Figure 1 - uploaded by Marjorie A Chan
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A well-visited exposure of a splay off the Moab fault near Moab, Utah, USA. (A) The eolian Jurassic Slickrock Member of the Entrada Sandstone (Je) is juxtaposed against the Cretaceous Cedar Mountain Formation (Kcm). Credit: M. Chan. (B) A ~ 60 cm chunk of slickrock sandstone was cut and removed in 2011 without proper permission and BLM permits. Credit: B. Trudgill.
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We consider a class of partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms introduced in [BFP] which is open and closed and contains all known examples. If in addition the diffeomorphism is non-wandering, then we show it is accessible unless it contains a su-torus. This implies that these systems are ergodic when they preserve volume, confirming a conjecture by H...
Citations
... The concept of protecting and preserving geoheritage is not new; the majority of our community cares deeply about the field sites we work in and wants to protect them from destruction by negligent sampling (e.g., Butler, 2015;Chan & Kamola, 2017;Druguet et al., 2013). These are shared values with land management agencies, conservation groups, and private citizens across the globe (Global Geoparks Network, 2010; National Park Service & American Geosciences Institute, 2015). ...
Plain Language Summary
Ethics in Earth and space sciences is important. Many geoscientists may be unaware or were never explicitly taught ethical protocols for their work (in particular, for field sampling). Geoscientists gathered for conversations about the importance of ethical sampling at a Town Hall at the 2021 American Geophysical Union (AGU) Fall Meeting convened by the AGU Geomagnetism, Paleomagnetism and Electromagnetism Section and the Geological Society of America (GSA). This work provides context for and elaborates on the discussion at that Town Hall and in focused meetings that stemmed from it, including critical review and comments from the AGU Indigenous Action Committee and other colleagues. These discussions highlighted the need to focus on Indigenous perspectives, knowledges, and relationship to the land when defining what is ethical, and that expanding geoethics in partnership with Indigenous experts will improve equity in geoscience. Taking samples from lands, waters, and environments may have different meaning to Indigenous communities than to many people in the geosciences. Sharing samples that have already been collected between researchers and teaching ethical, careful sampling techniques are fundamental. Reviewing studies throughout their planning and execution for ethical sampling and permission will increase accountability.
... The ethics of geological sampling is a long-standing issue because there is an increased international awareness of the need to protect and preserve iconic geologic sites for future generations (e.g., through geoheritage initiatives such as the UNESCO Global Geopark Network, the International Union of Geological Sciences [IUGS] International Commission on Geoheritage, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN] World Commission on Protected Areas Geoheritage Specialist Group, to identify classical geosites). Notwithstanding these international programs to identify and preserve classic geologic sites, rock outcrops are being irreversibly damaged ( Fig. 1) due to indiscriminate sampling in the name of science (e.g., MacFadyen, 2010;Druguet et al, 2013;Butler, 2015;Chan and Kamola, 2017;Foss, 2019;Di Capua et al., 2022). In addition, many geologic sites also hold significant cultural and spiritual value for Indigenous people, landowners, and local communities, and there is a need to minimize the impacts of sampling activities or marking outcrops. ...
... Vegetation covers approximately 17% of the remaining original outcrop. mercial or residential infrastructure (e.g., roads, bridges), and other human actions that damage or obscure outcrops (Chan & Kamola, 2017, Nutman et al., 2019, outpace natural denudation by an order of magnitude (B. H. Wilkinson, 2005). ...
... Personal constraints or limitations such as physical disability, financial limitations, carbon footprint reduction, restricted geographical mobility, and safety concerns (Marín-Spiotta et al., 2020, Olcott & Downen, 2020, Giles et al., 2020 can prove too complex, or problematic, to overcome and prevent fieldwork. Access to outcrops that were previously accessible may no longer be permitted out of safety or environmental concerns (e.g., outcrops are too steep, or biota conservation limits access), because of land ownership changes (Chan & Kamola, 2017), increased vegetation, or a seasonal climate, weather, or high-latitude location (Senger et al., 2021). ...
... Geoheritage sites rely heavily on geologic research, both as a foundation for interpretation and as a basis for responsible site management (Chan and Kamola, 2017). Also, Geoheritage sites can provide spectacular platforms for research, using the marquee illustrations of geologic features and phenomena often displayed at these sites. ...
... Geoheritage sites rely heavily on geologic research, both as a foundation for interpretation and as a basis for responsible site management (Chan and Kamola, 2017). Also, Geoheritage sites can provide spectacular platforms for research, using the marquee illustrations of geologic features and phenomena often displayed at these sites. ...
Since outcropping rock units are key to understanding earth’s history and rock records, there is a need to preserve the geological sites where these rocks are seen for future accessibility. Numerous individuals, institutions and fieldtrip groups visit accessible, classic geologic outcrops every year across some key Nigeria’s inland sedimentary basins. As professionals, we must care for important outcrops so they can continue to enlighten and educate earth scientists well into the future. The aim of this study is to take an inventory of these elements (geological features) with the view of grouping them in various geological sites (tectonic/structural, stratigraphical, geomorphological, mineralogical, petrological, hydrological, and palaeontological geosites) of interests, thereby popularizing and documenting them for future use. Hence, this paper describes some of the classic geologic outcrops (faults and anticlinal fold structures, litho-stratigraphic boundaries, channel fills, valleys and caves, cliffs with plunging waterfalls, mineralized host rocks/zones, igneous emplacements and index fossils) in the southeastern province of Nigeria. Emphasis was on the inventory and photo-documentation of these striking geologic features. Possible preservation policies that could aid in the conservation of these geological sites have been suggested. In addition, a geosite map that captures the location of these outcrops was generated using field information. This will serve as a field guide for individuals, institutions, and companies interested in geological studies and exploration, geotourism and recreational activities.
