Figure 2 - uploaded by Dani Byrd
Content may be subject to copyright.
A schema representing hypotheses motivated by the π -gesture model: (1) lengthening of both C1 and C2 and less C1-C2 overlap in heterosyllabic clusters (top-center), (2) more lengthening of C2 than C1 in coda clusters (bottom-left), and (3) more lengthening of C1 than C2 in onset clusters (bottom-right). Internal timing changes in onset and coda clusters are also possible.
Source publication
The Laboratory Phonology research paradigm has established that abstract phonological structure has direct reflections in the spatiotemporal details of speech production. Past exploration of the complex relationship between linguistic structural properties and articulation has resulted in a softening of a severance between phonetics and phonology,...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... first consider the duration of each of the consonants in the sequence as the syllable and phrasal position varies. For C1 Duration there is a significant main effect of Boundary Type (F[3,6]=41.48, p=.0002) and Speaker, and no other main effects. All interactions were also significant, with the exception of [Cluster x Syllable Position x Boundary Type]. For C2 Duration there are significant main effects of Boundary Type (F[3,6]=35.938, p=.0003), of Syllable Position (F[2,4]= 146.403, p=.0002), and of Speaker. All three- and four-way interactions with Speaker were significant, as was the two-way interaction of Speaker and Cluster. Turning first to the main effect of Boundary Type, which existed for both the first and second members of the CC clusters, Figure 4 presents these data pooled across subjects. The primary observation is that a consonant is in the vicinity of a prosodic boundary lengthens. Further, this lengthening increases in a graded way as the strength of the boundary (at least as intended for the stimulus sentences) increases. Fisher’s PLSD post-hoc tests find all pairwise comparisons of Boundary Type significant for both consonants (p<.05). Of course, it is important to consider the behavior of each of the consonants in all three syllable positions, as this determines the placement of the consonant either immediately at the phrase edge or slightly removed from it, and either before or after the boundary. Recall that in Figure 2, it was hypothesized that C1 would be least affected in codas and most subject to lengthening in heterosyllabic and onset sequences, while C2 would be least affected in onsets and most subject to lengthening in coda and heterosyllabic sequences. A two-way interaction of Syllable Position x Boundary Type existed for C1 supporting the prediction, and a 3-way interaction with subject also ...
Context 2
... a prosodic gesture does not have a constriction task, it has an effect on the pacing of constriction tasks during its interval of activation. The activation strength of the π gesture, and therefore the degree of local slowing it gives rise to, corresponds to the strength of a phrasal juncture. Many of the empirical findings on intra and intergestural timing at phrase boundaries have been successfully simulated using the π -gesture model (see Byrd and Saltzman 2003), and a number of the predictions of the π -gesture model regarding the general symmetricality of prosodic effects on articulation and the waxing and waning nature of such effects have recently found empirical support (Byrd et al. 2005; Bombien et al. 2006; Lee, Byrd and Krivokapi ć 2006; Byrd, Krivokapi ć , and Lee 2006.). The prosodic-gesture model of prosodic timing predicts longer durations and less overlap under the influencing, coproduced interval of a phrase boundary (i.e. prosodic gesture), due to slowing of the central clock pacing the unfolding of gestural activation intervals (Byrd and Saltzman 2003). Specifically for consonant sequences at phrase boundaries, we will test the following hypotheses motivated by the π -gesture model as seen in Figure ...
Context 3
... gesture), due to slowing of the central clock pacing the unfolding of gestural activation intervals ( Byrd and Saltzman 2003). Specifically for con- sonant sequences at phrase boundaries, we will test the following hypotheses motivated by the π-gesture model as seen in Figure 2. The first hypothesis is that phrasal lengthening of constriction formation will affect both C1 and C2 in heterosyllabic clusters C##C, more C1 in onset clusters ##CC, and more C2 in coda clusters CC##. ...
