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ANCOVA of survival of gypsy moth larvae following rearing on and subsequent removal of artificial diet differing in protein and starch concentrations. Initial dry mass prior to starva- tion was square root transformed to linearize the data
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Survival and body composition of starving gypsy moth larvae initially reared on aspen foliage or artificial diet differeing in nitrogen (N) and carbohydrate concentration were examined under laboratory conditions. Diet nitrogen concentration strongly affected starvation resistance and body composition, but diet carbohydrate content had no effects o...
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... resistance of gypsy moth larvae was signifi- cantly associated with body mass prior to starvation and diet nitrogen concentration, but not with diet car- bohydrate content (Table 1). Initial body mass was pos- itively correlated with starvation resistance for both diet nitrogen concentrations and aspen (Fig. 1), so that within any one diet treatment, large larvae survived longer. ...Similar publications
The Sutton and more recent Gaussian plume models of atmospheric dispersion were used to estimate downwind concentrations of pheromone in a deciduous forest. Wind measurements from two bivane anemometers were recorded every 12 sec and the pheromone was emitted from a point source 1.6 m above ground level at known rates. The wingfanning response of i...
Citations
... One explanation may be that food demand is related to starvation tolerance. While larger species generally show higher starvation resistance than smaller species (Gergs & Jager, 2014), there is evidence that several factors can generate exceptions (Kirk, 1997;Stockhoff, 1991). Thus, it is possible that S. montela (smaller) has higher starvation resistance than A. alcinous (larger). ...
Recent studies on insect interactions on plants have revealed that herbivorous insects indirectly interact with each other through changes in plant traits following herbivory. However, less attention has been given to plant biomass relative to plant quality in relation to indirect interactions among herbivores. We explored the extent to which the larval food demand of two specialist butterflies (Sericinus montela and Atrophaneura alcinous) explains their interaction on a host plant, Aristolochia debilis. A laboratory experiment showed that plant mass consumption by A. alcinous larvae was 2.6 times greater than that by S. montela. We predicted that A. alcinous, which requires more food, is more vulnerable to food shortages than S. montela. In a cage experiment, an asymmetric interspecific interaction was detected between the two specialist butterflies; S. montela larval density significantly decreased the survival and prolonged the development time of A. alcinous, but A. alcinous density affected neither the survival nor the development time of S. montela. The prediction based on the food requirement was partly supported by the fact that increasing A. alcinous density likely caused a food shortage, which more negatively affected A. alcinous survival than S. montela survival. Conversely, increasing the density of S. montela did not reduce the remaining food quantity, suggesting that the negative effect of S. montela density on A. alcinous was unlikely to be due to food shortage. Although aristolochic acid I, a defensive chemical specific to Aristolochia plants, did not influence the food consumption or growth of either butterfly larva, unmeasured attributes of plant quality may have mediated an indirect interaction between the two butterflies. Consequently, our study suggests that not only the quality but also the quantity of plants should be considered to fully understand the characteristics, such as symmetry, of interspecific interactions among herbivorous insects on the same host plant.
... A negative association between mortality rates and body size of C. maculatus was also reported by previous studies (Paukku and Kotiaho, 2005;Małek et al., 2019). According to the Chosset rule (Kleiber, 1961;Stockhoff, 1991), mortality driven by resource depletion should occur when an organism suffers body mass losses approaching 50% of a 'normal state'. We used this simple criterion as a 'rule of thumb' to prognose the expected lifespan of C. maculatus in males not engaged in mating (group m0) based on our estimates of the daily rate of body mass loss. ...
Temperature and humidity determine seed viability, but their effect on seed pest reproduction, such as that of the bean beetle Callosobruchus maculatus, remains understudied. Adult male C. maculatus pass large ejaculates to mates while not feeding. Here, we studied ejaculate production and longevity in C. maculatus males at different temperatures and mating patterns. After development at 25, 27 and 29 °C, eclosing males were weighed and prevented from mating (m0) or allowed to mate once with virgin females three (m3) or five (m5) days after eclosion or to mate twice, three and five days after eclosion (m3+5). We weighed males before and after mating to estimate body mass loss due to ejaculate transfer and depletion of resources over time attributed to routine physiology/evaporation. Warmer conditions increased mortality and development rates and tended to decrease body mass. Males with a large body mass at eclosion survived longer than smaller males. The body mass of males was depleted at daily rates equal to 3–5% of body mass at eclosion. The rates of this loss increased in warmer conditions, suggesting that this process was the main determinant of the thermal pattern of mortality. During a single mating, males produced ejaculates that constituted 2–6% of their body mass at eclosion. Contrary to predictions, ejaculate production did not change with thermal conditions. Body mass losses through ejaculate transfer resulted in increased male mortality, and this effect was two times stronger than the effect of a comparable body mass loss through routine physiology/evaporation. Ejaculate mass decreased with age independent of mating history, suggesting that ejaculate production is restricted by routine physiology/evaporation losses. We conclude that the longevity of male C. maculatus is a function of body mass loss, but the two sources of body mass loss considered here, ejaculates and routine physiology, are not equally costly.
