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A new grade of the 200 series has been defined for the European market as a candidate alternative to austenitic grade EN 1.4301 (AISI 304). The grade was recently assigned a material number by VDEh (1.4618 - X9CrMnNiCu 17-8-5-2). The paper presents mechanical properties of the grade including drawability and corrosion resistance characteristics. Th...
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... the second half of 2007, more than 1,000 tons issued from industrial melts were delivered to European and American markets. Typical mechanical properties of those production lots are presented in Table 4. The grade behaves like a 301 austenitic steel, i.e. mechanical properties (YS) are slightly higher than those of grade EN 1.4301 (AISI 304). ...
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... Moreover, the N addition enhances the austenite phase range, it improves mechanical properties, and promotes the passivation process, resulting in improvements of corrosion resistance properties [5]. Cr-Mn stainless steels are developed under a new grade of austenitic stainless steels called the 200 series, reducing Ni content to less than 1 wt.% to meet market needs with higher quality and lower cost compared to the ASSs 300 series [4,6]. Cr alloying element is the responsible element for developing corrosion resistance of ASS [7]. ...
In the present work, dissimilar butt joints between a low-Ni, medium-Mn austenitic stainless steel, M-Mn SS, and a Ni-Cr austenitic stainless steel, Ni-Cr SS, were processed by utilizing the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) technique at different heat inputs. A filler metal of ER308 was employed in the welding process. The filler yields 480 MPa, which is equivalent to the yield strength of M-Mn SS. The microstructural analysis and mechanical performance (i.e., tensile strength and hardness properties) of the concerned joints were studied by using an optical microscope and uniaxial tensile tests, respectively. The results revealed that a duplex structure from austenite matrix and delta ferrite is promoted in the fusion zone (FZ) of the dissimilar joints processed with low and high energy inputs (0.486 kJ/mm and 0.558 kJ/mm). The FZ of the specimens welded at high heat input exhibited the lowest hardness value (151.2 HV) in comparison to heat affected zone (HAZ) (166.3 HV). Moreover, the joints exhibited a low tensile strength of 610 MPa. The achieved strength is significantly lower than the strengths of the base metals (BMs) M-Mn SS and Ni-Cr SS. This is mainly attributed to the inhomogeneous dendritic structure of the FZ with Cr-carbides precipitation.
... Mn is an important alloying element, because it is an economical austenite former, and it is effective in increasing the nitrogen solubility in Fe-based alloys [51,173,[177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185]. However, alloying Mn is known to be harmful to the corrosion resistance of various types of stainless steels [186][187][188][189][190][191][192]. ...
Le comportement à la corrosion et les mécanismes de transport des ions ont été étudiés par des techniques d'analyse de surface (spectrométrie d’ions secondaires à temps de vol et spectroscopie de photoélectrons) combinées à des mesures électrochimiques sur des alliages métalliques contenant du Cr, comme l'alliage à haute entropie CoCrFeMnNi, et les aciers inoxydables 304L et 316L. Pour l'alliage à haute entropie, à la fois l'oxyde natif formé à l'air et les films passifs (formés dans l'acide sulfurique) ont une structure bicouche, comprenant une couche interne riche en oxyde de Cr et Mn et une couche externe d’oxydes de Cr/Fe/Co. La couche d’oxyde ne contient pas de Ni. Les effets de l'exposition du film natif à l'acide sulfurique et de la passivation sous polarisation anodique ont été étudiés.Pour les aciers inoxydables 304L et 316L, des films d’oxyde à structure bicouche ont également été mis en évidence sur les films natif et passif, avec une couche externe riche en Fe et Mo (pour 316L) et une couche interne riche en Cr. La stabilité thermique du film passif formé sur une surface en acier inoxydable 316L a été testée lors de l’exposition progressive, sous Ultra Haut Vide, du film d’oxyde depuis la température ambiante jusqu’à 300°C. Pour des températures inférieures à 250°C, les profils ToF-SIMS ont mis en évidence la déshydroxylation et la déshydratation des films d’oxyde de surface. Au-dessus de 250°C, la principale modification du film est liée à la diffusion de cations Cr3+ dans la couche d’oxyde avec pour conséquence la formation d'oxyde de chrome aux dépens de l’oxyde de fer (thermodynamiquement moins stable) à l’interface oxyde interne/ oxyde externe. Les mécanismes de transport des espèces ioniques à travers la couche d’oxyde formée sur les aciers inoxydables 304L et 316L ont ensuite été élucidés grâce à la mise au point d’un processus d’oxydation en 2 étapes, où la première étape (croissance d’un oxyde natif ou passif) est suivie d’une oxydation en milieu gazeux à haute température (300°C) sous faible pression d’oxygène isotopique 18O2. Les résultats révèlent que la diffusion des cations vers l'extérieur régit la croissance des oxydes. Sur l’alliage inoxydable 316L, la couche externe d’oxyde de Mo empêche le transport continu des ions Cr vers la surface. Les films passifs, en raison de leur composition et de leur structure, présentent une vitesse d'oxydation nettement inférieure à celle des films d'oxyde natifs.
