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Electrical power generation is changing dramatically across the world because of the need to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to introduce mixed energy sources. The power network faces great challenges in transmission and distribution to meet demand with unpredictable daily and seasonal variations. Electrical Energy Storage (EES) is recognized a...
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... is an EES technology with a long history, high technical maturity and large energy capacity. With an installed capacity of 127-129 GW in 2012, PHS represents more than 99% of worldwide bulk storage capacity and contributes to about 3% of global gener- ation [26,28,29]. As shown in Fig. 4, a typical PHS plant uses two water reservoirs, separated vertically. During off-peak electricity demand hours, the water is pumped into the higher level reservoir; during peak hours, the water can be released back into the lower level reservoir. In the process, the water powers turbine units which drive the electrical machines to ...Citations
... It is classified into short-and long-term storage. Lithium-ion batteries have high roundtrip efficiencies and are widely available, however they have relatively low lifetimes (<15 years) and are not well suited for longduration (>10 h) applications [22]. At the same time, thermal and hydrogen energy storage systems are gaining increasing interest as they offer other benefits. ...
In this work, the Design and Operation of Integrated Technologies (DO-IT) framework is developed, a comprehensive tool to support short-and long-term technology investment and operation decisions for integrated energy generation, conversion and storage technologies in buildings. The novelty of this framework lies in two key aspects: firstly, it integrates essential open-source modelling tools covering energy end uses in buildings, technology performance and cost, and energy system design optimisation into a unified and easily-reproducible framework. Secondly, it introduces a novel optimisation tool with a concise and generic mathematical formulation capable of modelling multi-energy vector systems, capturing interdependencies between different energy vectors and technologies. The model formulation, which captures both short-and long-term energy storage, facilitates the identification of smart design and operation strategies with low computational cost. Different building energy demand and price scenarios are investigated and the economic and energy benefits of using a holistic multi-energy-vector approach are quantified. Technology combinations under consideration include: (i) a photovoltaic-electric heat pump-battery system, (ii) a photovoltaic-electric heat pump-battery-hot water cylinder system, (iii) a photovoltaic-electrolyser-hydrogen storage-fuel cell system, and (iv) a system with all above technology options. Using a university building as a case study, it is shown that the smart integration of electricity , heating, cooling and hydrogen generation and storage technologies results in a total system cost which is >25% lower than the scenario of only importing grid electricity and using a fuel oil boiler. The battery mitigates intra-day fluctuations in electricity demand, and the hot-water cylinder allows for efficiently managing heat demand with a small heat pump. In order to avoid PV curtailment, excess PV-generated electricity can also be stored in the form of green hydrogen, providing a long-term energy storage solution spanning days, weeks, or even seasons. Results are useful for end-users, investment decision makers and energy policy makers when selecting building-integrated low-carbon technologies and relevant policies.
... They enable effective storage of extra energy produced during peak output, which can be used during high demand or when renewable energy sources are not actively generating electricity [72]. ESS technologies can be categorized into mechanical energy storage (MES), mechanical energy storage (TES), chemical energy storage (CES), electro-chemical energy storage (ECES), electrical energy storage (EES), and hybrid ESS [73,74]. The further subclassification of ESS technologies is given in Figure 7 [73,75,76]. ...
... They enable effective storage of extra energy produced during peak output, which can be used during high demand or when renewable energy sources are not actively generating electricity [72]. ESS technologies can be categorized into mechanical energy storage (MES), mechanical energy storage (TES), chemical energy storage (CES), electro-chemical energy storage (ECES), electrical energy storage (EES), and hybrid ESS [73,74]. The further subclassification of ESS technologies is given in Figure 7 EES is one of the most promising options, while batteries are a more affordable choice in the current economic climate [77,78]. ...
The Renewable Energy Community (REC) in Europe promotes renewable energy sources (RESs), offering social, economic, and environmental benefits. This new entity could alter consumer energy relationships, requiring self-consumption, energy sharing, and full utilization of RESs. Modernizing energy systems within the REC requires addressing self-consumption, energy sharing, demand response, and energy management system initiatives. The paper discusses the role of decentralized energy systems, the scenarios of the REC concept and key aspects, and activities involving energy generation, energy consumption, energy storage systems, energy sharing, and EV technologies. Moreover, the present work highlights the research gap in the existing literature and the necessity of addressing the technological elements. It also highlights that there is no uniform architecture or model for the REC, like in the case of microgrids. Additionally, the present work emphasizes the role and importance of technological elements in RECs, suggesting future recommendations for EMS, DSM, data monitoring and analytics, communication systems, and the software or tools to ensure reliability, efficiency, economic, and environmental measures. The authors also highlight the crucial role of policymakers and relevant policies, which could help in implementing these technological elements and show the importance of the RECs for a sustainable energy shift and transition.
