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Acasta sulcata and its host sponge: a) sponge of Spongia sp.; b) Spongia sp. inhabited by A. sulcata; c) position of A . sulcata in the host sponge; d) projections calcareous in the external surface parietes of A. sulcata; e) bases of A. sulcata. Scale bars: 2 cm (a); 1 cm (b, c); 1 mm (d, e).
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We present a morphological study of Indonesian sponge-inhabiting barnacles using standard light microscopy in combination with micro-CT scanning and computer-aided 3D-reconstruction of the external shell morphology. A taxonomic analysis of the material detected four different genera of sponges inhabited by five different species of balanomorph barn...
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... sponge Spongia sp. (Fig. 1a, b), found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by A casta sulcata ( Fig. 1c-e). In the micro-CT overview scan, 13 barnacle specimens were identified inside and near the surface layer of the sponge (Fig. 1c). Parietes externally smooth, with calcareous spines attached in some areas (Fig. 1d), ribbed internally (Fig. 1d, e). Basis cupshaped, ...
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... sponge Spongia sp. (Fig. 1a, b), found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by A casta sulcata ( Fig. 1c-e). In the micro-CT overview scan, 13 barnacle specimens were identified inside and near the surface layer of the sponge (Fig. 1c). Parietes externally smooth, with calcareous spines attached in some areas (Fig. 1d), ribbed internally (Fig. 1d, e). Basis cupshaped, pointed at central umbo (Fig. ...
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... sponge Spongia sp. (Fig. 1a, b), found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by A casta sulcata ( Fig. 1c-e). In the micro-CT overview scan, 13 barnacle specimens were identified inside and near the surface layer of the sponge (Fig. 1c). Parietes externally smooth, with calcareous spines attached in some areas (Fig. 1d), ribbed internally (Fig. 1d, e). Basis cupshaped, pointed at central umbo (Fig. ...
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... sponge Spongia sp. (Fig. 1a, b), found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by A casta sulcata ( Fig. 1c-e). In the micro-CT overview scan, 13 barnacle specimens were identified inside and near the surface layer of the sponge (Fig. 1c). Parietes externally smooth, with calcareous spines attached in some areas (Fig. 1d), ribbed internally (Fig. 1d, e). Basis cupshaped, pointed at central umbo (Fig. ...
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... sponge Spongia sp. (Fig. 1a, b), found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by A casta sulcata ( Fig. 1c-e). In the micro-CT overview scan, 13 barnacle specimens were identified inside and near the surface layer of the sponge (Fig. 1c). Parietes externally smooth, with calcareous spines attached in some areas (Fig. 1d), ribbed internally (Fig. 1d, e). Basis cupshaped, pointed at central umbo (Fig. ...
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... Saparua Island, was inhabited by A casta sulcata ( Fig. 1c-e). In the micro-CT overview scan, 13 barnacle specimens were identified inside and near the surface layer of the sponge (Fig. 1c). Parietes externally smooth, with calcareous spines attached in some areas (Fig. 1d), ribbed internally (Fig. 1d, e). Basis cupshaped, pointed at central umbo (Fig. ...
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... sponge Cinacyrella sp., found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by Euacasta sp. 2 (Fig. 10a). In the micro-CT overview scan of Cynacyrella sp., nine specimens of Euacasta sp. 2 were located inside the sponge, living in a group near the surface layer of their host, with their orifices all facing in the same direction, towards the surface of the sponge (Fig. 10b, c). Pattern of holes all over parietes, except on operculum (Fig. ...
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... Cinacyrella sp., found at Saparua Island, was inhabited by Euacasta sp. 2 (Fig. 10a). In the micro-CT overview scan of Cynacyrella sp., nine specimens of Euacasta sp. 2 were located inside the sponge, living in a group near the surface layer of their host, with their orifices all facing in the same direction, towards the surface of the sponge (Fig. 10b, c). Pattern of holes all over parietes, except on operculum (Fig. 10d); opercular plates with slightly horizontal growth ridges (Fig. ...
