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2 A simplified diagram of the major white matter tracts in humans and macaques that connect with and/or course through the temporal lobe. (A) Human fascicular trajectories are based on Catani and Thiebaut de Schotten (2008), Rilling et al. (2008), Saur et al. (2008), Frey et al. (2008), Makris et al. (2009), and Turken and Dronkers (2011). (B) Macaque fascicular trajectories are based on Schmahmann and Pandya (2009) and Schmahmann et al. (2007). AF, arcuate fasciculus; CB, cingulum bundle; EmC, extreme capsule; IFOF, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus; ILF, inferior longitudinal fasciculus; MLF, middle longitudinal fasciculus; UF, uncinate fasciculus; VP, ventral pathway. Cortical reconstructions were generated using the Freesurfer image analysis suite, http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu (Fischl, 2012). (A black and white version of this figure will appear in some formats. For the color version, please refer to the plate section.)
Source publication
Understanding the interaction between cooperation and conflict in establishing effective social behaviour is a fundamental challenge facing societies. Reflecting the breadth of current research in this area, this volume brings together experts from biology to political science to examine the cooperation–conflict interface at multiple levels, from g...
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Citations
... It may not be coincidental that many of these regions are primarily associated with processing emotion and social cognition, such as the TP, fusiform cortex (Adolphs, 2009;Olson et al., 2013), and parahippocampal gyri (Lew & Semendeferi, 2017). Preliminary studies that summarize the components of the social brain suggest a significant role of the TP, among other structures, in social behavior (Brothers, 1990;Bryant et al., 2021;Olson et al., 2013;Zahn et al., 2007). Moreover, the OFC plays a key role in social behavior, specifically in its involvement in self-monitoring and emotional processing (Barbas, 2007;Beer et al., 2003;Liu et al., 2020;Rempel-Clower, 2007). ...
Resting state fMRI (rs-fMRI) provides an excellent platform for examining the amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (fALFF), which are key indices of brain functioning. However, ALFF and fALFF have been used only sporadically to study autism. rs-fMRI data from 69 children (40 autistic, mean age = 8.47 ± 2.20 years; age range: 5.2 to 13.2; and 29 non-autistic, mean age = 9.02 ± 1.97 years; age range 5.9 to 12.9) were obtained from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange (ABIDE II). ALFF and fALFF were measured using CONN connectivity toolbox and SPM12, at whole-brain & network-levels. A two-sampled t-test and a 2 Group (autistic, non-autistic) × 7 Networks ANOVA were conducted to test group differences in ALFF and fALFF. The whole-brain analysis identified significantly reduced ALFF values for autistic participants in left parietal opercular cortex, precuneus, and right insula. At the network level, there was a significant effect of diagnostic group and brain network on ALFF values, and only significant effect of network, not group, on fALFF values. Regression analyses indicated a significant effect of age on ALFF values of certain networks in autistic participants. Such intrinsically different network-level responses in autistic participants may have implications for task-level recruitment and synchronization of brain areas, which may in turn impact optimal cognitive functioning. Moreover, differences in low frequency fluctuations of key networks, such as the DMN and SN, may underlie alterations in brain responses in autism that are frequently reported in the literature.
... The fusiform gyrus is the region known to be involved in face processing [62] and the transverse temporal gyrus is related to the early processing of incoming auditory stimuli for the understanding of speech [63]. Thus, normal structural development of the temporal cortex, including fusiform and transverse temporal gyri, is important for social cognition and behavior in childhood [59,63,64]. The right pars opercularis, one of the subregions of Broca's complex, is functionally correlated with bilateral precentral, bilateral middle frontal, left superior temporal gyri, and left Broca's complex for phonological processing and syntactic processing [65]. ...
Study objectives
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by recurrent airway collapse during sleep, resulting in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation that may contribute to alternations in brain structure and function. We hypothesized that OSA in children reorganizes and alters cortical structure, which can cause changes in cortical thickness correlation between brain regions across subjects.
Methods
We constructed cortical structure networks based on cortical thickness measurements from 41 controls (age 15.54 ± 1.66 years, men 19) and 50 children with OSA (age 15.32 ± 1.65 years, men 29). The global (clustering coefficient, path length, and small-worldness) and regional (nodal betweenness centrality, NBC) network properties and hub region distributions were examined between groups.
Results
We found increased clustering coefficients in OSA compared to controls across a wide range of network densities (p-value < 0.05) and lower NBC area under the curve in left caudal anterior cingulate, left caudal middle frontal, left fusiform, left transverse temporal, right pars opercularis, and right precentral gyri (p-value < 0.05). In addition, while most of the hub regions were the same between groups, the OSA group had fewer hub regions and a different hub distribution compared to controls.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest that children with OSA exhibit altered global and regional network characteristics compared to healthy controls. Our approach to the investigation of cortical structure in children with OSA could prove useful in understanding the etiology of OSA-related brain functional disorders.