... Diets were prepared according to Lindroth et al. [70], who modified a high wheat germ diet [73] to vary the amount of protein (casein). Carbohydrates (potato starch) were added according to Stockhoff [74]. In diets low in protein and carbohydrate content, casein and potato starch were replaced by α-cellulose to keep dry ingredients constant. ...
... It is suggested that the nitrogen turnover and respiration rate increase at higher temperatures, so the limited dietary proteins cannot meet nutrient requirements, which in turn leads to a significant T × P interaction. SML fed diets with the same high and low protein content as in our study did not differ in respiration rate at 25 • C [74], while increasing the fluctuating temperature from 19:16 • C to 25:22 • C increased the growth rate, assimilation, and growth efficiencies in the fourth instar SML more in diets with high than low protein content. ...
... On the other hand, the increase in total protease and lipase activity at 28 • C may be directed toward providing amino acids and energy for growth and meeting increased energy demands at higher temperatures. In the fourth instar SML, a reduction in dietary protein content at 25 • C resulted in a 13.7% increase in body carbohydrates and had no effect on the respiration rate or lipid accumulation [74]. Studies in other insect species confirmed that the importance of diet composition increases with temperature, as the respiration rate increases when either protein or carbohydrate becomes the limiting nutrient [64,134]. ...
Temperature and food quality are the most important environmental factors determining the performance of herbivorous insects. The objective of our study was to evaluate the responses of the spongy moth (formerly known as the gypsy moth) [Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae)] to simultaneous variation in these two factors. From hatching to the fourth instar, larvae were exposed to three temperatures (19 °C, 23 °C, and 28 °C) and fed four artificial diets that differed in protein (P) and carbohydrate (C) content. Within each temperature regime, the effects of the nutrient content (P+C) and ratio (P:C) on development duration, larval mass, growth rate, and activities of digestive proteases, carbohydrases, and lipase were examined. It was found that temperature and food quality had a significant effect on the fitness-related traits and digestive physiology of the larvae. The greatest mass and highest growth rate were obtained at 28 °C on a high-protein low-carbohydrate diet. A homeostatic increase in activity was observed for total protease, trypsin, and amylase in response to low substrate levels in the diet. A significant modulation of overall enzyme activities in response to 28 °C was detected only with a low diet quality. A decrease in the nutrient content and P:C ratio only affected the coordination of enzyme activities at 28 °C, as indicated by the significantly altered correlation matrices. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that variation in fitness traits in response to different rearing conditions could be explained by variation in digestion. Our results contribute to the understanding of the role of digestive enzymes in post-ingestive nutrient balancing.
... Color change and refuge-seeking behavior occur on different timescales but also differ in cost. Although refuge-seeking behavior provides a faster, stronger response to high temperatures, it can also be quite costly because caterpillars not on their host cannot eat, slowing their growth (Stockhoff 1998;Tammaru et al. 2004), and because caterpillars that leave their host risk not finding a host afterward (Rausher 1979). Color change allows B. philenor to stay on its hosts longer and avoid these costs of refuge seeking; however, caterpillars can only change color when they molt, which occurs at most once a day and often less frequently. ...
