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![Figure 1-R&D intensities for the four sources of funds, 2000 and 2006 [1]](profile/Giuseppe-Veltri-2/publication/52007814/figure/fig1/AS:669386490802197@1536605584921/R-D-intensities-for-the-four-sources-of-funds-2000-and-2006-1_Q320.jpg)
Executive Summary This report provides an assessment of policies put in place by EU Member States to reach the objectives set out in the Lisbon Strategy. Changes in policies, rather than the specific value of some short-term indicator, are the chosen method for ...
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... governance system linking policies in all these domains was also of central interest. Figure 4 depicts all these domains and some of the more important links and flows between them. Although innovation systems are typically much more complex than depicted here, this simple model provides a convenient way of visualising some of the more important domains within an innovation system and the relationships between them. ...
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Citations
... This means that targeted R&D subsidies are impractical and costly to use when the government is aiming to increase business R&D investment in general (CREST 2006). In that context, R&D tax subsidies are the least costly option (Veltri et al. 2009;Carvalho 2012 Another advantage of tax incentives is that they are continuous and support companies' long-term R&D investments. Targeted R&D subsidies are usually linked to individual projects and can be used for a project only until it has been completed (Carvalho 2012). ...
... In general, targeted R&D support is considered appropriate if there is great uncertainty about R&D investment and if there is a long waiting time until a product's development is completed (CREST 2006;Veltri et al. 2009). Targeted R&D support is also appropriate when large spillovers are expected ) and when R&D is to be directed at specific public sectors, e.g., the environment and defense (CREST 2006;Veltri et al. 2009). ...
... In general, targeted R&D support is considered appropriate if there is great uncertainty about R&D investment and if there is a long waiting time until a product's development is completed (CREST 2006;Veltri et al. 2009). Targeted R&D support is also appropriate when large spillovers are expected ) and when R&D is to be directed at specific public sectors, e.g., the environment and defense (CREST 2006;Veltri et al. 2009). Tax subsidies are considered more suitable for applied R&D and for products that can be completed quickly (OECD 2010b) because tax subsidies stimulate R&D projects that are on the margin of being profitable for the private sector. ...
Governments can provide targeted R&D subsidies and/or tax incentives to spur innovation and growth in the business sector. This chapter analyzes the theoretical pros and cons of these policy instruments and their practical implications according to the empirical literature. Tax incentives have low administrative costs, enable market agents to choose R&D projects, and can be provided to many firms. However, they entail the risk that governments might finance R&D that would have been undertaken anyway (deadweight loss) and that firms may relabel other costs as R&D costs. Targeted subsidies are preferable for projects with high uncertainty and those that require a long time to achieve a finished product and for contexts in which the government wishes to allocate resources to specific sectors. However, such subsidies have high bureaucratic costs, distort competition, and favor grant application experts. The greatest disadvantages of targeted R&D subsidies are that they are mainly allocated to large firms and are often used as covert industrial subsidies.
... Mora et al. society in a meaningful way through knowledge and technology transfer, lifelong learning, entrepreneurship or exchanges of workers with business, etc. The third mission encompasses several activities (Veltri, Grablowitz, & Mulatero, 2009, p. 49): ...
The national strategy for higher education of the Albanian government (2008–2013) stated the urgent need for universities to increase their role in the social and economic development of the local and regional environment. In order to achieve this goal, the main action proposed by the strategy was the setting up of regional development centres by public higher education institutions. With this purpose, the Tempus project Developing Third Mission activities in Albanian Universities (U3M-AL) has promoted third mission activities in most of the public universities by training university staff, establishing the regional development centres and creating an Albanian network for promoting third mission. These initiatives are contributing to the external visibility of universities as valuable partners for cooperation. In this paper, we describe the activities developed by this project, the outcomes and the expected impact on Albanian society.
