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Abb. 9: Wahrnehmung, Störungsempfindung und Vermeidung von spezifischen touristischen Phänomenen (Quelle: Eigene Erhebungen)
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Zusammenfassung
Ausgehend von einigen sehr stark frequentierten städtetouristischen Destinationen und befördert durch eine intensive Medienberichterstattung über Besucherdruck und dadurch ausgelöste negative Effekte erfährt der Begriff „Overtourism“ und die Diskussion darüber seit 2017 eine hohe öffentliche Aufmerksamkeit. Die Diskussion ist dabei...
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Citations
... In recent years, many sought-after tourism destinations have seen a paradigm shifta positive attitude of local communities towards tourism has been gradually replaced by a critical and, at times, aversive attitude as the limits of socially acceptable tourism development have been reached (Kagermeier and Erdmenger 2019a;Scherle et al. 2021). Following the growth-focused mindset of tourism policymakers and providers of tourism services, the success of the tourism industry has been measured in terms of visitor numbers for decades (Dodds and Butler 2019). ...
... Central to these protests were the deteriorating quality of life and well-being of local communities. The term overtourism was subsequently coined and received substantial media attention (Gössling et al. 2020;Kagermeier and Erdmenger 2019a). Having proven to be particularly marketable, the term was trademarked by the market research company Skift in 2018 and has developed into an overused and under-conceptualised buzzword (Koens et al. 2018). ...
Purpose – The article examines whether and, if so, how systematic citizen participation in the planning and decision-making processes can improve the acceptance of tourism in three popular Bavarian destinations — the Franconian Lake District, Tölzer Land, and Munich. Methodology – The article draws on a qualitative study, comprising 33 expert interviews with representatives of politics, administration, tourism organisations, tourism service providers, associations, and local communities. The expert interviews were analysed using the qualitative research method GABEK. Selected findings were subsequently visualised through causal network charts. Findings – The findings revealed a fundamental dissatisfaction with the prevailing political planning and decision-making processes. More support from politics and a clear commitment to tourism value creation is required. Greater citizen involvement in the strategic development of tourism is desirable. The implementation of citizen participation is fraught with many difficulties, including lack of political goodwill, and is therefore either not or only insufficiently developed in the participating Bavarian destinations. Contribution – Against the background of recent and contemporary social developments, strategic citizen participation in tourism planning processes was identified as an important approach for the continued successful and sustainable development of Bavarian tourism destinations and living spaces. The findings can be regarded as an urgent appeal to initiate systematic participatory processes in Bavaria, guaranteeing a framework for a continuous exchange between the local population, politics, and administration, enabling better incorporation of the needs of the local population into tourism planning objectives, and increasing the acceptance of tourism.
... (Winnemuth 2020) -so titeln zwei renommierte bundesdeutsche Leitmedien, in deren Beiträgen evident wird, dass Tourismus längst sein Image alsvermeintlich -"weiße Industrie" (Euler 1989, 11) verloren hat und sich zunehmend zu einem "endlichen Spaß" (Raab 2019) entwickelt. Spätestens seit der intensiven, teilweise ausgesprochen hitzigen medialen Berichterstattung über einen in diesem Ausmaß bis dato nicht gekannten Besucherdruck auf bestimmte Destinationen und den damit einhergehenden negativen Implikationen im Sommer 2017 erlebt der Begriff Overtourismus einen regelrechten Boom (Dodds & Butler 2019;Kagermeier & Erdmenger 2019;Milano et al. 2019). Der überbordende Druck durch wachsende Reiseströme, die fortschreitende touristische Entwicklung und die daraus resultierenden Wirkungen, die aus Perspektive zahlreicher ‚Bereister' massiv ihre Lebensqualität unterminieren, werden als Overtourismus bezeichnet (Weber et al. 2017). ...
