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Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) is a three dimensional deformity of the spine that causes abnormal curvatures in the coronal and sagittal planes and abnormal vertebral rotations. The gold standard for diagnosing and tracking the progression of the deformity is through the use of repeated radiography and a patient can receive upwards of fiftee...
Contexts in source publication
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... spine is constructed of 33 vertebrae; each vertebra has two distinct parts, the anterior portion (i.e., the body) and the posterior portion (i.e., the arch). The body is a solid segment of bone, and the arch is formed by two pedicles, two lamina, and seven processes illustrated in Figure 1a and 1b [1]. The body is the largest portion of the vertebra, and makes up the structural aspect of the spine. ...
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... marker configuration used in this work combines elements of the marker sets proposed by Frigo et al. [15] and Masso and Gorton [19]. The current marker set ( Figure 10) utilizes 20, 14mm retro-reflective markers placed on specific bony landmarks. The marker set was slightly modified from the pilot work on this topic in order to make the marker set more repeatable from subject to subject. ...
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... an effort to standardize the standing posture of the subjects during the lateral radiograph, a positioning X-ray frame was designed and constructed to place subjects in a repeatable position as shown in figure 11. The subject stood on the base of the frame, and the adjustable bar was moved up to the zyphoid process. ...
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... the subject was instructed to place their elbows on the bar at shoulder width, the frame was designed to be 24 inches wide to account for width variation. Figure 12 shows the schematic diagram for the frame. The frame was used for all patients receiving lateral full spine radiographs, regardless if they were participants. ...
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... dynamic portion incorporated a series of maximal bending tasks. The first bending task required the subject to laterally bend a lateral bend to the left is illustrated in figure 14a, the second task required the subject to axially rotate and a rotation to the left is depicted in figure 14b, and the final task required the subject to perform a trunk flexion and extension and example of trunk extension is shown in figure 14c. Each of the motion tasks were repeated three times. ...
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... dynamic portion incorporated a series of maximal bending tasks. The first bending task required the subject to laterally bend a lateral bend to the left is illustrated in figure 14a, the second task required the subject to axially rotate and a rotation to the left is depicted in figure 14b, and the final task required the subject to perform a trunk flexion and extension and example of trunk extension is shown in figure 14c. Each of the motion tasks were repeated three times. ...
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... dynamic portion incorporated a series of maximal bending tasks. The first bending task required the subject to laterally bend a lateral bend to the left is illustrated in figure 14a, the second task required the subject to axially rotate and a rotation to the left is depicted in figure 14b, and the final task required the subject to perform a trunk flexion and extension and example of trunk extension is shown in figure 14c. Each of the motion tasks were repeated three times. ...
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... structured architecture in Matlab is a means of organizing and storing multiple data arrays within an organized hierarchy. The program consists of nine subroutines and three function callouts, as depicted in Figure 15. There are two additional subroutines that are not depicted in Figure 15. ...
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... program consists of nine subroutines and three function callouts, as depicted in Figure 15. There are two additional subroutines that are not depicted in Figure 15. These two subroutines contain code to assemble variables from multiple subjects to create a group mean and are run after the end of the main program. ...
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... distCT is the distance between the C7 and T7 markers, distTL is the distance between the T7 and L3 markers, θ 1 is the angle between the C7 and T7 markers, and θ 2 is the angle between the T7 and L3 markers. The angle was broken into two separate angles and the resulting angles were added to find the angle of kyphosis as shown in Figure 16. The angle of lordosis calculated using Equations 4a, 4b, 4c, 4d, and 4e was measured using the positional data from the T7, L3, and S1 markers, and was calculated in the same manner as the angle of kyphosis. ...
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... the angle between the C7 and T7 markers, and θ 2 is the angle between the T7 and L3 markers. The angle was broken into two separate angles and the resulting angles were added to find the proximal angle as shown in Figure 17. The distal estimation for the Cobb angle was calculated using Equations 6a, 6b, 6c, 6d, and 6e and measured in the coronal plane using the T7, L3, and S1 markers, and was calculated using the same method as the proximal estimation for the Cobb angle. ...
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... pelvic axes were based on the position of the pelvis within the global coordinate system of the motion laboratory. The primary axis, the y-axis, of the pelvis is depicted in Figure 18. The primary axis, the unit vector created by the two ASIS markers is given by Equation 16. ...
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... Equations 17a and 17b, fpel is the midpoint of the vector between the two ASIS markers, LASI and RASI are the global positions of the left and right ASIS markers, and SACR is the global position of the S1 vertebra. Tvector, shown in Figure 19, is the temporary vector created between midpoint of the primary vector and the marker on the S1 vertebra. The z-vector of the pelvis was created by crossing the temporary axis, Tvector, with the y-axis of the pelvis given by Equation 18. ...
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... x-axis of the pelvis was constructed by crossing the z-axis of the pelvis with the y- axis of the pelvis given by Equation 19. Figure 21, and zpel and ypel are the unit vectors describing the z and y axes of the pelvis, respectively. The axes for the upper and mid thorax planes were constructed in a similar manner to the pelvic coordinate system. ...
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... rotational task was analyzed in a similar fashion to the lateral bending task. The plane and segment motion between the two study groups were compared as shown in Table 15 and Figure 31a-i. In Figure 31 the first column is the coronal plane and positive values indicate a lean to the left, the second column is the sagittal plane and positive values indicate flexion, and the third column is the transverse plane and positive values indicate internal rotation. ...