... When the European Cohesion Fund was established in 1992 to address regional disparities in the Union, Spain became, together with Greece, Portugal and Ireland a main beneficiary of this policy which helped upgrade the country's infrastructure. During the period 2000-2006, Spain was engaged in a strong catching up process with an increase in overall R&D investments well above 10%, placing the country in 4 th position for growth in R&D investments in the EU-27, after Austria, the Czech Republic and Estonia (while the trend for EU-27 was negative during that period) (Veltri et al. 2009 Notwithstanding the more optimistic OECD and EU projections on GDP and unemployment for 2014 and 2015 ( Figure 1 and Table 1), creating new and strong impulses towards job-rich growth paths is a vital need for Spanish society. Boosting research, technological development and innovation (R&I) is a key element to overcome the crisis in a sustainable way. ...
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... The overall research context has changed considerably, characterised by growing competition and globalisation. It has provoked changes in the institutions' human resources policies, driving the institutions to develop strategies in order to raise their scientific profile and attract specific and/or foreign researchers and students (Veltri et al 2009). ...
In recent decades, developments in European research policy making have led to an enhancement of the role and function of evaluation to cope with the growing globalisation of research and the need to ensure effective research systems at the national level and in the European Research Area. These developments have led to a need for a more integrated way to understand research performance as well as its efficiency and effects, combined with a growing need for a European view.
The desire for better evidence for public management, a growing movement calling for open access to the results of publicly funded research and the vastly increased power of computing and communications coincide to support policy interest in steering and sharing research results and data about them. Current trends in the extended use of research information systems - at institutional, national and European level, set the context and create the opportunity for the development of a European research information infrastructure that could provide the basis for an improved research policy development in Europe.
... Although not new 1 , tax incentives policies to promote business R&D have known major changes over recent years, and it is becoming an increasingly important instrument in the policy mix of many countries around the world. The relative weight of public funds for business R&D has been declining constantly and government funding of private R&D is nowadays increasingly taking place through tax incentives (Veltri et al. 2009). According to the OECD (2008a), the evolution of tax incentives policies in recent years has been characterised by major changes, including: i) The implementation of R&D tax incentives systems by a growing number of OECD and non-OECD countries. ...
... Put in a simple way, a country's economic growth is largely correlated with its investment in R&D, namely business R&D; business R&D is the major driver of innovation which in turn is a major driver of competitiveness and economic growth. (Veltri et al. 2009). It is probably the best example where economic growth has set the pace of public policy for promoting business R&D, but other 7 countries such as Brazil and China are following suit. ...
... R&D policies are based on a better understanding of the R&D function within the firm, the advantages of having a business research base within borders, the systemic effects of R&D activities across the economy, and the long run impact on productivity growth. All Member States acknowledge the relevance of an excellent research base in terms of the scientific quality and the relevance of research with regard to its potential economic use or societal relevance (Veltri et al. 2009). One critical component of a firm's innovative capabilities is its absorptive capacity, that is, 'the ability of a firm to recognize de value of new, external information, assimilate it and apply it to commercial ends' (Cohen and Levinthal 1990). ...
Although not new, tax incentives have known major changes over recent years and it is becoming an increasingly important instrument in the policy mix to stimulate private R&D in many countries around the world. The OECD reports three major trends: The implementation of R&D tax incentives schemes by a growing number of OECD and non- OECD countries; A steady substitution of direct funding schemes for tax incentives schemes to stimulate business R&D; The many changes to tax incentives schemes most countries have done to increase the levels of generosity and attractiveness. This paper attempts to explain the motives behind these trends in R&D policy to stimulate private R&D and takes a multi-level approach as the issue involves political, strategic and economic considerations. The reasons behind the growing preference for tax incentives go much beyond any possible advantage these policies might have over direct measures, and are also the consequence of a political change in the EU R&D policy after the Lisbon Strategy and the subsequent actions to stimulate R&D expenditures, a change in the economic rationale of public support of private R&D in face of the insufficiency of market failures to justify that public intervention in a new context characterised by a public determination to increase the amount of business R&D expenditures, and the growing competition between countries for international R&D investment.
