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ALP activity is a relative marker of osteoplastic differentiated in human cell culture used osteoblast-like cell line. The level of this enzyme in culture grown in standard medium present low during first week (A1, A2, A3 and A4) for control, Ti, TiO2 and TZ-plate, respectively. The second week represented by B1, B2, B3 and B4 for control Ti, TiO2 and TZ-plate, respectively. After 21 days the activity of the enzyme increased. Count the number of colonies expressing ALP (red colonies) increased for control, Ti, TiO2 and TZ as presented by C1, C2, C3 and C4, respectively which indicate the formation of mineralization (a positive stain appears in the cells). Count the number of colonies expressing ALP (red colonies) and the number of differentiated colonies are colorless. Matrix mineralization was evident in the form of calcium nodules (stained red) in the cultures under osteogenic conditions. Control cultures presented no signs of mineralization, Magnification 10x.
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... Higher levels of cellular attachment have been found on rough surfaces of titanium with irregular morphologies [96, 99] in vitro. Similarly, recent studies have shown that alkaline phosphatase species activity is enhanced on rough titanium and its alloy [100, 101]. Other markers of osteoblasts phenotype were also found to increase on rough titanium implant surface (osteocalcin production) [100, 101] . ...
... Similarly, recent studies have shown that alkaline phosphatase species activity is enhanced on rough titanium and its alloy [100, 101]. Other markers of osteoblasts phenotype were also found to increase on rough titanium implant surface (osteocalcin production) [100, 101] . Cells grown on rougher surfaces exhibited increased production of collagen [100, 102], prostaglandin E2 [100], and transforming growth factor β (Figure 11.12) [102]. ...
... Other markers of osteoblasts phenotype were also found to increase on rough titanium implant surface (osteocalcin production) [100, 101] . Cells grown on rougher surfaces exhibited increased production of collagen [100, 102], prostaglandin E2 [100], and transforming growth factor β (Figure 11.12) [102]. Synthesis of extracellular matrix and subsequent mineralization in vitro were both substantially enhanced on rough textured and nanoporous titanium surface [98] . ...
Over the last 10 years, the research has been directed to improve the smooth titanium surfaces to be highly ordered nanostructures surface (tubes, pores, channels, and sponges) to improve its osseointegration for a wide range of biomedical purposes. Electrochemical oxidation process in aqueous solutions was used to fabricate anodize conversion layer with nanostructure titanium oxide thin films. The porous-surface implants contributed to success the implantation surgical operations because they provide large contact area with surface roughness at implant-bone interface can help into the formation of physico-chemical bondage with the surrounding hard tissues. Nanostructures surface morphology can be characterized by different electron microscopy. Accurate measurement of the nanostructures morphology enables the consistent characterization of their properties. Consequently, intensive image analysis of the electron microscopic images can be considered an extensive stage for efficient nanostructures characterization. This morphological image analysis is consists of contours identification, image segmentation, shapes classification, and thickness measurements. The current chapter summarized, classified, and evaluated titanium surfaces developed via anodization conditions through discussing in-vitro and in-vivo previous studies. Furthermore, the role of image processing analysis to test, evaluate, and confirm the morphology of implanted surfaces is discussed. Therefore, automated and enhanced SEM images using imaging processing analysis techniques to support the optimal preparation condition of implanted surfaces will consider as a future aspect in the field of biomaterials.