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... plane and segment motion between the two study groups were compared as shown in Table 15 and Figure 31a-i. In Figure 31 the first column is the coronal plane and positive values indicate a lean to the left, the second column is the sagittal plane and positive values indicate flexion, and the third column is the transverse plane and positive values indicate internal rotation. Similar to the results of the lateral bending tasks the total range of motion in the primary motion plane (i.e., the transverse plane) were greater in the scoliosis group. ...
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... if dimension(j)~= PointUsedData dimension(j)=PointUsedData; end % no manipulation else dimension(j)=fread(fid,1,'int8'); end mult=mult*dimension(j); ParameterGroup(GroupNumber).Parameter(ParameterNumber).dim(j)=dimension(j); %save parameter dimension data varlist{vind+1,2}= 'Min'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(min(S(1,2).rsratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(min (S(1,3).rsratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(min (S(1,4).rsratio)); ...
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... (S(1,3).rsratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(min (S(1,4).rsratio)); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,1}=' R. Thorax'; vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}='Mean'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(mean(S(1,2).rtratio)); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,1}=' R. Thorax'; vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}='Mean'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(mean(S(1,2).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(mean (S(1,3).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(mean (S(1,4).rtratio)); ...
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... (S(1,3).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(mean (S(1,4).rtratio)); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}= 'Max'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(max(S(1,2).rtratio)); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,2}= 'Max'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(max(S(1,2).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(max (S(1,3).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(max (S(1,4).rtratio)); ...
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... (S(1,3).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(max (S(1,4).rtratio)); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}='Min'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(min (S(1,2).rtratio)); ...
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... (S(1,4).rtratio)); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}='Min'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(min (S(1,2).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(min (S(1,3).rtratio)); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,2}='Min'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(min (S(1,2).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(min (S(1,3).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(min (S(1,4).rtratio)); ...
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... (S(1,3).rtratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(min (S(1,4).rtratio)); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,1}=' R. Pelvis'; vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}='Mean'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(mean(S(1,2).rpratio)); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,1}=' R. Pelvis'; vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}='Mean'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(mean(S(1,2).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(mean (S(1,3).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(mean (S(1,4).rpratio)); ...
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... (S(1,3).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(mean (S(1,4).rpratio)); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,2}= 'Max'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(max(S(1,2).rpratio)); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,2}= 'Max'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(max(S(1,2).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(max (S(1,3).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(max(S(1,4).rpratio)); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,2}= 'Min'; varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(min(S(1,2).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(min (S(1,3).rpratio)); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(min(S(1,4).rpratio)); ...
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... (1,3).kyphosis); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(S (1,4).kyphosis); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(S(1,5).kyphosis); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,7}=num2str(S (1,7).kyphosis); vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,1}='Lordosis'; varlist{vind+1,2}=num2str(S(1,2).lordosis); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,1}='Lordosis'; varlist{vind+1,2}=num2str(S(1,2).lordosis); varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(S (1,3).lordosis); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(S (1,4).lordosis); ...
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... (1,3).lordosis); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(S (1,4).lordosis); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(S(1,5).lordosis); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,1}='Proximal Angle'; varlist{vind+1,2}=num2str(S(1,2).proximal); varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(S(1,3).proximal); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(S (1,4).proximal); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(S(1,5).proximal); ...
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... vind=vind+1; varlist{vind+1,1}='Distal Angle'; varlist{vind+1,2}=num2str(S (1,2).distal); varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(S (1,3).distal); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,1}='Distal Angle'; varlist{vind+1,2}=num2str(S (1,2).distal); varlist{vind+1,3}=num2str(S (1,3).distal); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(S (1,4).distal); ...
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... (1,3).distal); varlist{vind+1,4}=num2str(S (1,4).distal); varlist{vind+1,5}=num2str(S(1,5).distal); ...
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... varlist{vind+1,7}=num2str (S(1,7).distal); vind=vind+1; warning off MATLAB:xlswrite:AddSheet; xlswrite([cpath,num2str(patnum),' RelaxedStatic.xlsx'],varlist,[num2str(patnum)],'A3'); %Defining the mid-thorax plane This is done in an identical fashion to the pelvis S(trialn(xxx)).FMThor=(S(trialn(xxx)).RRIB+S(trialn(xxx)).LRIB)./2; ...
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... 100 -50 50]); title('Total Spine Cor.'); ylabel('Angle (deg) Left +ve');xlabel('Time normalized (%)'); subplot (3,3,8),hold on,plot(S(1,8).nSpine1(:,2),'b');plot(S(1,8).nSpine2(:,2),'r'); axis([0 100 -40 40]); title('Total Spine Sag.'); ylabel('Angle (deg) Flex +ve');xlabel('Time normalized (%)'); subplot(3,3,9),hold on,plot (S(1,8).nSpine1(:,3),'b');plot(S (1,8).nSpine2(:,3),'r'); ...
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... 100 -40 40]); title('Total Spine Sag.'); ylabel('Angle (deg) Flex +ve');xlabel('Time normalized (%)'); subplot(3,3,9),hold on,plot (S(1,8).nSpine1(:,3),'b');plot(S (1,8).nSpine2(:,3),'r'); axis([0 100 -40 40]); title('Total Spine Tran.'); ylabel('Angle (deg) Int +ve');xlabel('Time normalized (%)'); legend('Trial 1','Trial 2','Location','BestOutside'); %Twisting Segment Motion figure (5), ORIENT LANDSCAPE subplot(3,3,1),hold on,plot(S(1,9).nUSpine1(:,1),'b');plot(S(1,9).nUSpine2(:,1),'r'); ...
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