Fig 1 - uploaded by Cynthia G Kaplan
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A sketch of the 3D OCT setup. BBS: broadband source; GLD: green diode laser; FC: fiber optic coupler; PC: polarization controller; CM: collimator; M: mirror; G: grating; LC: linear InGaAs camera; S: specimen (fetal membrane); X-S, Y-S: X, Y axes of the 2D servo scanner; L1–L3: lenses.
Source publication
Microscopic chorionic pseudocyst (MCP) arising in the chorion leave of the human fetal membrane (FM) is a clinical precursor for preeclampsia which may progress to fatal medical conditions (e.g., abortion) if left untreated. To examine the utility of three-dimensional (3D) optical coherence tomography (OCT) for noninvasive delineation of the morpho...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... of the human specimen studies were approved by the Stony Brook University Institutional Review Board and with patients' prior informed consents. Figure 1 depicts the schematic of the spectral-domain OCT (SDOCT) used to acquire all of the 3D images of the FM specimens in this study. The 3D OCT engine was upgraded from a high-speed 2D SDOCT setup previously reported, 10 in which a pigtailed broadband laser at central wavelength of λ = 1310 nm and with a spectral bandwidth of λ = 90 nm (i.e., coherence length L c ≈ 8.5 μm) was used to illuminate a fiber optic Michelson interferometer. ...
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Citations
... Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging technique akin to ultrasound imaging that uses low-coherence near-infrared or visible light to capture cross-sectional 2D or 3D images of the tissue with high (micrometer) resolution [27,28]. Previously, OCT was used to measure fetal membranes thickness [29,30] and identify features like atrophic chorionic ghost villi and chorionic pseudocysts [30,31]. However, these studies were limited to stationary samples without investigation of the effects of loading. ...
... Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is an optical imaging technique akin to ultrasound imaging that uses low-coherence near-infrared or visible light to capture cross-sectional 2D or 3D images of the tissue with high (micrometer) resolution [27,28]. Previously, OCT was used to measure fetal membranes thickness [29,30] and identify features like atrophic chorionic ghost villi and chorionic pseudocysts [30,31]. However, these studies were limited to stationary samples without investigation of the effects of loading. ...
... Prior studies have defined the layers of the amniochorion with histology [29][30][31] and two-photon endogenous microscopy (2P microscopy) [6,8]. Therefore, histology and 2P microscopy were performed in paired samples with OCT volume imaging under mechanical loading to identify sources of contrast in the OCT volumes. ...
Fetal membranes have important mechanical and antimicrobial roles in maintaining pregnancy. However, the small thickness (<800 µm) of fetal membranes places them outside the resolution limits of most ultrasound and magnetic resonance systems. Optical imaging methods like optical coherence tomography (OCT) have the potential to fill this resolution gap. Here, OCT and machine learning methods were developed to characterize the ex vivo properties of human fetal membranes under dynamic loading. A saline inflation test was incorporated into an OCT system, and tests were performed on n = 33 and n = 32 human samples obtained from labored and C-section donors, respectively. Fetal membranes were collected in near-cervical and near-placental locations. Histology, endogenous two photon fluorescence microscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy were used to identify sources of contrast in OCT images of fetal membranes. A convolutional neural network was trained to automatically segment fetal membrane sub-layers with high accuracy (Dice coefficients >0.8). Intact amniochorion bilayer and separated amnion and chorion were individually loaded, and the amnion layer was identified as the load-bearing layer within intact fetal membranes for both labored and C-section samples, consistent with prior work. Additionally, the rupture pressure and thickness of the amniochorion bilayer from the near-placental region were greater than those of the near-cervical region for labored samples. This location-dependent change in fetal membrane thickness was not attributable to the load-bearing amnion layer. Finally, the initial phase of the loading curve indicates that amniochorion bilayer from the near-cervical region is strain-hardened compared to the near-placental region in labored samples. Overall, these studies fill a gap in our understanding of the structural and mechanical properties of human fetal membranes at high resolution under dynamic loading events.
... Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is also used to image the FMs, investigations in this domain remain relatively scarce (Qi et al., 2020). In addition to the imaging of FMs in vivo, researchers also used the optical coherence tomography (OCT) method to image FMs in vitro to obtain a complete biological structure of FMs (Ren et al., 2011;Micili et al., 2013;Avila et al., 2014). ...