... Der Versuch, von überfüllten Ferienregionen auf weniger besuchte Landschaften auszuweichen, aber auch die Marktgesetzlichkeit, welche die Suche nach immer neuen profitablen Objekten anheizt, führt zur Überwindung riesiger Distanzen und zur touristischen Erschließung letzter Reservate. " Der derzeitige tourismuswissenschaftliche Diskurs bezüglich Overtourismus ist keineswegs neu, vielmehr steht er -zumindest hinsichtlich seiner normativen Anliegenin engem Konnex mit der vergleichsweise elitär anmutenden, von Enzensberger (1958) angestoßenen, bildungsbürgerlich konnotierten Tourismuskritik (Kagermeier & Erdmenger 2019). Darüber hinaus sei auf den Schweizer Tourismusforscher Krippen-dorf verwiesen, der zu den prominentesten Vordenkern eines sozial-und umweltverträglichen Tourismus zählt und der bereits in den 1980er-Jahren vor den gravierenden Folgen eines ‚totalen Tourismus' gewarnt hat. ...
... Mansfeld & Jonas (2006) im Kontext ihrer Konzeption des sogenannten Carrying Capacity Value Stretch-Modells aufgegriffen haben, um die sozio-kulturellen Auswirkungen einer unkontrollierten Tourismusentwicklung in bestimmten israelischen Destinationen zu messen. Wird eine bestimmte Toleranzschwelle überschritten, vollzieht sich -im Sinne eines Paradigmenwechselsbei weiten Teilen der lokalen Bevölkerung eine emotionale Wende, in der eine positive Grundeinstellung gegenüber Tourismus sukzessive von einer kritischen, mitunter geradezu aversiven Haltung abgelöst wird, da aus deren Perspektive die Grenzen einer sozialverträglichen Tourismusentwicklung erreicht sind (Kagermeier & Erdmenger 2019 Social Media -immer wieder Gefahr, in ein vergleichsweise undifferenziertes touristbashing zu münden, das weitgehend die positiven Aspekte von Tourismus -zumindest im Fall einer nachhaltigen Tourismusentwicklung -ausblendet. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist Postma & Schmuecker (2017, 147) zuzustimmen, wenn sie schreiben: "There is danger that for a focus on only negative aspects in the interaction between tourists and locals would cause bias. ...
... Due to its popularity as a tourist destination and continuing tourism growth, Munich is often the subject of overtourism discussions and related research (Namberger et al. 2019;Koens et al. 2018;Postma 2013;Kagermeier & Erdmenger 2019). Two quantitative studies are presented below to contrast the findings with the qualitative results of the present paper. ...
... Overall, tolerance monitoring agrees that the atmosphere is generally quite positive towards tourism, but also reveals a few slow negative trends. The results are thus consistent with Kagermeier and Erdmenger's (2019) results. ...
... In addition, the concept of AKIM could be an inspiration for this. Dialogue with residents could be held at touristic places or in shared host-guest spaces such as beer gardens (Kagermeier & Erdmenger 2019). Moreover, occasional events organized by the nebenan.de ...
Over the last 50 years, scientific research on destination governance has initiated various models focusing on its participatory aspects, such as collaborative and community-based governance. Sociological concepts such as empowerment or social capital were often used as an explanation. However, the implementation of these concepts is still lacking, even though the sustainable development discourse has emphasized the importance of residents' consent regarding local tourism development. This paper shifts the perspective from academic concepts to the actual opinions of host communities, in this case Munich, Germany. To collect in-depth data on the perceptions of local residents, and subsequently analyze if and how they wanted to participate in tourism governance, a qualitative, mixed-methods approach including focus groups and photo elicitation was applied. The empirical results show that residents are not very interested in actively engaging - due to a lack of interest, knowledge and time. Based on that finding, the researcher team expanded and connected current destination governance models so as to subsequently draw recommendations for governance action. © 2021 Zentralausschus fur Deutsche Landeskunde. All rights reserved.
... Neither spatial nor temporal disaggregation has been carried out, which makes it difficult to measure overtourism, as this is a phenomenon which normally converges in time and place. The only exceptions are McKinsey and WTTC [7] and Peeters et al. [8], who calculate seasonality indicators; and Kagermeier and Erdmenger [17], Martin et al. [18], Muler et al. [33], and Simancas and Peñarubia [12], who carry out spatial disaggregation in the areas under consideration. ...
