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'Abnormal' pairing of RNA base pairs redrawn based on figure from Palleros D. 911 'Heterocycles' with sincere thanks to the Author (Palleros, n.d.). 912

'Abnormal' pairing of RNA base pairs redrawn based on figure from Palleros D. 911 'Heterocycles' with sincere thanks to the Author (Palleros, n.d.). 912

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The pre-biotic origin, emergence, and subsequent evolution of biotic life, out of the ‘Big-Bang’, consequential on the interaction of matter and energy, including, the “subtle guidance exerted by bonding orbital geometry” (Schwabe, 2002), and light, is of widespread interest. This review aims to extend the work of others, presenting six theoretical...

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... of the required 20 to 22 distinct proteinogenic amino 950 acids. As above alternatively, proto-RNA-bases may not only have formed from A-U and C-G, but also 951 from the 'non-canonical' G-U and A-C pairings, including due to action of UV, leading to the 952 formation of minor less common tautomer's; illustrated in diagrams adapted from Palleros ( Fig. 4.) 953 (Palleros, n.d.). Non-canonical forms are rare in 'DNA', although G-U it appears, is an accepted, albeit 954 rare, mismatch in nuclear DNA (Fadda andPomès, 2011). Non-canonical forms appear to be more 955 regularly utilised by mitochondria. In RNA non-canonical forms of base pair dimers, are, it appears, 956 regularly found ...