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Service unavailability of transmission lines, due to the direct and indirect lightning strikes, is evaluated as a challenging issue within electric companies. The lightning event can produce dangerous overvoltage, equipment failures, and power supply interruptions. Here, externally gapped line arresters (EGLAs) performances installed on a 63 kV tra...
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The data obtained by the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) in the territory of Zabaykal’e are compared with the data received by the equipment for observations of Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic field installed in Buryatia. Diurnal and seasonal dependence of lightning strokes observed in Zabaikal’e territory were obtained. It was...
Citations
... Some studies have shown an increase of reliability in distribution networks when using EGLAs in the primary of the transformers [21] as long as their protection level is low, i.e., with the lowest possible value of inception voltage, or combined with grounding systems of special characteristics, such as resonant grounding [22,23]. When grounding resistance values are greater than or equal to 5 Ohm, EGLAs perform better in terms of reducing backflow currents [24]. ...
Electric power distribution networks are exposed to both internal and external disturbances. Lightning strikes are among the latter and are responsible for a significant percentage of damage in distribution transformers, especially in rural areas. Electric utilities must pay special attention to prevent damage and service interruption due to these unforeseeable events. In this context, Surge Protection Devices (SPDs) combined with a series of external air gaps are designed to safeguard electric equipment and systems from transient over-voltages. There are several well-known models of SPDs in the specialized literature; nonetheless, few studies have been carried out with external gaps and multi-gaps. The main contribution of this paper is a methodology to model the disruptive effect in an external air gap by determining the parameters of Kind's and Chowdhuri's models using the integration method. The adjustment of the model parameters is carried out by a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed model was tested and validated using experimental measurements, and its capability to predict the time-to-breakdown under different impulse voltages was verified.
... The tower surge impedance Z is calculated by [34] ...
... For larger air gaps, the corona inception phase is ignored because of its low voltage magnitude [38]. The leader propagates with a velocity defined by [34] v ...
Lightning overvoltage causes outages of transmission lines (TLs) in tropical countries. Identifying and analyzing the key factors responsible for tripping the lines can improve the performance of the lines. In this work, the flashover patterns due to direct lightning strikes on 275 kV double circuit TLs and towers in Malaysia was evaluated with Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP-RV). Three parameters that include lightning current magnitude, power frequency angle and tower footing resistance were analyzed on the line performance during direct lightning strikes. The simulated results found that two key parameters, lightning current at 270 kA and footing resistance at 50 Ω, reveal the highest impact on the insulator flashover. This finding was also verified from multivariate analysis results which is rarely found in the previous works in this field. As a key contribution
in this work and in validation to the model, the simulated fault waveform patterns and voltage magnitudes were compared with the actual site data obtained from six different locations in Peninsular Malaysia. The analyzed results show a similar waveform pattern with an overall average voltage magnitude difference of 6.0 % before and after fault. The model is useful to electric utilities for analyzing transient performance of TLs.
... Recently, the effect of the frequency grounding system (FGS) has been considered on EGLA's lifetime and its returned current. EGLA performance on a 63-kV TL has been studied to explore its current and also its discharging energy by lightning stroke during BF occurrences [16]. As shown in [16], FGS has a great effect on EGLA's expected life and also its lightning performance. ...
... EGLA performance on a 63-kV TL has been studied to explore its current and also its discharging energy by lightning stroke during BF occurrences [16]. As shown in [16], FGS has a great effect on EGLA's expected life and also its lightning performance. In [16], the EGLAs have been installed on the middle tower and the expected life and lightning flashover rate have been computed. ...
... As shown in [16], FGS has a great effect on EGLA's expected life and also its lightning performance. In [16], the EGLAs have been installed on the middle tower and the expected life and lightning flashover rate have been computed. ...
This paper conducts the frequency‐dependent grounding system impact on externally gapped line arresters (EGLAs) operation and their placement effects on the lightning performance of a transmission line (TL). The study involves placing EGLAs at different phases of a 400‐kV double‐circuit TL with two downstream shield wires and selecting the optimal state with fewer back‐flashover incidents. The results show that using a non‐linear grounding system leads to a higher back return current from insulators or EGLAs, resulting in a higher flashover rate compared to the frequency grounding system (FGS). Installing four EGLAs in the middle and upper phases of the TL provides satisfactory lightning protection, and the flashover probability is zero and 4.2% for the FGS and the non‐linear grounding system, respectively. A sensitivity analysis including soil resistor variation, economic analysis, and grounding electrode configuration has been performed that confirms installing downstream shield wires and EGLAs is an effective and economical technique for lightning protection.