... The remaining papers do not set specific thresholds, at best providing data from other destinations with which to make comparisons [17,18,33], or use the risk thresholds from the reports discussed above [19]. However, these comparisons are complex, as each destination is unique and the spatial scales are different. ...
... Most of the questionnaires include items from several blocks; this allows for an indirect approximation of the presence of overtourism. [19], Besalú [33], Munich [23], Budapest [37,38] Munich [17], Budapest [37][38][39] Feelings towards tourists Hong Kong [24], Munich [17,23], Budapest [36] Munich [17], Budapest [37] Behavioural response Porto [20], Munich [17,23] Note: the numbers in parentheses correspond to the code of the references. ...
The tourism debate prior to the COVID-19 pandemic was dominated by the problems inherent in overtourism, reflecting an inadequate land management. Although publications on overtourism have grown exponentially in recent years, its scientific study still has major shortcomings, particularly with regard to measurement. With the aim of overcoming this insufficiency, we have carried out a review of the literature (using the mapping review method) and, based on its conclusions, we have drawn up a proposal to systematise the measurement of overtourism by combining several tools: indicators, surveys, interviews, and other tools linked to the Internet and social networks. The results of the research make a contribution to the expansion of the literature on the topic and may have important practical implications in formulating effective land-use policies by guiding policy makers in the management of overtourism. They could be of use in both the early detection of overtourism and the design of policies that prevent and/or detect situations of risk and that correct existing problems. This is especially relevant in the current international context to implement the effective transition to a responsible tourism model post-COVID-19.
... The representative of the city marketing organisation expressed the assumption that local residents had become accustomed to the presence of visitors in their town and thus to a certain extent had "learned" to cope with it (c.f. Kagermeier and Erdmenger, 2019: 86 for the original quotation in German). On the other hand, the visitor growth rate in Berlin has been much more dynamic due to Berlin's historic situation in the second half of the 20 th century. ...
... First, it is necessary to conduct systematic quantitative surveys among the local population about their perceptions of tourists and possible points of contention arising from tourism. As our previous research with the case study of Munich has shown, such surveys might serve as an initial early-warning tool (Kagermeier and Erdmenger, 2019) that would help local policymakers to identify possible future conflicts. However, simple quantitative surveys seem to fall far short of detecting and discovering evolving potential conflicts. ...
In recent years, overtourism has become a major issue, especially in numerous popular cities. Besides being destinations for urban tourists, cities also provide a living environment for their respective inhabitants. Residents’ leisure activities and visitors’ activities may create synergies, since members of both groups make use of similar recreation services. In gentrified residential areas in particular, recreation services directed primarily at the hipster urban population attract “new urban tourists”. Since tourist demand may result in the establishment of additional retail outlets, eateries or cultural opportunities, simultaneously enriching inhabit-ants’ options, the local population may consider these additions to be a nuisance, penetrating their living environment (Lebensraum).
Visitors’ use of an urban environment follows the economic perspective of a destination, which is marketed with the intention of creating revenues and jobs. In contrast, residents primarily view their “habitat” from a socio-cultural angle.
The presentations will reflect the two different rationalities of destinations and living environment, with the intention of determining the extent to which these partially competing interests may be reconciled.
Based on findings in German cities, special emphasis is placed on the question of the extent to which proactive and comprehensive approaches can be identified and developed to better integrate residents’ sentiments. Findings generated in focus group interviews conducted in Munich show that there was little interest or willingness among the population to express minor irritations and feelings of unease or discomfort. The local population will only express its problems and complaints once a certain threshold is crossed. Once the local population has voiced its concerns about perceived visitor pressures and the negative effects of tourism, it is too late to implement pre-emptive approaches.
Early warning low-threshold approaches must therefore be developed to ensure that the local population’s sentiments are heard before they become visible and audible in local government discourse – often transformed into the hostile rejection of tourists. At the same time, it may be necessary to integrate local residents in order to prevent overtourism perception syndromes. It may even be possible to foster resilience to the challenge of intensive tourism frequentation by proactively integrating the population.