... Power Generation: Power generation involves converting various energy sources into electrical energy. It encompasses a range of technologies, including fossil fuel power plants, nuclear power plants, renewable energy sources (such as solar, wind, hydro, and geothermal), and emerging technologies like tidal and wave power [14]. Each technology has its own advantages and challenges in terms of cost, environmental impact, reliability, and scalability. ...
In the quest for sustainable and efficient energy utilization, the development of advanced power management systems (PMS) has become paramount in both electrical and control systems. This review paper explores the contemporary strategies and technologies employed in efficient power management, with a focus on optimizing energy usage, enhancing system reliability, and reducing operational costs. The study delves into various components of power management, including smart grids, renewable energy integration, demand-side management, and advanced control algorithms. Emphasis is placed on the role of intelligent systems and IoT in enabling real-time monitoring and adaptive control, which are critical for achieving energy efficiency. Furthermore, the review addresses the challenges and future prospects in the field, highlighting the need for innovative solutions to meet the growing energy demands while minimizing environmental impact. Through an extensive examination of recent advancements and case studies, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the efficient power management systems and their pivotal role in modern electrical and control systems.
... Primarily, water consumption is segmented into process and non-process activities. Floor and vessel washing, spray drying, etc. are included in non-process activities while process water consumption involves the required quantity of water in manufacturing of abovementioned chemicals (Luo et al., 2015;Ali et al., 2020). These operations result in the production of harmful wastewater, posing a major environmental risk (Alyafei, 2018). ...
... When formaldehyde molecules are concentrated with phenols and amino precursors, a substance known as a "syntan" is created. This substance has the potential to release formaldehyde into wastewater, which is carcinogenic (Mohan et al., 2008;Luo et al., 2015). When these untreated pollutants are released into the environment, they gravitate toward aquatic bodies, where they bioaccumulate in living tissues and multiply through food chains, endangering natural ecosystems (Rabiet et al., 2009). ...
The current study set out to assess and create long-term solutions for improving environmental performance concerning water use, wastewater production, and treatment at Syntan plant (glass-lined vessel unit) and application laboratory (small-scale leather retanning. Based on evaluations and analyses, best available techniques including water gauging, pressurized vessel washing, dedication of vessels to similar production, reuse techniques, developing commercial grade intermediate products from wash water, managing cooling water and developing reuse methods of reverse osmosis reject water were applied to reduce water consumption and effluent generation in process and non-process activities. Furthermore, the reduced effluent was subjected to treat using electrochemical processes, i.e., electrocoagulation and electro-Fenton, before it was drained to outside environment. As a result of the applications, 0%-100% change was measured in various process and non-process activities, whereas, 12.8%-100% reduction was measured in effluent. Soft cooling water consumption was reduced by 46.7%. The results of treated effluent parameters were compared and found the final removal efficiencies of total dissolved solids (51.4%), total suspended solids (99.2%), chemical oxygen demand (98.5%) and electric conductivity (67.7%). It is concluded that this study can be considered as a successful model to increased water efficiency in chemical industries, Furthermore, it could serve as a building block for the incorporation of cleaner and sustainable production approach into national agenda and to overcome stern issues of high-water and energy consumption and effluent management in different industries.
... The application of BESS in the electricity grid is becoming more widespread as it has the potential to transform the electricity grid by making it more reliable and sustainable. While different types of battery chemistries are demonstrated for grid energy storage, some of the most popular battery energy storage technologies in use today include lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), lead acid batteries, flow batteries, and high-temperature sodium batteries [1][2][3][4]. However, due to various challenges, such as high cost, safety issues (fire hazard), limited cycle life, high-temperature operation, and a large footprint, associated with current battery technologies [5,6], enormous efforts are still required for battery development and validation to further improve BESS. ...