Context 4
... course, it is important to consider the behavior of each of the consonants in all three syllable positions, as this determines the placement of the consonant either immediately at the phrase edge or slightly removed from it, and either before or after the boundary. Recall that in Figure 2, it was hypothesized that C1 would be least affected in codas and most subject to lengthening in heterosyllabic and onset sequences, while C2 would be least affected in onsets and most subject to lengthening in coda and heterosyllabic sequences. A two-way interaction of Syllable Position x Boundary Type existed for C1 supporting the prediction, and a 3-way interaction with subject also existed for C2 in support of the prediction. ...
Similar publications
Central Yiddish (CY) has inserted schwas that occur between long vowels or diphthongs and certain coda consonants. In the most restrictive varieties, schwas are inserted only between long high vowels or diphthongs and uvular or rhotic codas (as in /biːχ/ → [biːəχ] 'book'), and between long high vowels or diphthongs and coronal codas, as long as the...
Citations
... For example, Cho and Keating (2009) suggested that consonants in English exhibited more strengthening in a domain-initial position than a domain-medial position, and only the amplitude of a vowel in a CV syllable in a domain-initial position was increased. Byrd and Choi (2010) observed that the first and second consonants of onset clusters in American English were lengthened in a domain-initial position, but the boundary effects on the second consonants were weaker (see Bombien et al., 2013, for similar findings). ...
Limited studies have suggested that tones can be strengthened in domain-initial positions, suggesting that domain-initial strengthening (DIS) effects in a tone language extend beyond the first segment of a prosodic domain. However, these studies have yielded unclear results. This study investigated whether DIS causes boundary-induced changes in tones. This study analyzed the maximum fundamental frequency (f0) of the falling, mid, and low tones in Thai along with acoustic measures of consonants, including the Voice Onset Times (VOTs) of /b/, /p/, and /pʰ/, frication duration of /f/, and consonant-induced f0 perturbation effects associated with these four consonants in domain-initial and domain-medial positions. Some evidence of DIS effects on tones was found, suggesting that DIS effects in a tone language can extend to tone production realized with the vowel that is beyond the first segment. Additionally, the VOTs of /b/, /p/, and /pʰ/ were more negative, unchanged, and longer, respectively, the frication of /f/ was longer, and f0 following /pʰ/ was raised in a domain-initial position compared to a domain-medial position. The findings contribute to the current understanding of the prosody-phonetics interface, particularly with respect to the relationship between DIS and the realization of tones.
... At prosodic boundaries, the durations of segments might increase, gestures might be lengthened and this lengthening might increase as the prosodic boundary is hierarchically more important in the prosodic organization (e.g. [1,2,3,4,5]). The prosodic organization and its relationship with acoustic/phonetic realizations are crucial aspects to consider when exploring the role of prosodic structure in speech variation, even though these manifestations are specific to languages and their consonant categories. ...
... The literature has been focused on syllables with static vocalic targets. Previous studies on prosodic modulation on speech productions either looked into the production of consonantal gestures in syllables with simple structure (CV), leaving out vowel sequences (Beckman & Edwards, 1992;Berkovits, 1994;Byrd & Saltzman, 1998, 2003Edwards et al., 1991) or included vowel sequence in the stimuli but did not analyze the production of the vocalic contour (Byrd & Choi, 2010;Krivokapić, 2007). ...
This dissertation examines prosodic influence on the acoustic properties of tautosyllabic vowel sequences (TVS) using acoustic data. The analyses focused on how the duration of the TVS, the excursion of the formants, and the movement of the TVS are influenced by prosodic boundaries that follow the speech sound. The prosodic structure is understood as an abstract hierarchical structure of prosodic phrasing in this research. At the boundaries of prosodic constituents, prosodic phrase boundaries introduce systematic phonetic variation in the temporal and spatial properties of segments. Four different TVS (/ai, au, ae, ou/) in three languages with different prosodic characteristics (Chinese as a tone language, English as a stress language, and Japanese as a language with mora as its basic prosodic unit) were investigated. This research serves as the first research to cross-linguistically study how TVS are influenced by prosodic structure.