... At the present time, the manufacturing of stainless steel is created by using manganese (Mn) replacing Ni as the austenite stabilizer in the austenitic stainless steel grade of low-nickel which is popularly known as 200 series stainless steel. This type of stainless steel is commonly used instead of 300 grade 304 grade being especially popular [5]. It has been found that there are many problems in the welding process of both the similar and dissimilar welding in the manufacturing industries. ...
In this present work, solutions are sought regarding the problems of dissimilar welding of austenitic stainless steel for industrial fabrication work. There is support for the popular 200 grade stainless steel as a low-cost alternate to for 300 series grade in developing countries in Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, Vietnam, Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia. This study evaluates the microstructure, mechanical properties and pitting corrosion of dissimilar welding of the alternative low cost stainless steel grades 204Cu and 304 employing a GTA welding process by using different filler metals, namely 309L and 316L. It was found that for both weld metals and both filler metals the melting area in 204Cu BM side was larger than the 304 BM side. The delta-ferrite content in the weld metal of 309L was lower than 316L, HAZ and PMZ on the 204Cu side was wider than the 304 side of both welded metals. For the mechanical properties, the hardness volume of the welded metal of the 309L was higher than the 316L. Hardness adjacent to the fusion line of the 304 side was lower than the 204Cu side of both the filler metals. The tensile strength of the welded metal of 316L was more than the 309L and both welded metals ductile fractured in the welded zone (close to the 304 BM side). The pitting corrosion resistance of the welded metal for 309L was higher than for 316L and both welded metals initiated pitting at the boundary between the austenite phase and the delta-ferrite phase.
... Beside the general austenitic stainless steels, which are chromium and nickel alloyed (AISI 3XX series) the chromiummanganeseand eventually nitrogen alloyed grades (AISI 2XX series) gained bigger attention in the recent years [2]. The Cr-Ni steels contain 16-19 % Cr and 6-12 % Ni, the Cr-Mn steels contain also [16][17][18][19] % Cr and 4< %Mn and Ni accordingly [3][4][5]. ...
Weldability aspects of different Cr-Mn alloyed high strength austenitic steel grades were investigated in our present work and compared to conventional Cr-Ni alloyed grades. In our experiments two Cr-Mn alloyed high strength (+N alloying) austenitic steel grades (1.4371 and 1.4376) and as comparison; Cr-Ni alloyed high strength (1.4318) and normal strength (1.4301) austenitic steel grades were used. Similar and dissimilar joints were made with metal inert gas (MIG) welding and MIG brazing. The produced butt joints were evaluated according to their tensile- hardness- and microstructural properties. The different steel grades showed quite different behavior regarding the mechanical and microstructural properties. The MIG brazed specimen showed higher weld metal hardness than the welded ones, the hardness values decreased with decreasing Mn-content in the base metals. In case of MIG welding also the tensile strengths and the fracture elongation of the joints decreased with decreasing Mn-content. © 2018, Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.
... Because of the recent fluctuations of Ni price [2], stainless steel producer companies made efforts in order to decrease the Ni content in these steels. Manufacturers payed emphasized attention in using Mn (5-11 %) and N (< 0.25 %) as alloying elements [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. These steels marked as AISI 200 series. ...
... According to steel manufacturers predictions the usability of Cr-Mn steels will reach 20 % by the end of 2010's (from 9 % in the beginning of the 21 st century) among all of the stainless steels [1,2,4,7]. Beside their low cost (currently nickel is around five times more expensive than manganese on metal stock market [13]), the N (> 0.13 %) alloyed austenitic steels have higher yield strength (~ 400 MPa), than the conventional Cr-Ni steels (~ 300 MPa), which is also a highlighted research area [5,6,8,10,14,15]. Researchers [6] showed that with increasing nitrogen content in solid solution, the yield and tensile strengths also higher. ...
Due to the rising cost of nickel, the price of high nickel alloys such as austenitic stainless steels (ASS) is
also increasing. To reduce the cost, high manganese content is alloyed to substitute nickel in stainless
steels. These ASS (200 series) contain significantly less nickel (~5 wt%), the main alloying elements are
chromium (~15-17 wt%) and manganese (~7 wt%). The investigated ASS was 1.4618 grade where
additional 0,125 wt% nitrogen alloying, which increased the ultimate tensile strength up to 680 MPa with
significant (50%) fracture elongation. Welding tests with gas tungsten arc welding with commercial
austenitic filler material, and gas metal arc welding with austenitic filler and copper based brazing
material were carried out. The specimens were evaluated via various measurements. The microstruc-
tural properties were investigated on etched samples (standard metallography test items). To determine
the mechanical characteristics, the hardness profile of the joints with micro Vickers testing method and
tensile tests were carried out. The results of corrosion testing and of the above mentioned examinations
were compared to standard ASS's features.