Organisms can often respond adaptively to a change in their environment through phenotypic plasticity in multiple different traits, a phenomenon termed multivariate plasticity. These different plastic responses could interact and affect each other's development as well as selection on each other, but the causes and consequences of these interactions have received relatively little attention. Here, we propose a new conceptual framework for understanding how different plastic responses can affect each other's development and why organisms should have multiple plastic responses. A plastic change in one trait could alter the phenotype of a second plastic trait by changing either the cue received by the organism (cue‐mediated effect) or the response to that cue (response‐mediated effect). Multivariate plasticity could benefit the organism either because the plastic responses work better when expressed together (synergy) or because each response is more effective under different environmental circumstances (complementarity). We illustrate these hypotheses with case studies, focusing on interactions between behavior and morphology, plastic traits which differ in their reversibility. Future empirical and theoretical research should investigate the consequences of these interactions for additional factors important for the evolution of plasticity, such as the limits and costs of plasticity. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
... Btk toxins target insect larvae when eaten and break down their guts then the insect dies of infection and starvation. In comparison with early instars, late instars may tolerate a long period of starvation (Stockhoff 1991) and that is why most of the late instars were successfully metamorphosed to the pupae stage. Based on the study Btk toxins were broken down easily by sunlight (half-life 1-4 days) and Btk droplets sprayed on the leaf need to be eaten immediately by the insect before it is broken down (Perez et al. 2015). ...
Bagworm, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) is one of the most serious and critical pests on oil palm. Aerial spraying is a treatment method that is used to control infestation especially in the large outbreak areas. Flubendiamide and Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) as potential environmentally friendly pesticide were chosen for the study based. Aerial spraying with aircraft of both pesticide were carried out at an oil palm plantation. Four plots: A, B, C and D were chosen; each plot measuring 20ha. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effective spray volume for Flubendiamide and to determine cost-effectiveness between Flubendiamide and B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk). Both Flubendiamide spray volume of 30 and 50 liters ha-1 successfully reduced 100% the population from 196 bagworm per frond (BPF) to 0 BPF at 68 days after treatment (DAT) for 30 liters ha-1 and from 266 BPF to 0 BPF at 68 DAT for 50 liters ha-1. Application at 30 liters ha-1 of Flubendiamide were proven cost effective according to the cost benefit ratio (BCR). However, 50 liters ha-1 of Btk showed slight reduction in first treatment but increased the population to 195% from 99 BPF to 294 BPF at 68 DAT. Flubendiamide spray was proven to be more cost effective than Btk according to cost benefit ratio (BCR). Therefore, it is recommended for the management to use Flubendiamide with aerial spraying method for successive control of bagworm population below the economic threshold level (ETL). Serangga 2021, 26(2): 202-215. Che Hafiz et al. ISSN 1394-5130 203 ABSTRAK Ulat bungkus, Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) adalah salah satu perosak yang paling serius dan kritikal di ladang sawit. Semburan udara adalah salah satu kaedah rawatan yang digunakan untuk mengawal serangan terutamanya di kawasan yang luas. Flubendiamide dan Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk) berdasarkan potensi pestisid yang mesra alam dipilih untuk kajian Semburan udara dengan kapal terbang dilakukan di ladang sawit. Empat plot: A, B, C dan D dipilih; setiap plot berukuran 20ha. Tujuan kajian ini adalah untuk menilai isi padu semburan berkesan bagi Flubendiamide dan menentukan keberkesanan kos antara Flubendiamide dan B. thuringiensis kurstaki (Btk). Kedua-dua isipadu semburan Flubendiamide 30 dan 50 liter ha-1 berjaya mengurangkan 100% populasi daripada 196 ulat per pelepah (BPF) menjadi 0 BPF pada 68 hari selepas rawatan (DAT) bagi isipadu semburan 30 liter ha-1 dan dari 266 BPF hingga 0 BPF pada 68 DAT bagi isipadu semburan 50 liter ha-1. Penggunaan Flubendiamide dengan isipadu semburan 30 liter ha-1 terbukti efektif dari segi kos mengikut nisbah faedah kos (BCR). Walau bagaimanapun, isipadu semburan 50 liter ha-1 bagi Btk menunjukkan sedikit penurunan dalam rawatan pertama tetapi populasi meningkat 195% dari 99 BPF menjadi 294 BPF pada 68 DAT. Semburan udara dengan Flubendiamide terbukti lebih berkesan daripada Btk mengikut nisbah faedah kos (BCR). Oleh itu, disarankan kepada pihak pengurusan untuk menggunakan Flubendiamide dengan kaedah semburan udara bagi mengawal populasi ulat bungkus di bawah tahap ambang ekonomi (ETL).
... Thus, we would not expect a different result, although the food demand from the fourth instar increases rapidly (le Mellec and Michalzik, 2008), as evidenced here by an almost two-fold increase in the masses of control larvae fed ad libitum without a period of starvation. It is postulated that a higher body mass affords greater resistance to starvation (Gergs and Jager, 2014;Stockhoff, 1991). Moreover, a large body size is more efficient in terms of obtaining energy, but requires more energy to be sustained (Reim et al., 2006). ...