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... sp. 2 (Fig. 10a). In the micro-CT overview scan of Cynacyrella sp., nine specimens of Euacasta sp. 2 were located inside the sponge, living in a group near the surface layer of their host, with their orifices all facing in the same direction, towards the surface of the sponge (Fig. 10b, c). Pattern of holes all over parietes, except on operculum (Fig. 10d); opercular plates with slightly horizontal growth ridges (Fig. ...
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... nine specimens of Euacasta sp. 2 were located inside the sponge, living in a group near the surface layer of their host, with their orifices all facing in the same direction, towards the surface of the sponge (Fig. 10b, c). Pattern of holes all over parietes, except on operculum (Fig. 10d); opercular plates with slightly horizontal growth ridges (Fig. ...
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... to remove and dissect the barnacles from the host to verify the barnacle species, but the barnacles and the sponge were strongly adherent, making it very difficult to separate them without breakage. After several attempts, we separated the barnacle from the sponge host, but a large amount of sponge tissue was still attached to the barnacle shell (Fig. 11a). The barnacle was immersed in 2% bleach to digest the sponge tissue, but the bleach also destroyed the shell of the barnacle (Fig. 11c). The barnacle was immediately rinsed with tap water five times and air-dried for species identification. Basis of four separate plates (Fig. 11b), growth ridges horizontal, radial furrows shallow (Fig. ...
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... making it very difficult to separate them without breakage. After several attempts, we separated the barnacle from the sponge host, but a large amount of sponge tissue was still attached to the barnacle shell (Fig. 11a). The barnacle was immersed in 2% bleach to digest the sponge tissue, but the bleach also destroyed the shell of the barnacle (Fig. 11c). The barnacle was immediately rinsed with tap water five times and air-dried for species identification. Basis of four separate plates (Fig. 11b), growth ridges horizontal, radial furrows shallow (Fig. 11d, e), crenate at basal rim (Fig. 11f). Parietes externally with many holes marking attachment of calcareous projections; internally ...
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... amount of sponge tissue was still attached to the barnacle shell (Fig. 11a). The barnacle was immersed in 2% bleach to digest the sponge tissue, but the bleach also destroyed the shell of the barnacle (Fig. 11c). The barnacle was immediately rinsed with tap water five times and air-dried for species identification. Basis of four separate plates (Fig. 11b), growth ridges horizontal, radial furrows shallow (Fig. 11d, e), crenate at basal rim (Fig. 11f). Parietes externally with many holes marking attachment of calcareous projections; internally with longitudinal ribs extending from upper to lower ...
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... shell (Fig. 11a). The barnacle was immersed in 2% bleach to digest the sponge tissue, but the bleach also destroyed the shell of the barnacle (Fig. 11c). The barnacle was immediately rinsed with tap water five times and air-dried for species identification. Basis of four separate plates (Fig. 11b), growth ridges horizontal, radial furrows shallow (Fig. 11d, e), crenate at basal rim (Fig. 11f). Parietes externally with many holes marking attachment of calcareous projections; internally with longitudinal ribs extending from upper to lower ...
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... in 2% bleach to digest the sponge tissue, but the bleach also destroyed the shell of the barnacle (Fig. 11c). The barnacle was immediately rinsed with tap water five times and air-dried for species identification. Basis of four separate plates (Fig. 11b), growth ridges horizontal, radial furrows shallow (Fig. 11d, e), crenate at basal rim (Fig. 11f). Parietes externally with many holes marking attachment of calcareous projections; internally with longitudinal ribs extending from upper to lower ...
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... and alae with horizontal ridges (Fig. 11g, h); scutum semi-transparent, with horizontal growth ridges, tinged reddish in upper part, occludental margin slightly toothed; (Fig. 11i, ...
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... and alae with horizontal ridges (Fig. 11g, h); scutum semi-transparent, with horizontal growth ridges, tinged reddish in upper part, occludental margin slightly toothed; (Fig. 11i, ...