... FM imaging, such as ultrasound and MRI, uses noninvasive methods to visualize the structure of the FMs, which can predict the health of the fetus in the perinatal period with less danger to pregnant women and the fetus (Nunes et al., 2016), while in vitro imaging of the FM is of great significance to the study morphological details of human FMs (Ren et al., 2011). These imaging methods can provide meaningful information for the study of fetal membranes and the study of pPROM. ...
... We found three studies used OTC methods to image FMs. Ren et al. (2011) conducted a preliminary feasibility study on fresh human FMs from a control group and patients with microscopic chorionic pseudocysts (MCPs) to explore the potential of OCT for the early detection of pathological changes. They collected the FMs of 10 full-term cesarean-section pregnant women and took samples from different parts of the membranes (for example, near the anterior and posterior walls of the uterus, near the cervix). ...
Fetal membrane providing mechanical support and immune protection for the growing fetus until it ruptures during parturition. The abnormalities of fetal membrane (thickening, separation, etc.) are related to adverse perinatal outcomes such as premature delivery, fetal deformities and fetal death. As a noninvasive method, imaging methods play an important role in prenatal examination. In this paper, we comprehensively reviewed the manuscripts on fetal membrane imaging method and their potential role in predicting adverse perinatal fetal prognosis. We also discussed the prospect of artificial intelligence in fetal membrane imaging in the future.
Fetal membranes have important mechanical and antimicrobial roles in maintaining pregnancy. However, the small thickness (<800 μm) of fetal membranes places them outside the resolution limits of most ultrasound and magnetic resonance systems. Optical imaging methods like optical coherence tomography (OCT) have the potential to fill this resolution gap. Here, OCT and machine learning methods were developed to characterize the ex vivo properties of human fetal membranes under dynamic loading. A saline inflation test was incorporated into an OCT system, and tests were performed on n=33 and n=32 human samples obtained from labored and C-section donors, respectively. Fetal membranes were collected in near-cervical and near-placental locations. Histology, endogenous two photon fluorescence microscopy, and second harmonic generation microscopy were used to identify sources of contrast in OCT images of fetal membranes. A convolutional neural network was trained to automatically segment fetal membrane sub-layers with high accuracy (Dice coefficients >0.8). Intact amniochorion bilayer and separated amnion and chorion were individually loaded, and the amnion layer was identified as the load-bearing layer within intact fetal membranes for both labored and C-section samples, consistent with prior work. Additionally, the rupture pressure and thickness of the amniochorion bilayer from the near-placental region were greater than those of the near-cervical region for labored samples. This location-dependent change in fetal membrane thickness was not attributable to the load-bearing amnion layer. Finally, the initial phase of the loading curve indicates that amniochorion bilayer from the near-cervical region is strain-hardened compared to the near-placental region in labored samples. Overall, these studies fill a gap in our understanding of the structural and mechanical properties of human fetal membranes at high resolution under dynamic loading events.
Recent advances in medical imaging and manufacturing science have enabled the design and production of complex, patient-specific orthopaedic implants. Additive Manufacture (AM) generates three-dimensional structures layer by layer, and is not subject to the constraints associated with traditional manufacturing methods. AM provides significant opportunities for the design of novel geometries and complex lattice structures with enhanced functional performance. However, the design and manufacture of patient-specific AM implant structures requires unique expertise in handling various optimization platforms. Furthermore, the design process for complex structures is computationally intensive. The primary aim of this research is to enable the just-in-time customisation of AM prosthesis; whereby AM implant design and manufacture be completed within the time constraints of a single surgical procedure, while minimising prosthesis mass and optimising the lattice structure to match the stiffness of the surrounding bone tissue. In this research, a design approach using raw CT scan data is applied to the AM manufacture of femoral prosthesis. Using the proposed just-in-time concept, the mass of the prosthesis was rapidly designed and manufactured while satisfying the associated structural requirements. Compressive testing of lattice structures manufactured using proposed method shows that the load carrying capacity of the resected composite bone can be recovered by up to 85% and the compressive stiffness of the AM prosthesis is statistically indistinguishable from the stiffness of the initial bone.