The results show that first, the pre-boundary lengthening is confirmed in all three languages but implemented differently cross-linguistically. Chinese TVS were less affected by prosody than those in English and Japanese. Monophthongs are less lengthened than TVS pre-boundarily. However, the difference between the lengthening of monophthongs and TVS is yet unclear.
Second, TVS are hyperarticulated by prosodic boundaries with more extreme acoustic properties indicating enhancement of the distinctive features of the vocalic targets. Japanese TVS are different than those in Chinese and English in that the onset vocalic targets are also influenced by prosodic boundaries while the onsets of those in Chinese and English are not. This suggests that in Japanese TVS, the first vocalic target is more salient than in Chinese and English.
Third, the strategy of modulation on the TVS trajectory in the F1/F2 vowel space mainly involved stiffness reduction and target rescaling. This is somehow different than the result reported in the literature of articulatory study on pre-boundary strengthening since stiffness reduction has been found to be the major strategy in pre-boundary prosodic modulation. This result suggests a discrepancy between the acoustic and the articulatory domain.
In general, this dissertation demonstrated that TVS is influenced by prosodic structures, although the effect differs for languages and specific TVS. The effect is slightly different than those on monophthongs, and those found in the articulatory study.
... The special status of sibilant-stop clusters, both in terms of their distribution and their role 627 in speech acquisition and processing, has received some scholarly attention over the past decades 628 (Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, 2015; Goad, 2011;Morelli, 1999). In spite of the fact that they violate the 629 SSP, they are relatively common cross-linguistically (Morelli, 1999), are acquired early in L1 630 acquisition (Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, 2015), and stand out phonetically and articulatorily (Browman 631 & Goldstein, 1986;Byrd & Choi, 2010). In a speeded naming experiment, they had shorter 632 response latencies than singleton /s/ onsets, although latencies had previously been found to 633 increase with the number of phonemes (Kawamoto & Kello, 1999). ...
Purpose
One of the central questions in speech production research is to what degree certain structures have an inherent difficulty and to what degree repeated encounter and practice makes them easier to process. The goal of this paper was to determine the extent to which frequency and sonority distance of consonant clusters predict production difficulties..
Method
We used a tongue twister paradigm to elicit speech errors on syllable-initial German consonant clusters and investigated the relative influences of cluster frequency and sonority distance between the consonants of a cluster on production accuracy. Native speakers of German produced pairs of monosyllabic pseudowords beginning with consonant clusters at a high speech rate.
Results
Error rates decreased with increasing frequency of the consonant clusters. A high sonority distance, on the other hand, did not facilitate a cluster’s production. In addition the combination of consonant clusters in a stimulus pair has a great impact on production accuracy.
Conclusions
These results suggest that both frequency of use and sonority distance codetermine production ease, as well as syntagmatic competition between adjacent sound sequences.
... mot vs. syntagme accentuel vs. syntagme intonatif), moins il y a de coarticulation entre ces sons. Par exemple, une réduction graduelle du chevauchement entre consonnes en clusters C#C (Meynadier 2004, Byrd et Choi 2010, et de la coarticulation anticipatoire V 2 à C 1 en séquences C 1 #C 2 V 2 (Meynadier 2004) ou C 1 V 1 #C 2 V 2 (Byrd 2000) est observé à travers de frontières prosodiques (ici notées #) de niveaux croissants. En ce qui concerne spécifiquement la coarticulation anticipatoire voyelle-à-voyelle, qui fait l'objet de cette étude, Cho (2004) observe une réduction graduelle de la coarticulation /a#i/, mais pas /i#a/, en fonction de l'accroissement de la frontière de mot à ip (intermediate phrase) à IP (intonational phrase). ...
... Both of these effects have been documented in the lit er a ture. (For less overlap, see McClean 1973;Hardcastle 1985;Jun 1993;Byrd et al. 2000;Bombien et al. 2010;Bombien, Mooshammer, and Hoole 2013;Byrd and Choi 2010. For lengthening in articulatory studies, see, e.g., Fougeron and Keating 1997;Byrd 2000;Keating et al. 2004;Cho 2006;Tabain 2003. ...