... where E represents the energy level and depends on the ratio of rated energy capacity and energy withstand capacity of the arrester, λ is the scale parameter, and k is the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution. These parameters are specific to the arrester and can be determined through analysis or testing [30], [31]. The scale parameter affecting the F (E) depends on the flashover rate (FOR) of the distribution line. ...
Indirect lightning causes power outages along overhead distribution lines. The installation of surge arresters (SAs)
at the line towers/poles effectively reduces lightning-induced
overvoltages. Among the types of SAs used in practice, nongapped line arresters (NGLAs) have been mainly used in the past
for a long time, while externally gapped line arresters (EGLAs)
are being used in recent practice to overcome the disadvantages of NGLAs. This analysis focuses on the performance of
these SAs in terms of flashover mitigation on a real medium
voltage distribution line. Critical lightning parameters, including
lightning current magnitude, and tower footing resistance, are
considered. The primary objective of the analysis is to identify the
SA that offers superior lightning performance. This evaluation
is crucial for optimizing the prospective location of the arresters.
By comparing the lightning performance of different SAs, the
study aims to determine the most effective option for mitigating
lightning-induced surges.
... Another work in [11] presented a generic solution for optimal placement of transmission line arresters base on multi-objective optimization technique. Several research works on the installation of Non-Gapped Line Arrester (NGLA) for the prevention of flashover have been done [10,[12][13][14][15]. Due to the follow current challenges experienced in NGLA, an external gap was introduced to the former resulting in the so called Externally Gapped Line Arresters (EGLA). ...
... Ref. [10], based on EMTP simulation, found that the discharge energy of NGLA installed on 132 kV double circuit line in Peninsular Malaysia conformed with the manufacturer's 5.1 kJ/kV of MCOV. Recently, the energy of EGLA installed on a typical 63 kV line was also evaluated in [15]. The result found that the lightning parameters and resistivity of the soil influence the EGLA's absorbed energy. ...
Direct lightning strikes on overhead lines and towers causes power system outages. Optimal surge arrester placement is a practical and economical protection technique. From research trends, three types of transmission line arresters are in practice: Non-Gapped Line Arrester (NGLA), Externally Gapped Line Arrester (EGLA) and Multi Chamber Insulator Arrester (MCIA). This study proposed a simplified guide for selecting the most suitable line arrester considering the placement configurations, double circuit outage prevention and energy capabilities. Electromagnetic Transient Program was implemented to analyze back flashover performance of a typical 275 kV double circuit transmission line in Malaysia. Critical flashover parameters considered are lightning current magnitude, tower footing resistance, and power frequency angle. Analyzed results from the three arresters found that installing four arresters, two per circuit, at the lower and upper phases respectively, is the most optimal and universal double outage mitigation technique. Energy comparison reveals that MCIA discharges 54% and 44% less energy than NGLA and EGLA respectively. Also, from 132 kV system results, MCIA discharges 74% and 22% lesser energy respectively. From further validation of the simulation model, NGLA discharged 23.8% more energy than EGLA from experimental results. The proposed guide is applicable to double circuit lines below 275 kV.
... Sedangkan arrester EGLA terdiri dari dua bagian termasuk varistor seng oksida dan celah udara eksternal. Arrester EGLA, disk ZnO biasanya tidak diberi energi dan karenanya tidak akan dihancurkan dalam kondisi operasi normal (Khodsuz, 2022). Beberapa keuntungan dari arrester EGLA adalah peningkatan kinerja jalur, lingkungan yang lebih aman, lebih sedikit biaya untuk pemasangan, pemeliharaan, pengoperasian saluran (Stanchev, 2020). ...
... Pengaplikasian data menara dan arrester dilakukan menggunakan software EMTP (Electromagnetik Transient Program), EMTP menjadi suatu program komputer terintegrasi yang didesain untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan peralihan (transient) pada sistem tenaga listrik untuk rangkaian terkonsentrasi (lumped), rangkaian terdistribusi, atau kombinasi dari kedua rangkaian tersebut. Simulasi arrester menggunakan dengan kurva karakteristik V-I untuk Tegangan A0 dan A1 berdasarkan referensi (Khodsuz, 2022) arrester yang digunakan adalah arrester tipe EGLA. ...