... Moreover, a large body size is more efficient in terms of obtaining energy, but requires more energy to be sustained (Reim et al., 2006). A positive relationship between body size and starvation resistance was observed within different species groups, for example, in moths (Stockhoff, 1991), beetles (Renault et al., 2003), backswimmers (Gergs and Jager, 2014), and mosquitoes (Lehmann et al., 2006). The initial larval body mass implemented here as a covariate, although it varied, was not found to be significant, and this factor had no influence on survival. ...
Economic progress affects the intensity of commercial and recreational transport globally. The combination of these two factors may lead to the unintended dispersion and subsequent invasion of insect species which, in turn, may pose a threat to native organisms. There are many reasons to study the survival of pests after starvation, which occurs during transport conditions, and examine their recovery on different plants, other than their primary host, to predict their likelihood of using these plants as alternative suitable hosts. In this study, we sought to answer the following question: after the starvation period, are the economically important pest of Scots pine, Dendrolimus pini larvae, able to feed on other species of pine as potential hosts? Ten morphologically varying species of pine from different regions of the world were used for the experiment. Control individuals of D. pini fed on the primary host ad libitum, without a period of starvation. We found that although the recovery of D. pini is optimal on Scots pine, the basic host plant, this insect can regenerate comparably well on different species of pine. Following starvation, re-feeding on pine species other than the basic host plant caused a decrease in overall survival and a reduction in the body mass (pupal and adult) and fecundity of individuals compared with control individuals that were fed the appropriate dose of the basic host. On the basis of the various investigated parameters, we could conclude that larvae regenerated best on pine species from Europe and North America, or when they fed on species with two-needle fascicles, as compared to Asian pine species, and species with three- or five-needle fascicles, respectively. We conclude that D. pini larvae are characterized by their ability to survive without food and then recover using different Pinus species as hosts, thereby confirming that D. pini could survive starvation periods compatible with migration to almost anywhere in the world via anthropogenic vectors, and then start a new way of life on a novel host.
... Instead we observed that intermediate size may be ideal. In some cases, the relationship between survival and growth is dependent on resource availability, such that the nature of the growth mortality trade-off is regulated by food limitation [81,82]. Regardless of whether the reduced survivorship in northern crabs is related to a trade-off between survival and growth, we believe that our results confirm the need to replicate experiments at different geographic locations and validate the utility of common garden experiments. ...
Winter mortality can strongly affect the population dynamics of blue crabs ( Callinectes sapidus) near poleward range limits. We simulated winter in the lab to test the effects of temperature, salinity, and estuary of origin on blue crab winter mortality over three years using a broad range of crab sizes from both Great South Bay and Chesapeake Bay. We fit accelerated failure time models to our data and to data from prior blue crab winter mortality experiments, illustrating that, in a widely distributed, commercially valuable marine decapod, temperature, salinity, size, estuary of origin, and winter duration were important predictors of winter mortality. Furthermore, our results suggest that extrapolation of a Chesapeake Bay based survivorship model to crabs from New York estuaries yielded poor fits. As such, the severity and duration of winter can impact northern blue crab populations differently along latitudinal gradients. In the context of climate change, future warming could possibility confer a benefit to crab populations near the range edge that are currently limited by temperature-induced winter mortality by shifting their range edge poleward, but care must be taken in generalizing from models that are developed based on populations from one part of the range to populations near the edges, especially for species that occupy large geographical areas.
... In contaminated environments, studies have demonstrated that rapid larval growth to escape poor aquatic conditions can come at the cost of slower development in specific body parts (Alvarez and Nicieza 2002;Fischer et al., 2004;Tejedo et al., 2010), higher metabolic rates, increased starvation potential, and weaker immune responses in juveniles (Stockhoff 1991;Gotthard et al., 1994;Gervasi and Foufopoulos 2008), which could potentially affect anurans developing in wastewater and contribute to reduced survival or growth rates. Studies examining this trade-off found that later-metamorphosing froglets, like those from pondwater, had a strong advantage in terms of terrestrial locomotor performance relative to those with an earlier metamorphosis (Ficetola and De Bernardi 2006). ...