... For a comprehensive review of these and related issues, see[31]. ...
The concept of knowledge triangle highlights the importance of jointly fostering research, education and innovation, and of
paying due attention to the linkages between them. In 2000, the European Union launched an initiative to speed the transition
to a knowledge-based society over the next 10years: the Lisbon strategy. The policy initiatives that ensued put a strong
emphasis on progress in the research, education and innovation areas. The links between these policy domains did not receive
the same attention. A new, streamlined knowledge agenda (Europe 2020) has now been put at the core of the growth and employment
strategy for the next decade. While keeping the positive features of its predecessor, it relies on a more integrated research
and innovation policy, strongly connected with key elements of education and training. The effective implementation of the
Europe 2020 agenda will depend on further reinforcement of existing governance mechanisms for knowledge policies.
KeywordsKnowledge triangle-Lisbon strategy-Europe 2020-R&D policy-Innovation policy-Education policy
Open innovation research has extensively shown that open innovation strategies influence firms’ performance. It has, however, mostly neglected that the larger institutional context may influence these benefits. To address this gap in the literature, we investigate how the national institutional context influences the benefits a firm may derive from R&D collaborations. Building on institutional theory, we propose that in a national institutional context, a specific collaboration logic develops, underpinned by the design of policy support for innovation as well as knowledge-revealing practices amongst firms. This collaboration logic influences the ability of firms to benefit from R&D collaboration. We theorize that these effects occur due to the influence of national collaboration logics on the nature of firm interaction and organization for innovation. Relying on multilevel analyses of data on 601 European firms, we find that in countries where collaboration logics have been fostered by policy design and knowledge-revealing practices, firms attain greater organizational and product development benefits from R&D collaboration, but relatively lesser networking benefits. We discuss the policy implications of these results.
The aim of the article is to highlight a recent development related to the knowledge triangle concept and the effectiveness of actors in education, research, and innovation concerning the Estonian situation of financial and economic crisis. The author of the article analyses the implementation of the Lisbon agenda in Estonia (in 2000-2009) and tries to evaluate Estonia's perspectives in post-Lisbon strategy (in 2010-2020). The research problem in this article is: implementation of Lisbon strategy (EU-Strategy 2020) in changed financial and economic circumstances. Since 2000, the European Commission has been measuring the innovation performance of countries with the help of the European Innovation Scoreboard (EIS) which is the instrument developed by the European Commission, under the Lisbon strategy, to provide a comparative assessment of the innovation performance of EU Member States annually. Estonia's innovation performance has been increasing over the past five years in relation to the EU average, taking the lead in the moderate innovators' group in 2008 and in the Innovation followers' group in 2009 Estonia is reaching the EU mean level according to summary innovation index and has a relatively high growth rate for its level. However, elaborated analysis shows some relevant problems. According to the prognosis made in the strategy of Knowledge Based Estonia, employment in 2007-2013 in the high technology sector will grow about 19,800 employees, diminishing at the same time employment by the same amount in other sectors. This means that actually there is an acute need for highly qualified specialists (with doctorate degrees) for the Estonian high technology sector. First of all this indicates a need for additional investments in higher educational institutions. In Knowledge Triangle conception two main tendencies of the development are related: innovative rearrangements in economy and in higher educational sphere and, second, the increase of Estonian economic competitiveness. Today in Estonia modernisation of universities is a key element for enhancing competitiveness. At the same time there is some backwardness in higher educational sphere compared with EU neighbour countries. Other aspects of the knowledge triangle concern the creation of new economic mechanisms (concrete business solutions) and a new structure of institutions to carry out a new comprehensive and dynamic innovation model. In the process of globalisation, where Europe will need a new understanding of financial and economic integration concerning all EU member states and their own mission, Estonia must focus on the challenge of small country being more flexible economically and taking a chance in quick rearrangements of the higher education system.