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... semi-transparent, with horizontal growth ridges, apex beaked, tinged reddish (Fig. 11i, ...
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... I with outer ramus 80% of inner ramus, anterior and posterior margin with thick serrulate and plumose setae, distal margin of terminal segments of both rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 12a). Cirrus II with rami unequal, posterodistal angle of segments of both rami with serrulate setae, distal margin of terminal segments of both rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 12b). Cirrus III with rami slightly unequal, similar to cirrus II but slender and longer (Fig. 12c). Cirrus IV with hooks on frontal margin of segments of anterior ...
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... outer ramus 80% of inner ramus, anterior and posterior margin with thick serrulate and plumose setae, distal margin of terminal segments of both rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 12a). Cirrus II with rami unequal, posterodistal angle of segments of both rami with serrulate setae, distal margin of terminal segments of both rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 12b). Cirrus III with rami slightly unequal, similar to cirrus II but slender and longer (Fig. 12c). Cirrus IV with hooks on frontal margin of segments of anterior ramus and ...
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... setae, distal margin of terminal segments of both rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 12a). Cirrus II with rami unequal, posterodistal angle of segments of both rami with serrulate setae, distal margin of terminal segments of both rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 12b). Cirrus III with rami slightly unequal, similar to cirrus II but slender and longer (Fig. 12c). Cirrus IV with hooks on frontal margin of segments of anterior ramus and ...
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... small teeth at frontal edge of proximal segments of anterior ramus (Fig. 12d, e). Penis with basidorsal point, annulate, sparse hair distally, gradually tapering distally (Fig. ...
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... small teeth at frontal edge of proximal segments of anterior ramus (Fig. 12d, e). Penis with basidorsal point, annulate, sparse hair distally, gradually tapering distally (Fig. ...
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... cutting edge straight without notch, upper and lower margins with two large, stout, simple setae (Fig. 12g); mandible with five teeth, inferior angle with two stout denticles, lower margin of lateral side with simple setae (Fig. 12h); mandibular palp with dense setae on upper region (Fig. 12i); labrum with V-shaped notch, two small teeth on each side of crest (Fig. 12j). ...
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... cutting edge straight without notch, upper and lower margins with two large, stout, simple setae (Fig. 12g); mandible with five teeth, inferior angle with two stout denticles, lower margin of lateral side with simple setae (Fig. 12h); mandibular palp with dense setae on upper region (Fig. 12i); labrum with V-shaped notch, two small teeth on each side of crest (Fig. 12j). ...
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... cutting edge straight without notch, upper and lower margins with two large, stout, simple setae (Fig. 12g); mandible with five teeth, inferior angle with two stout denticles, lower margin of lateral side with simple setae (Fig. 12h); mandibular palp with dense setae on upper region (Fig. 12i); labrum with V-shaped notch, two small teeth on each side of crest (Fig. 12j). ...
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... straight without notch, upper and lower margins with two large, stout, simple setae (Fig. 12g); mandible with five teeth, inferior angle with two stout denticles, lower margin of lateral side with simple setae (Fig. 12h); mandibular palp with dense setae on upper region (Fig. 12i); labrum with V-shaped notch, two small teeth on each side of crest (Fig. 12j). ...
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... sponge A gelas sp. found at Saparua Island was inhabited by Membranobalanus longirostrum (Fig. 13a, b). In the micro-CT overview scan of A gelas sp. we found 23 specimens of barnacle inside the sponge. We discovered that only hard parts of shell can be seen through micro-CT scan (Fig. 13c, ...
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... sponge A gelas sp. found at Saparua Island was inhabited by Membranobalanus longirostrum (Fig. 13a, b). In the micro-CT overview scan of A gelas sp. we found 23 specimens of barnacle inside the sponge. We discovered that only hard parts of shell can be seen through micro-CT scan (Fig. 13c, ...