... The prediction that arises is that the stronger the boundary, the less the gestural overlap will be. This prediction has been borne out so far (Byrd and Choi 2010;Bombien et al. 2010). ...
An introduction to the the range of current theoretical approaches to the prosody of spoken utterances, with practical applications of those theories.
Prosody is an extremely dynamic field, with a rapid pace of theoretical development and a steady expansion of its influence beyond linguistics into such areas as cognitive psychology, neuroscience, computer science, speech technology, and even the medical profession. This book provides a set of concise and accessible introductions to each major theoretical approach to prosody, describing its structure and implementation and its central goals and assumptions as well as its strengths and weaknesses. Most surveys of basic questions in prosody are written from the perspective of a single theoretical framework. This volume offers the only summary of the full range of current theoretical approaches, with practical applications of each theory and critical commentary on selected chapters.
The current abundance of theoretical approaches has sometimes led to apparent conflicts that may stem more from terminological differences, or from differing notions of what theories of prosody are meant to achieve, than from actual conceptual disagreement. This volume confronts this pervasive problem head on, by having each chapter address a common set of questions on phonology, meaning, phonetics, typology, psychological status, and transcription. Commentary is added as counterpoint to some chapters, with responses by the chapter authors, giving a taste of current debate in the field.
Contributors
Amalia Arvaniti, Jonathan Barnes, Mara Breen, Laura C. Dilley, Grzegorz Dogil, Martine Grice, Nina Grønnum, Daniel Hirst, Sun-Ah Jun, Jelena Krivokapić, D. Robert Ladd, Fang Liu, Piet Mertens, Bernd Möbius, Gregor Möhler, Oliver Niebuhr, Francis Nolan, Janet Pierrehumbert, Santitham Prom-on, Antje Schweitzer, Stefanie Shattuck-Hufnagel, Alice Turk, Yi Xu
... How does stress pattern impact timing mechanisms in speech when the auditory feedback is temporally altered? Prosodic structures such as syllable position, stress or accent, and prosodic boundaries strongly influence temporal properties of sounds and their gestural coordination (Bombien, Mooshammer & Hoole, 2013;Bombien, Mooshammer, Hoole & Kühnert, 2010;Browman & Goldstein, 2000;Byrd, 1996;Byrd & Choi, 2010;Byrd & Saltzman, 2003;Cho & Keating, 2009;Goldstein, Nam, Saltzman & Chitoran, 2009;Goldstein & Pouplier, 2014;. ...
... This terminology aims at capturing different levels of processing and organization with respect to the temporal properties of speech; it reflects ideas that have been entertained about the spatiotemporal properties of phonological gestures. For example, these have been suggested to contain a spatial dimension (spectral or constriction target) and two timing dimensions: internal timing (durational properties on a segmental level) and inter-gestural timing (coordination of gestures within higher prosodic structures) (Byrd & Choi, 2010). ...
This study examines speakers’ reaction to focally applied temporal real-time auditory feedback perturbation in a word-initial unstressed syllable (Unstressed condition) and a similar word-medial stressed syllable (Stressed condition) in a three-syllabic word. Speakers compensate locally in both conditions for the perturbed syllable’s nucleus (V; compressed by the perturbation) but not for the complex onsets (CC; stretched by the perturbation). The perturbation of the first, unstressed syllable causes a global slowing down of all segments following the perturbation (syllable two and three), while the perturbation in the Stressed condition elicits local adjustments only in the perturbed (second) syllable. When viewed in a larger prosodic context, the timing strategy in the Unstressed condition indicates that speakers aim to keep relative durations within the word constant when the word-initial onset is auditorily stretched, leading to a compensatory pattern for both CC and V in word-proportional durations. In the Stressed condition, increasing the stressed vowel’s duration seems to be of the highest priority, causing all other segments to take up a shorter portion within the word. Adaptation effects of the stressed vowel indicate a durational representation on the segment level. Further adaptation effects additionally suggest a representation of timing/coordination in larger prosodic units. Complementary investigation of aperiodicity, spectral skewness, and intensity (RMS) indicates that spectral properties can change along with compensatorily increased duration.