... In view of current discussions about overtourism, but also in consideration of the profound impact of tourism-induced CO 2 emissions on the climate, it is imperative to seriously consider alternative forms of tourism in the various destinations and ways to valorize them (Kagermeier & Erdmenger, 2019;Scherle, 2020). A possible alternative in this case is the promotion of community-based tourism, which has been seriously neglected by Moroccan and Jordanian tourism policy. ...
Morocco and Jordan are among those destinations in the Arab world where the complex structures and processes of a neoliberal tourism policy can be examined quasi archetypically: to the extent that the policy largely considers the market as being the ultimate determinant for the exchange of tangible and intangible goods. Based on two case studies – the so-called Master Plan of Marrakesh (Morocco) and the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (Jordan) – this paper examines the conflicted effects of neoliberal penetration into tourism policy on these two destinations as well as on key stakeholders. Given the unilateral instrumentalization of individual freedom in terms of productivity, growth, and progress; it is evident that a neoliberal tourism policy does not justly serve those directly involved or the local communities, but instead, furthers the interests of Western industrialized nations.
... As the definitions above indicate, there is an interrelation between social capital, community resilience and social carrying capacity. The framework in Figure 1 incorporates four models: integrative urban-tourism model by Yudha, Radyan, & Akbar (2019), framework of destination resilience from Hall, Prayag, & Amore (2018), of residents support for tourism from Nunkoo & So (2016) and the concept of resilience and vulnerability by Kagermeier & Erdmenger (2019). ...
Zusammenfassung
In Anbetracht des kontinuierlich steigenden Besucherdrucks auf urbane Destinationen und der damit einhergehenden Medienberichterstattung über Overtourism, werden Analysen über die Toleranz und Resilienz der belasteten Gemeinden essentiell für die Tourismusforschung. In dem vorliegenden Beitrag werden zunächst basierend auf einer Literaturanalyse diverse Modelle zur Community Resilience und zum Social Capital in urbanen Destinationen zusammengetragen. Anschließend werden zwei Fallbeispiele – Kopenhagen und München – mittels der qualitativen Analyse diverser Expertengespräche präsentiert und auf deren Kohärenz mit dem zuvor entwickelten Modell getestet. Als Resultat werden diverse Faktoren hervorgehoben, die das Social Capital der Gemeinden urbaner Destinationen beeinflussen und die Resilienz gegenüber wachsenden Touristenzahlen damit einhergehend stärken.
Tourism is an important economic factor worldwide and a destination’s success is usually measured by accomplishing economic goals. However, with the realization that the tourism industry’s contribution goes far beyond its economic impacts, and with the pressing need to ensure attainment of environmental and social sustainable development goals, residents’ perspectives gain in importance. Ideally, residents not only accept tourism, but also perceive it as contributor to their own quality of life. Whereas past studies examined how leisure travel can positively influence tourists’ quality of life, little research has investigated tourism’s contribution to residents’ quality of life. A representative study in Germany shows that residents perceive tourism as an important economic factor, yet are barely aware of the industry’s positive contribution to their own quality of life. There is great need for internal marketing campaigns that inform and raise awareness as well as a need for new indicators to support measuring a destination’s success beyond economic aims.
Examining today’s tourism, we should recognize the appearance and intensification of socially and environmentally undesirable side effects of tourism. A change is necessary in order to maintain the popularity of tourism and to develop it further. This change must take place both in terms of supply and consumer demand. In the present study, we examine the extent to which
the Hungarian population is open to demonstrating environmentally conscious and responsible consumer behaviour during their travels. The diverse consumer behaviours of the generations are well known, but in the case of tourism, this is a somewhat less researched area. The current study was carried out to explore these generational differences. As part of the research, we
conducted an online survey of 1,085 respondents in April and May of 2018 with the aim of examining the attitudes of the Hungarian population toward tourism, focusing on the generational perspective. In this paper, we analyse the results of some important manifestations of responsible tourism and the attitudes of the Hungarian population toward environmental issues. In our opinion, the study is also relevant because many tourist destinations are already struggling with the negative effects of
overtourism, so it is critical that we explore whether there is willingness among tourists to adopt more environmentally conscious and responsible consumer behaviour patterns. Employing the core research data, we performed a cluster analysis, with the help of which we attempted to characterize a range of consumer groups.