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... of barnacle thin, very brittle, smooth without calcareous projections; orifice large, irregularly toothed; basis membranous ( Fig. 14a-e). Scutum with horizontal growth ridges, occludental margin toothed in lower part, adductor ridge absent (Fig. 14b, c). Tergum beaked, horizontal growth ridges present; spur moderately broad, close to basi-scutal angle (Fig. 14b, c). Carina and rostrum bowed; rostrum longest plate, basal part extending far beyond basal margin of other ...
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... of barnacle thin, very brittle, smooth without calcareous projections; orifice large, irregularly toothed; basis membranous ( Fig. 14a-e). Scutum with horizontal growth ridges, occludental margin toothed in lower part, adductor ridge absent (Fig. 14b, c). Tergum beaked, horizontal growth ridges present; spur moderately broad, close to basi-scutal angle (Fig. 14b, c). Carina and rostrum bowed; rostrum longest plate, basal part extending far beyond basal margin of other compartments (Fig. 14d, ...
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... thin, very brittle, smooth without calcareous projections; orifice large, irregularly toothed; basis membranous ( Fig. 14a-e). Scutum with horizontal growth ridges, occludental margin toothed in lower part, adductor ridge absent (Fig. 14b, c). Tergum beaked, horizontal growth ridges present; spur moderately broad, close to basi-scutal angle (Fig. 14b, c). Carina and rostrum bowed; rostrum longest plate, basal part extending far beyond basal margin of other compartments (Fig. 14d, ...
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... Scutum with horizontal growth ridges, occludental margin toothed in lower part, adductor ridge absent (Fig. 14b, c). Tergum beaked, horizontal growth ridges present; spur moderately broad, close to basi-scutal angle (Fig. 14b, c). Carina and rostrum bowed; rostrum longest plate, basal part extending far beyond basal margin of other compartments (Fig. 14d, ...
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... I with outer ramus 80% of inner ramus, terminal segments of anterior and posterior rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 15a). Cirrus II with rami slightly unequal, setae plumose and serrulate; distal segment of posterior ramus with serrulate setae (Fig. 15b). Cirrus III with rami equal (Fig. 15c). Rami of cirrus IV slightly unequal; triangular, spine-like teeth forming transverse comb-like rows on both segments of pedicel (Fig. ...
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... I with outer ramus 80% of inner ramus, terminal segments of anterior and posterior rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 15a). Cirrus II with rami slightly unequal, setae plumose and serrulate; distal segment of posterior ramus with serrulate setae (Fig. 15b). Cirrus III with rami equal (Fig. 15c). Rami of cirrus IV slightly unequal; triangular, spine-like teeth forming transverse comb-like rows on both segments of pedicel (Fig. ...
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... I with outer ramus 80% of inner ramus, terminal segments of anterior and posterior rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 15a). Cirrus II with rami slightly unequal, setae plumose and serrulate; distal segment of posterior ramus with serrulate setae (Fig. 15b). Cirrus III with rami equal (Fig. 15c). Rami of cirrus IV slightly unequal; triangular, spine-like teeth forming transverse comb-like rows on both segments of pedicel (Fig. ...
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... posterior rami with serrulate setae (Fig. 15a). Cirrus II with rami slightly unequal, setae plumose and serrulate; distal segment of posterior ramus with serrulate setae (Fig. 15b). Cirrus III with rami equal (Fig. 15c). Rami of cirrus IV slightly unequal; triangular, spine-like teeth forming transverse comb-like rows on both segments of pedicel (Fig. ...
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... V and VI long, slender (Fig. 15e, f). Penis very long, much longer than cirri (Fig. 15g). Maxillule cutting margin straight, notch absent, with 11 large, cuspidate setae, lower pairs largest (Fig. 15h). Mandible with five teeth, second bifid, third small; inferior angle with three denticles and simple setae, lower margin bearing simple setae (Fig. 15i). Labrum bilobed ...
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... V and VI long, slender (Fig. 15e, f). Penis very long, much longer than cirri (Fig. 15g). Maxillule cutting margin straight, notch absent, with 11 large, cuspidate setae, lower pairs largest (Fig. 15h). Mandible with five teeth, second bifid, third small; inferior angle with three denticles and simple setae, lower margin bearing simple setae (Fig. 15i). Labrum bilobed with wide, not very deep notch, two teeth on each ...