Constructed wetlands (CWs) are a potential solution for wastewater treatment due to their capacity to support native species and provide tertiary wastewater treatment. However, CWs can expose wildlife communities to excess nutrients and harmful contaminants, affecting their development, morphology, and behavior. To examine how wastewater CWs may affect wildlife, we raised Southern leopard frogs, Lithobates sphenocephalus, in wastewater from conventional secondary lagoon and tertiary CW treatments for comparison with pondwater along with the presence and absence of a common plant invader to these systems – common duckweed (Lemna minor) - and monitored their juvenile development for potential carryover effects into the terrestrial environment. The tertiary CW treatment did not change demographic or morphological outcomes relative to conventional wastewater treatment in our study. Individuals emerging from both wastewater treatments demonstrated lower terrestrial survival rates than those emerging from pondwater throughout the experiment though experiment-wide survival rates were equivalent among treatments. Individuals from wastewater treatments transformed at larger sizes relative to those in pondwater, but this advantage was minimized in the terrestrial environment. Individuals that developed with duckweed had consistent but marginally better performance in both environments. Our results suggest a potential trade-off between short-term benefits of development in treated effluent and long-term consequences on overall fitness. Overall, we demonstrate that CWs for the purpose of wastewater treatment may not be suitable replicates for wildlife habitat and could have consequences for local population dynamics.
... Furthermore, a large body size is more efficient in terms of energy use (relative efficiency hypothesis), but requires more energy to be sustained, which presents difficulty when starving (absolute energy demand hypothesis; [42]). It is broadly postulated that a greater body mass affords greater resistance to starvation [32,43]. More advanced insects are suggested to survive longer under starvation conditions than smaller ones (despite the greater absolute energy requirements of large individuals), given the same percentages of body mass as energy reserves [43]. ...
... It is broadly postulated that a greater body mass affords greater resistance to starvation [32,43]. More advanced insects are suggested to survive longer under starvation conditions than smaller ones (despite the greater absolute energy requirements of large individuals), given the same percentages of body mass as energy reserves [43]. Relative metabolic rate scales are inversely related to body mass. ...
... Generally, scaling the metabolic and reserve exhaustion ratios sufficiently explains the lengthier fasting periods in larger organisms related to smaller ones [62]. Moreover, positive connections between body size and starvation resistance were observed within different species groups, for example, in moths [43], beetles [63], mosquitoes [64], and backswimmers [32]. However, the opposite trend was also noted, e.g., in bumble bees [65]. ...
There are many reasons to study the survival and recovery of animals after starvation in simulated transport conditions or other passive dispersal methods. To do so, we chose Dendrolimus pini, an economically important pest of Scots pine with great potential in terms of passive dispersal outside its territory. In this work, we sought to answer the following questions: What is the maximum survival of different instar larvae after total starvation? Does access to dry tissues of the preferred host plant extend the lifespan of the larvae? Does the possibility of larvae recovery exist after starvation for various periods? We found that older larvae survived longer without food than younger larvae. Moreover, dry food did not extend the lifespan of the larvae. Our observations showed that insects were interested in food and tasted it at the beginning, but they did not feed on it for long. Furthermore, larvae recovery was indeed possible, and the time of starvation did not significantly affect this. We generally concluded that the D. pini larvae were characterized by the ability to survive without food for up to one month, which confirms that this species is able to survive long durations of transport to almost anywhere in the world.
... Similarly, starvation also provokes hormonal and metabolic reorganization in insects [46,47]. Depletion of lipids and carbohydrates and a decline in metabolic rate have been recorded in GM after food removal [48]. It is likely that the 8 days of starvation in our experiment reduced energy stores that could be allocated towards detoxification. ...
Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae) feeds on a large number of tree species, while ash, Fraxinus spp. (Lamiales: Oleaceae) species are considered resistant and are only sporadically eaten. To assess the conditions under which late instar gypsy moth larvae (GML) can temporarily use non-host common ash (CA) (F. excelsior L.), and to evaluate their ability to recover from ingestion of this toxic food, we determined the relative growth rate, the relative consumption rate and the amount of produced feces in different laboratory feeding trials. Our report is the first to show that under specific circumstances, the resources acquired after short-term consumption of CA leaves can be utilized for larval growth. We varied the intensity of density and starvation stress prior to feeding on CA leaves. We observed that after moderate stress a group of GML was temporarily capable of coping with CA leaves. Although observed growth and consumption were much lower on CA than on the optimal host oak, Quercus cerris L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), CA-oak-switched larvae showed the ability to recover from short-term use of a toxic non-host foliage. This suggests that feeding on CA might enable GML to survive under conditions of food shortage. [Project of the Serbian Ministry of Education, Science and Technological
Development, Grant no. 43007: Studying climate change and its influence on
the environment: impacts, adaptation and mitigation]