The integrity of the fetal amnion-chorion is an imperative for the preservation of a normal pregnancy in the human. The diagnosis of the status of the fetal membranes has traditionally been reduced to either intact or ruptured. In the last decades, evidence has accumulated demonstrating that this clinical approach may well be an over simplification. Practically, all maternal organs experienced physiologic or eventually pathologic changes during the length of the gestational period. We propose that the fetal membranes are also significantly impacted by those changes. The accurate, specific, simplified and low-cost diagnosis of the status of the fetal membranes is of critical importance for the assessment of risk to the pregnancy followed by efficient and prompt treatment. The presence of placental alpha macroglobulin-1 in the vagina specifically indicates a disruption in the integrity of the fetal membranes and may indirectly mean increased risk for preterm birth. Further research to properly characterize this marker and its importance in the care of pregnant woman at risk for preterm birth is strongly recommended.
In vitro studies on the structure of human fetal membranes have involved light or electron microscopy with fixation, dehydration, and staining. Recently, optical coherence tomography (OCT), an imaging technology, has provided high-resolution cross-sectional images of living biological tissues, with a penetration of 2–3 mm. We evaluated the use of this technology to examine the histologic features of human fetal membranes immediately after delivery.Methods
Samples of fetal membranes of ten patients undergoing cesarean deliveries (four uncomplicated pregnancies, four with preeclampsia, and two with chorioamnionitis) and eight patients undergoing vaginal deliveries (six uncomplicated pregnancies and two with chorioamnionitis) were collected immediately after delivery. Samples were stretched across customized disks, rinsed, and analyzed using a time-domain OCT imaging system. Following OCT scanning, the samples were placed in formalin for histologic study. The OCT images were compared to histologic images of common human fetal membrane features.ResultsWe were able to delineate the layers of the fetal membranes using bench-top time-domain OCT. The system was able to image histologic features of the fetal membranes, such as microscopic chorionic pseudocysts, ghost villi, meconium stained membranes, and chorioamnionitis. The OCT images corresponded with the histologic findings.DiscussionThis feasibility study demonstrates the potential of OCT technology for real-time assessment of human fetal membranes and may provide clinically useful information at delivery.
Bladder carcinoma in situ (CIS) remains a clinical challenge. We compare
the efficacies and potential limitations of surface imaging modalities,
e.g., white light (WL), fluorescence (FC), blue-light imaging (BL) and
3D optical coherence tomography (3D OCT) for early diagnosis of bladder
CIS. SV40T transgenic mice, which develop carcinoma in situ in about 8
to 20 weeks then high grade papillary tumor in the bladder, were
employed as the rodent carcinogenesis model to closely mimic human
bladder CIS. A total of 30 mice (i.e., SV40T mice blinded with its back
strain Balb/c mice) were enrolled in the study, including 20 with CIS
and 10 with normal or benign lesions of the bladder mucosa. Our results
show that the low diagnostic sensitivities and specificities of WL, FC
and BL for early CIS were significantly enhanced by quantitative 3D OCT
to 95.0% and 90.0%, suggesting the value of image-guided 3D OCT for
future clinical diagnosis of CIS in vivo.
Characterization of cerebral hemodynamic and oxygenation metabolic
changes, as well neuronal function is of great importance to study of
brain functions and the relevant brain disorders such as drug addiction.
Compared with other neuroimaging modalities, optical imaging techniques
have the potential for high spatiotemporal resolution and dissection of
the changes in cerebral blood flow (CBF), blood volume (CBV), and
hemoglobing oxygenation and intracellular Ca ([Ca2+]i), which
serves as markers of vascular function, tissue metabolism and neuronal
activity, respectively. Recently, we developed a multiwavelength imaging
system and integrated it into a surgical microscope. Three LEDs of
λ1=530nm, λ2=570nm and λ3=630nm were used for
exciting [Ca2+]i fluorescence labeled by Rhod2 (AM) and
sensitizing total hemoglobin (i.e., CBV), and deoxygenated-hemoglobin,
whereas one LD of λ1=830nm was used for laser speckle imaging to
form a CBF mapping of the brain. These light sources were time-sharing
for illumination on the brain and synchronized with the exposure of CCD
camera for multichannel images of the brain. Our animal studies
indicated that this optical approach enabled simultaneous mapping of
cocaine-induced changes in CBF, CBV and oxygenated- and deoxygenated
hemoglobin as well as [Ca2+]i in the cortical brain. Its high
spatiotemporal resolution (30μm, 10Hz) and large field of view (4x5
mm2) are advanced as a neuroimaging tool for brain functional
study.