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... V and VI long, slender (Fig. 15e, f). Penis very long, much longer than cirri (Fig. 15g). Maxillule cutting margin straight, notch absent, with 11 large, cuspidate setae, lower pairs largest (Fig. 15h). Mandible with five teeth, second bifid, third small; inferior angle with three denticles and simple setae, lower margin bearing simple setae (Fig. 15i). Labrum bilobed with wide, not very deep notch, two teeth on each crest (Fig. 15j). ...
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... V and VI long, slender (Fig. 15e, f). Penis very long, much longer than cirri (Fig. 15g). Maxillule cutting margin straight, notch absent, with 11 large, cuspidate setae, lower pairs largest (Fig. 15h). Mandible with five teeth, second bifid, third small; inferior angle with three denticles and simple setae, lower margin bearing simple setae (Fig. 15i). Labrum bilobed with wide, not very deep notch, two teeth on each crest (Fig. 15j). ...
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... (Fig. 15g). Maxillule cutting margin straight, notch absent, with 11 large, cuspidate setae, lower pairs largest (Fig. 15h). Mandible with five teeth, second bifid, third small; inferior angle with three denticles and simple setae, lower margin bearing simple setae (Fig. 15i). Labrum bilobed with wide, not very deep notch, two teeth on each crest (Fig. 15j). ...
Citations
... Not only have the evolutionary relationships of the hosts begun to be looked at, but also the morphology of the host has been examined to test larval barnacle biology [17]. Integrating modern techniques such as genetic sequencing and computed tomography [18,19] has also provided greater precision when evaluating inter-and intra-specific variation by shedding light on character evolution. ...
... The type series also lacks any trace of the host and the accounts by Hiro [7,69], only mention that it was found in association with A. sulcata [57]. This latter species has now been recorded from three orders of sponge: Haplosclerida, Poecilosclerida, and Dictyoceratida [3,5,19]. The present specimens were all collected in species of Agelas (order Agelasida), the same host genus as P. sculpturata, albeit morphologically different species. ...
... However, the figures of E. zuiho given by Ren ([45]Figure 11and Plate III[18][19][20][21][22] andYu et al. ([68] ...
The subfamily Acastinae contains a diverse group of barnacles that are obligate symbionts of sponges and alcyonacean and antipatharian corals. Integrating morphological and genetic (COI) data to compare against known species, this paper reports on nine species of sponge-inhabiting barnacles of the subfamily Acastinae, including three undescribed species (Acasta caveata sp. nov., Euacasta acutaflava sp. nov., and E. excoriatrix sp. nov.) and three species previously not recorded in Australian waters (A. sandwichi, Pectinoacasta cancellorum, and P. sculpturata). The new species are distinguished from similar species by a suite of morphological characters as well as genetic distances. A lectotype for Pectinoacasta cancellorum is designated. Sponge hosts were identified for all specimens where possible and are represented by 19 species from eight families and five orders.
The rhinoceros hornbill (Buceros rhinoceros) genetic characteristics consist of nucleotide polymorphisms, haplotypes, genetic distances, and relationships which are important for their conservation effort in Indonesia. We sequenced mitochondrial DNA D-loop hypervariable III fragments from five rhinoceros hornbill individuals at Safari Park Indonesia I and Ragunan Zoo, which were isolated using Dneasy® Blood and Tissue Kit Spin-Column Protocol, Qiagen. D-loop fragment replication was done by PCR technique using DLBuce_F (5'-TGGCCTTTCTCCAAGGTCTA-3') and DLBuce_R (5'-TGAAGG AGT TCATGGGCTTAG-3') primer. Thirty SNP sites were found in 788 bp D-loop sequences of five rhinoceros hornbill individuals and each individual had a different haplotype. The average genetic distance between individuals was 3.09% and all individuals were categorized into two groups (Group I: EC6TS, EC1RG, EC2TS and Group II: EC9TS, EC10TS) with a genetic distance of 3.99%. This result indicated that the two groups were distinct subspecies. The genetic distance between Indonesian and Thai rhinoceros hornbills was 10.76%. Five Indonesian rhinoceros hornbill individuals at Safari Park Indonesia I and Ragunan Zoo probably came from different populations, ancestors, and two different islands. This study can be of use for management consideration in captive breeding effort at both zoos. The D-loop sequence obtained is a useful character to distinguish three rhinoceros hornbill subspecies in Indonesia.