... For example, Cho and Keating (2009) showed that the consonants in /nɛ/ and /tɛ/ in English exhibited more strengthening in multiple articulatory and acoustic measures in a domain-initial position compared to a domain-medial position, whereas only the amplitude of the vowel was increased domain-initially. Byrd and Choi (2010) observed that the first and second consonants of the /sp/, /sk/, and /kl/ onset consonant clusters in American English were lengthened in a domain-initial position compared to a domain-medial position, but the boundary effects on the second consonants were weaker (graded). Similarly, Bombien et al. (2013) observed that the first consonants of the clusters /ps/, /pl/, /ks/, and /kl/ in German were lengthened in a phrase-initial position compared to a phrase-medial position. ...
... More specifically, the lengthening of the consonant in a CV syllable or the first consonant in a CCV syllable occurs because these consonants are closest to the boundary and thus are most influenced by clock-slowing of the π-gesture (Byrd & Choi, 2010;. The vowel in either syllable type is only minimally, if at all, affected by the π-gesture; however, the vowel instead may be affected by a modulation gesture called a μ-gesture which gives rise to prominence-related strengthening . ...
... Another prediction is that the tone in a CV syllable in a tone language should not be greatly lengthened in a domain-initial position, given that the tone gesture is assumed to be similar to the second consonant of a CCV syllable in a nontonal language (Gao, 2008;Zhang et al., 2019). This prediction should then resemble the observations of the CCV syllables in Bombien et al. (2013) and Byrd and Choi (2010). However, the tone in the domain-initial position should start later compared to its counterpart in the domain-medial position. ...
This dissertation presents three studies that examined issues related to the production and the perception of pitch in a tone language. The first study examined linguistic contexts that may modulate consonant-induced pitch perturbations (CF0) in a tone language. Previous studies have produced mixed findings regarding the role of linguistic contexts in modulating CF0. To address this issue, this study analyzed CF0 effects in Thai monosyllabic words starting with /b/, /p/, /pʰ/, /d/, /t/, /tʰ/, /k/, or /kʰ/, having /a/ or /aː/ as the vowel, and bearing the falling tone, the mid tone, or the low tone, and placed in two sentential contexts or in isolation. The results showed that linguistic contexts including tone context, sentential context, place of articulation, and, to a lesser extent, vowel length modulated CF0 effects. Different pitch perturbation patterns were also observed. The results are discussed in terms of different mechanisms that may underlie the perturbation effects. The findings have implications for previous conflicting findings and for tonogenesis.
The second study investigated whether lexical tones can undergo domain-initial strengthening (DIS) like consonants can. If so, this suggests that DIS effects in a tone language extend beyond the first segment of a prosodic domain, suggesting that the domain of DIS is larger than previously thought. However, previous studies have reported conflicting results. This study analyzed Thai monosyllabic words in domain-initial and domain-medial positions. The study analyzed the maximum fundamental frequency of the falling tone, the mid tone, and the low tone, as well as acoustic measures of consonants, including the Voice Onset Times of /b/, /p/, and /pʰ/, the frication duration of /f/, and the CF0 associated with these four consonants produced at the intonational phrase level and the word level. There was no evidence of DIS effects on tones. The findings contribute to the current understanding of the prosody-phonetics interface.
The last study investigated the relationship between two versions of a test that assessed the ability to identify pitch patterns and word learning success in a tone language. One version of the test, the mixed-talker Pitch-Contour Perception Test (PCPT), presented stimuli that were not blocked by talker, whereas the other version of the test, the blocked-talker PCPT, presented stimuli that were blocked by talker. Previous studies have suggested that nontonal language speakers’ ability to perceive pitch patterns is a good predictor of their success in learning words in a tone language. Previous studies, however, have not adequately assessed the ability to perceive pitch patterns because this ability has often been assessed with the ability to cope with trial-by-trial variability. Native speakers of English with no prior experience with a tone language took the two versions of the PCPT before being trained for six sessions to learn 16 Mandarin words represented by Chinese characters. The results showed that the learners’ scores on the mixed-talker PCPT were a slightly better predictor of their success in learning Mandarin words compared to their scores on the blocked-talker PCPT. The results suggested that the ability to cope with trial-by-trial variability is not a strong predictor of word learning success in a tone language.
