot multiplication than sucrose, while the highest average of root number and root length were observed in the medium containing sorbitol and sucrose medium, respectively. Survival rate during the acclimatization in the greenhouse was 67%. Limitations: Plant acclimatization needs to be studied for commercial production. Originality/Value: This protocol has proven useful for micropropagation of GF677 rootstock. Matani Borkheyli et al./J. HORTIC. POSTHARVEST RES., 4(2) JUNE 2021 118
... Root number in ½MS containing 10 mg/l BA, 10 mg/l NAA and 30 g/l sucrose was greater compared with the other media (3.5 roots/plantlet). The internal carbohydrate pool is suggested to have an important role in morphogenesis and this can be influenced by the exogenous supply of carbon sources (3,6,11,16). Ferreira et al., (2011) found that an increase in the concentration of sucrose was beneficial for root formation and development in Dendrobium. ...
... On the other hand, BA has also an effect on the reduction of multiplied shoot length and shoot fresh and dry weight. The negative correlation between the number and length of shoots can be due to the limited capacity of food-making of the in-vitro shoots so that the amount of food absorbed by each shoot was decreased at higher concentrations of BA (Erfani et al. 2017;Mousavi et al. 2010b). In several plant species, cytokinin combinations increase shoot multiplication (Baskaran and Narayanasamy, 2008). ...
The present study describes a protocol for micro-propagation, callus induction, and shoot regeneration of ginger ( Zingiber officinale ). The rhizomes were surface-sterilized with ethanol (70%) for 45 s, sodium hypochlorite (2.5%) for 10 min, and mercuric chloride (0.1%) for 10 min. Multiple shoots were induced from sprouting bud explants cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) combined with kinetin (Kin). The maximum shoot number was obtained from MS medium containing 10 mg/l BA with a mean of 20.6 shoots per explant. The leaf explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), Dicamba, or BA for callus culture. Green-red compact calli were induced using 2,4-D, Dicamba or BA. Also, BA successfully induced plant regeneration. The multiplied shoots that were transferred to the rooting medium (½MS supplemented with 0, 1 and 2 mg/l IAA, indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or NAA) showed development of roots (100%). The rooted plantlets were transferred to pots containing a 1:1 mixture of cocopeat and perlite, and acclimatization was successful, resulting in 85% survival of the plantlets in the greenhouse.