Both Migratory Oriental Honey-buzzard (Pernis ptilorhynchus orientalis) and migratory giant honeybee (Apis dorsata dorsata) can be found in South-east Asia. The Oriental Honey-buzzard is the main predator of the giant honeybee, prey upon its honeycomb, larvae, and honey. Its existence always follows the migration of the giant honeybee. They stay on Java island during the migratory season. The giant honeybee lives in a large colony and has a powerful sting that is useful for defence against its predators. The bee is among the most dangerous animals since its threatening defensive behavior causes severe impact on the eagle and is even frequently fatal for human beings. Data collections on hunting behavior of the Oriental Honey-buzzard were based on irregular observations and interviews between the year 2003 to 2019. We categorized five hunting behaviors during data collections: flying orientation around the bee’s nest, attack on living nest, failure to collect the living nest, preying upon the newly empty nest, and transferring attack of the angry bee to people nearby. The safest hunting for the Oriental Honey-buzzard is to prey upon newly empty nest left by the honeybee. When the nest was still occupied by the bee colonies, the eagle should develop a strategy to avoid and reduce the risk of being attacked. It sometimes transfers the attack to people nearby.
This research aims to get information about the species of host plants and fruit flies, composition and structure of community, distribution pattern, and impact of environmental factors to fruit flies in Campus C, Airlangga University. Research was conducted from August to November 2019. A modification of Steiner trap with methyl eugenol 1.5 ml bait was installed in nine sites. Each Steiner trap was placed on a mango tree 1-2 meters above ground level. Trapped fruit fly specimens were collected after one week. Four replications were made, with intervals between two periods of installation. As many as 682 host plants of the fruit flies were found at the study site consisting of 25 species from 15 families. Results showed that 1121 individuals of Bactrocera fruit flies were found, consisting of 6 species, namely B. carambolae, B. dorsalis, B. minuscula, B. papayae, B. occipitalis, and B. musae. The most abundant species was B. carambolae (62.8%), followed by B. dorsalis (22.8%), B. minuscula (8.4%), B. papayae (4.5%), B. occipitalis (1%), and the lowest was B. musae (0.5%). B. occipitalis has an even distribution pattern, while five other species have aggregated distribution patterns. The diversity index at nine locations ranged from 0.855 (low) to 1.328 (moderate). B. carambolae and B. dorsalis were the dominant species. The presence of fruit flies was influenced by environmental (humidity, temperature, sunlight intensity, wind) and host plant factors.
Wasps of the genus Eustenogaster van der Vecht, 1969, with 17 species currently recognized, are distributed from the Indian subcontinent in the west to the Philippines, Sulawesi Island and Java Island in the east. Two new species of hover wasp genus Eustenogaster (E. multifolia sp. nov., E. sumatraensis sp. nov.) are described from specimens collected in Sumatra Island. The female of E. vietnamensis occurring in Vietnam are described for the first time. The lectotypes of Paravespa eva Bell, 1936 and Ischnogaster ornatifrons Cameron, 1902 are designated. The new taxonomic status is proposed for Stenogaster eximioides Dover and Rao, 1922 as a good (=valid) species of Eustenogaster. The synonymy of Ischnogaster ornatifrons Cameron, 1902 with Eustenogaster micans (de Saussure, 1852) has been confirmed. A revised key to species and a taxonomic and distributional checklist of all the species of Eustenogaster are provided.