Given that its intended audience is theoretical researchers and applied researchers, this dissertation concludes with a discussion about how the gap between theoretical research and applied research can be bridged. Reasons for why the gap should be bridged are provided, and suggestions for how the gap can be bridged are offered.
... In spite of the fact that they violate the SSP, they are relatively common cross-linguistically (Morelli, 1999) and are acquired early on in L1 acquisition (Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, 2015). They also stand out phonetically and articulatorily in that they lack stop aspiration and only have a single glottal gesture (Browman & Goldstein, 1986;Byrd & Choi, 2010). In a speeded naming experiment, they had shorter response latencies than words with singleton /s/ onsets, although latencies had previously been found to increase with the number of phonemes (Kawamoto & Kello, 1999). ...
This book presents three experimental studies of sublexical speech processing that aim to answer the question how universal principles of syllabic wellformedness like the Sonority Sequencing Principle, on the one hand, and experience with language-specific phonotactic distributions, on the other hand, influence perception and production of German initial consonant clusters.
Effects of consonant cluster frequency and sonority sequencing are compared in a) an experiment of pseudoword identification in noise with native German listeners, b) a parallel experiment with Australian learners of German, and c) an experiment of pseudoword repetition in a tongue twister paradigm. The results of these experiments have implications for the roles of universal vs. language-specific sound sequencing preferences in sublexical processing. The non-native listening experiment moreover allows for a comparison of the roles of native-language vs. target-language cluster frequencies in speech perception.
Against the background of usage-based linguistics and connectionist models of speech perception and production, this book expounds the mechanisms at work during the processing of consonant clusters. It discusses their role as potential units in speech perception and explores possibilities for consonant clusters having their own mental representations. A striking parallel is revealed between perception and production of consonant clusters in terms of which factors and principles facilitate or hamper their processing. It is one of the first works to demonstrate frequency effects for consonant clusters.
Sophia Wulfert studied General Linguistics at the Technische Universität Berlin and Scandinavian Studies at Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. From 2015 to 2018, she was a member of the doctoral research training group “DFG GRK 1624: Frequency effects in language” at the University of Freiburg. This book is a revised version of her dissertation, which she defended in December 2021.
... These scores imply that the (nontonal) glottal gesture and tone gesture in voiced stops and voiceless unaspirated stops in Thai are less overlapped compared to those in aspirated stops This implication, however, is not consistent with the prediction of #CC in Byrd and Choi (2010) Thus, empirical support is needed Perhaps the π-gesture is co-active with the T gesture in Wi positions. ...
Voice Onset Time (VOT) and consonant-induced fundamental frequency (CF0) may signal phonological laryngeal contrasts.This signaling may be modulated by prosodic structure and pitch context. However, such modulation in tonal languages is unclear. This study investigates the roles of prosodic structure and tonal context in the phonetic implementation of laryngeal contrasts in Thai, a tone language with a three-way laryngeal contrast. Monosyllabic words with /b/, /p/, /pʰ/, or /f/ as the onset, bearing the falling (51) or mid (32) tone, and produced at the Intonational Phrase (IP) boundary or the Word boundary were analyzed. The results showed modulation of VOT and CF0 by prosodic structure across consonants. The VOTs of /b/ and /pʰ/ at the IP boundary and the frication duration of /f/ were longer compared to their counterparts at the Word boundary. The CF0pattern at the IP boundary was different compared to at the Word boundary. The results are primarily discussed through the lenses of the featural or gestural views of phonetics and phonology.
--edited on 12/5/2020