... 200 series stainless steel is currently of great interest to material researchers, engineers and steel vendors due to its distinctive mechanical characteristics and acceptable corrosion behaviour. According to [12], new grades of the 200 ...
The major objective of this experimental study is to investigate and compare the corrosion resistance of medium Carbon steel (MCS) and KS7 stainless steel in saline and sodium carbonate environments. The MCS and KS7 SS were exposed to 0.5 M each of NaCl and Na 2 CO 3 solutions for a period of 36 days. The weight loss was taken every 3 days in order to evaluate CPR. The results obtained showed that KS7 SS generally offers a better corrosion resistance than the MCS in the selected media. While MCS is found to be inappropriate alloy in saline and sodium carbonate environments, KS7 SS is an unfailing choice material for manufacturing machines and other engineering amenities in which their service lives are predominant in Na 2 CO 3 medium and fairly pleasing in NaCl environment.
... Nitrogen, as an interstitially dissolved element, does have a significant strengthening effect in these steels [14] [21], which can be an advantage is some applications, and which requires adjustment if a nitrogen-alloyed low-nickel stainless steel is substituted for Type 304 in fabrication which involves cold work (such as deep-drawing) [6]. The strengthening effect of nitrogen can be counteracted by copper, though; this is illustrated by a recently developed European 200 series steel, which achieves essentially the same yield and tensile strength as Type 304, while containing around 0.15% N and 1.5% Cu [24]. ...
Fluctuations in the nickel price continue to drive the search for alternatives to nickel in austenitic stainless steels, even after nearly a century of general use of austenitic stainless steel, and more than fifty years since development of the 200-series alternatives. In this paper, the metallurgical constraints are defined, and quantified where possible, as a basis for understanding why the prospects for nickel replacement are quite limited. The constraints relate to three distinct roles of nickel, namely austenite formation, austenite stabilization, and corrosion resistance. Nickel decreases the general corrosion rate in reducing acids, but this is a relatively unimportant effect, since Type 304 stainless steel has limited applicability in reducing acids. The more important effect of nickel substitution is on pitting corrosion resistance, where manganese has a strongly negative effect, nitrogen improves pitting corrosion resistance, and copper has variable effect. With regards to austenite formation, nitrogen has a strong effect, copper a weak effect, and manganese has a weak to negative effect (its main role is to increase nitrogen solubility). Austenite stabilization relates to avoiding martensite formation during cold deformation. All alloying elements decrease the Md temperature, and in many cases more strongly than does nickel; nitrogen-Alloyed low-nickel stainless steels are expected to have a smaller tendency toward martensite formation during cold work. Nickel replacement also affects the mechanical and processing properties, for example by the strong strengthening effect of nitrogen and the potential negative effect of copper alloying on hot workability. The conclusion is that there is no simple direct replacement for nickel; while low-nickel and nickel-free austenitic grades can be used successfully, this requires careful consideration of the conditions.
For several years, the significance of gaseous energy sources (e. g. liquified natural gas and hydrogen) has been increasing worldwide due to environmental and climate policy requirements. Storage and transportation of the liquids occur under cryogenic conditions. This results in specific requirements for the mechanical properties of the materials used at cryogenic temperatures. Nowadays, cold-tough, high-nickel austenites and martensitic steels of type X8Ni9 are used for such purposes. While austenitic materials offer good processing properties, they are not attractive due to their comparatively low strength and high costs. Welding martensitic steel with commonly used nickel-based additives significantly impacts processing quality and process automation due to high magnetic remanence. Additionally, the increased requirements for the storage of liquid hydrogen regarding low-temperature toughness push the conventional low-temperature materials to their limits. A potential solution to the identified challenges can be achieved by using medium- and high-manganese austenitic steels. Within the scope of this work, the medium-manganese steel X2CrMnNiN1775 (1.4371) is investigated as an economical substitute for the conventionally used materials in cryogenic applications. Considering the relevant qualification requirements for welded joints and welding additives, submerged arc welded joints are investigated and their applicability under cryogenic operating temperatures is demonstrated.
In view of designing new alloys as well as optimizing the mechanical properties of annealed Cr-Mn-N alloys, a machine learning model has been developed using large industrial data. In this work, continuous multi-output regression models were developed to predict mechanical properties such as yield strength, tensile strength and elongation of Cr-Mn-N austenitic stainless steel based on the chemical composition, thickness and grain size. In the present study, the performance of several model such as KNN, ETR, XGboost, RF etc. has been compared. The ETR model outperformed other models and thereby it has been selected for further analysis. The relative importance of different parameters affecting the mechanical properties of the steels have been investigated. While the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength could be predicted very well but the percentage elongation showed slight deviation from actual data. The deviation has been explained in the light of metallurgical fundamentals. Further, the developed model was validated using separate data points outside the training data. The optimized model will be useful in designing and optimizing the composition of Cr-Mn-N austenitic stainless steels.