Petir merupakan fenomena alam yang terjadi secara alami dan tidak dapat kita cegah. petir mempengaruhi sistem transmisi penyaluran daya listrik ke pelanggan pengguna listrik. Petir dapat merusak komponen yang ada pada menara transmisi, yang membuat sistem tramsmisi daya listrik menjadi terganggu. M enara transmisi yang berada di daerah perbukitan yang tinggi membuat menara transmisi menjadi sasaran utama petir untuk menyalurkan kelebihan muatannya akibat gesekan elektron di awan. Khusunya saluran transmisi 150 kV Payakumbuh-Koto Panjang di Sumatra Barat yang memiliki gangguan petir sebesar 66% Menurut data Pusat Pengendalian Distribusi dan Beban Sumatra (P3B Sumatra). Salah satu komponen yang digunakan untuk mengurangi kerusakan isolator akibat sambaran petir adalah arcing horn. Namun itu tidak cukup, maka dari itu perlu adanya gabungan komponen arcing horn dengan arrester. Dengan menggabungkan dua komponen tersebut tegangan lebih yang diakibatkan oleh sambaran petir bisa dipotong oleh arrester. Penambahan arrester pada sisi isolator mempunyai pengaruh yang sangat besar terhadap tegangan surja, dengan menambahkan 2 arrester pada sisi isolator tegangan yang mampu di potong oleh arrester adalah 88,3% dari tegangan surja yang diberikan dan jika menggunakan 1 arrester tegangan yang terpotong adalah 79,1% dari tegangan petir yang di berikan berdasarkan simulasi EMTP.
Purpose
The ionization of the air surrounding the phase conductor in high-voltage transmission lines results in a phenomenon known as the Corona effect. To avoid this, Corona rings are used to dampen the electric field imposed on the insulator. The purpose of this study is to present a fast and intelligent surrogate model for determination of the electric field imposed on the surface of a 120 kV composite insulator, in presence of the Corona ring.
Design/methodology/approach
Usually, the structural design parameters of the Corona ring are selected through an optimization procedure combined with some numerical simulations such as finite element method (FEM). These methods are slow and computationally expensive and thus, extremely reducing the speed of optimization problems. In this paper, a novel surrogate model was proposed that could calculate the maximum electric field imposed on a ceramic insulator in a 120 kV line. The surrogate model was created based on the different scenarios of height, radius and inner radius of the Corona ring, as the inputs of the model, while the maximum electric field on the body of the insulator was considered as the output.
Findings
The proposed model was based on artificial intelligence techniques that have high accuracy and low computational time. Three methods were used here to develop the AI-based surrogate model, namely, Cascade forward neural network (CFNN), support vector regression and K-nearest neighbors regression. The results indicated that the CFNN has the highest accuracy among these methods with 99.81% R -squared and only 0.045468 root mean squared error while the testing time is less than 10 ms.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, for the first time, a surrogate method is proposed for the prediction of the maximum electric field imposed on the high voltage insulators in the presence Corona ring which is faster than any conventional finite element method.
The transient grounding resistance of a grounding device may change rapidly when a power transmission line is struck by lightning. The value of the grounding resistance can affect the simulation results of lightning response in power transmission lines, which can create difficulties in lightning protection design. This paper proposes an Electro-Magnetic Transient Program (EMTP) modeling method that considers transient grounding resistance. Firstly, an initial EMTP model of the power transmission line is established. Then, the critical breakdown field strength of the soil is measured. Next, the measurement results are incorporated into a finite element simulation model of the grounding device. Finally, a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to fit the formula for calculating the transient grounding resistance, and it is incorporated into the initial model. Additionally, the accuracy of the proposed simulation model was validated through multiple on-site experiments, with errors within 5%, which is better than conventional modeling methods. Furthermore, based on the proposed simulation model, an analysis of different soil critical breakdown field strengths and grounding device types was conducted, and a comparison of the calculation results between this paper’s method and conventional methods was made. The research results of this paper can provide a reference for high-precision modeling of power transmission lines and guide lightning protection design.
Purpose
This paper aims to focus on the inclusion of the frequency behavior of grounding system effect on surge arrester (SA) model parameters’ estimation.
Design/methodology/approach
The grounding system impedance and its frequency behavior are the factors that have influence on the SA performance. Up to now, the grounding system impedance effect and the frequency behavior of the soil parameters have not been studied for the estimation of the parameters of the SA frequency-dependent model. In this paper, the grounding system’s influence on the SA dynamic model has been simulated for rod- and counterpoise-shaped electrodes. Particle swarm optimization with a grey wolf optimization algorithm has been implemented as an optimization algorithm to adjust the parameters of the SA dynamic model.
Findings
The results show that the frequency behavior of the grounding impedance and soil electrical parameters can impress the optimum parameters of the SA frequency-dependent model and should be considered for more reliable results. Also, the results evidence that the proposed optimization method provides more accurate results compared to other optimization methods.
Originality/value
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is one of the first attempts to investigate the effect of frequency grounding system on SA frequency-dependent model parameters.
