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![A sketch of homogeneous and isotropic swarm of microspheres of porosity ε illustrating the geometrical model [182]. The figure shows cross sections running through the center of a reference microsphere (marked with blue) of radius í µí± and an outer sphere with radius í µí± (a concentric shell, marked with a dotted line).](publication/331359838/figure/fig4/AS:741851447431169@1553882576174/A-sketch-of-homogeneous-and-isotropic-swarm-of-microspheres-of-porosity-e-illustrating.png)
A sketch of homogeneous and isotropic swarm of microspheres of porosity ε illustrating the geometrical model [182]. The figure shows cross sections running through the center of a reference microsphere (marked with blue) of radius í µí± and an outer sphere with radius í µí± (a concentric shell, marked with a dotted line).
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The key physical processes in polymeric filters used for the blood purification include transport across the capillary wall and the interaction of blood cells with the polymer membrane surface. Theoretical modeling of membrane transport is an important tool which provides researchers with a quantification of the complex phenomena involved in dialys...
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Any implant intended for tissue engineering application should be blood compatible. Since nanofibers are used as suitable candidates for applications where they are directly exposed to blood, the fabrication of nanofibers with excellent blood compatibility has been an unmet challenge for all tissue engineering applications. In this regard, various nanofibers have been fabricated through electrospinning while incorporating different factors for enhancing blood compatibility. Recent studies have demonstrated the use of various contrasting agents for modifying the properties of tissue scaffolds. In this chapter, natural and synthetic polymers that are fabricated into nanofibers are discussed for their role in blood compatibility. The choice of polymer used, that is, natural or synthetic; the use of drugs, such as aspirin; the growth factors incorporated in it, like vascular endothelial growth factor; and the topography of scaffolds, for example, smooth and rough, have a significant impact on blood compatibility. This chapter focuses on the characteristics of scaffolds, the methods of preparation, and the factors incorporated in these nanofibers that influence hemocompatibility. A detailed account of different assays employed in analyzing blood compatibility has also been discussed, such as the determination of the hemolysis rate, platelet adhesion, plasma recalcification time, free hemoglobin estimation, the attachment and release of red blood cells, and the adsorption of plasma proteins.
This chapter presents the role of electroseparations in sample preparation, which includes electrophoretic techniques such as electrophoresis and electromembrane liquid–liquid extraction.
For the optimized design and application of membrane devices, careful consideration of the complexity of the underlying mass transport mechanism as well as the dependence of device performance on design parameters and operation conditions is critical. In this study, we present a new one-dimensional model, which is straightforward and yet accounts for the major phenomena that could impact the mass transport characteristics of membrane devices. A novel numerical method is subsequently presented to calculate the transport equations. Unlike the conventional method where transport equations for different subdomains, i.e., membrane and the side compartments, are calculated in separated steps and requires repeated iteration to achieve convergence, the presented method treats fluid and solute transport in the whole device as connected flow networks, and deduces the discrete forms of governing equations through Kirchhoff's Laws. By calculating the equations in a coupled implicit manner, whole-field solution can be obtained with improved numerical stability, accuracy, and efficiency. The superiority of the method have been validated by experimental data with respect to different membrane devices. Capable of readily and accurately evaluating their mass transport characteristics under various conditions, the presented method provides an efficient tool for screening the optimal design parameters and operation conditions.
Dialysis needs innovative dialysis membranes. This method is the primary treatment for patients with kidney failure. Moreover, a wearable artificial kidney (WAK) has been proposed as one of the easy and effective approaches of daily dialysis for patients with the end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Therefore, this study developed a core–shell electrospinning composite nanofiber to remove creatinine for blood purification. Hence, functional core–shell structured composite nanofibers were prepared by electrospinning two polymers and two types of zeolite in a coaxial system. In addition, the blood compatible core–shell structured nanofibers consisted of varying concentrations of polyvinylpyrrolidone and zeolite (PVP and zeolite, shell) and polyethersulfone (PES, core). It has been found that PES/PVP-zeolite core–shell nanofiber could selectively adsorb creatinine. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to fully investigate the structure and properties of the obtained core–shell nanofibers. Furthermore, the study considered four important blood compatible factors, including Zeta potential, BSA adsorption, platelet adherent, and cytotoxicity for PES/PVP-zeolite core–shell nanofibers. The EDS results indicated that over 90% of zeolites in the solution has successfully incorporated into the PVP nanofibers. Consequently, performance of the core–shell nanofiber in the retention of bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed the effectiveness of the negative charge. Finally, the effect of the core–shell nanofiber on the removal of creatinine from solution was evaluated, and it has been found that removal of creatinine significantly increased with the Beta zeolite (4831.19 µg/g). The MTT assay also revealed that core–shell nanofiber with the best performance was biocompatible to L929 fibroblast cells. As a result, no platelet adhesion has been seen on the PES/PVP-Beta zeolite core–shell nanofiber.