... A typical Fe-Ni battery shown in Figure 1 consists of alkaline electrolytes (mainly a high-concentration potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, KOH), a nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH) cathode, and an Fe anode in the charged state [13]. During discharge, the Fe anode is oxidized to form iron hydroxide (Fe(OH) 2 ), and the NiOOH in the cathode is reduced to form nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH) 2 ). The reactions in the cathode and anode can be expressed as follows [7,14]: ...
... Cathode: 2NiOOH + 2H 2 O + 2e − ⇌ 2Ni(OH) 2 + 2(OH) − 0.52 V vs. SHE (2) Overall: to 60 °C [12]. This makes them suitable for deployment in a variety of environments, including hot and cold climates. ...
Iron–nickel (Fe-Ni) batteries are renowned for their durability and resilience against overcharging and operating temperatures. However, they encounter challenges in achieving widespread adoption for energy storage applications due to their low efficiency and the need for regular maintenance and electrolyte replacement, which adds to maintenance costs. This study evaluates and demonstrates the capabilities of Fe-Ni batteries for participating in grid energy storage applications. Stable performance was observed frequency regulation (FR) testing at 100% and 50% state of charge (SOC)s, while at 50% SOC, there was a 14% increase in efficiency compared to 100% SOC. Although 25% SOC achieved higher efficiency, limited cyclability was observed due to reaching the discharge cutoff voltage. Optimal SOC selection, battery monitoring, maintenance, and appropriate charging strategies of Fe-Ni batteries seem to be crucial for their FR applications. Fe-Ni batteries exhibit stable peak shaving (PS) results, indicating their suitability and reliability under various load conditions for PS testing. Extended cycling tests confirm their potential for long-term grid-scale energy storage, enhancing their appeal for PS and FR applications.
... The power flow equation of the power side branch and the node pressure of the natural gas pipeline in IEGES have square terms. The original model is a MINLP problem, which is difficult to solve with existing commercial solvers [22]. Therefore, the paper will use the SOCP method to transform the square term contained in the model into a first term, to facilitate the solution. ...
Under the double background of global energy crisis and environmental pollution, China vigorously develops renewable energy while accelerating the construction of energy Internet. Taking demand response into account, this paper proposes the optimal design of power-gas interconnection energy system and power metering, and establishes the optimization research model of IEGES (integrated electricity-gas energy system) with demand response. Firstly, the structure model of the electric-gas interconnection energy system with CHP (Cogeneration, combined heat and power) as the core is constructed, and the energy conversion relationship and different energy flow directions of the coupling equipment are expounded from three aspects. The natural gas source point, pipeline equation, power side branch equation, voltage and current equation are modeled and sorted out, and the square term in the equation is linearized by second-order cone programming method, and the mixed integer nonlinear programming problem is transformed into mixed integer linear programming problem. A single objective genetic algorithm with “elite strategy” was selected to solve the equipment capacity optimization problem of IEGES system with system economy as the optimization objective. After a long time of parameter combination attempts, the current population size is 30, the number of iterations is 600, the crossover rate is 0.8, and the heritability is 0.3. The above parameters can obtain better convergence results on the basis of considering the operation time. Finally, a stochastic optimization method of energy Internet considering integrated demand response and uncertainty of wind power is proposed, which aims to meet the energy demand of end users while minimizing the operating cost of the system. The comprehensive demand response strategy including internal and external demand response is considered in the model. Internal demand response is realized by adjusting the internal operation mode of EH, while external demand response is implemented by the end user’s active response, and the load is time-shifted or interrupted under the guidance of external signals.
... Energy recovery and recycling: in many production systems it is possible to reduce CO2 emissions by using "waste heat" for heating or energy production [12,13]. ...
The article discusses the growing importance of decarbonization of production systems in the foundry industry as a response to climate challenges and increasing requirements for sustainable development. The process of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in foundry production is caused by a number of reasons. Decarbonization of the foundry industry refers to actions aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions, especially carbon dioxide (CO2). Reducing carbon dioxide emissions is increasingly being considered as a key element of the strategy of both small and large foundries around the world. Foundry is one of the industries that generates significant amounts of carbon dioxide emissions due to the energy consumption in the process of melting and forming metals. There is virtually no manufacturing industry that does not use elements cast from iron, steel or non-ferrous metals, ranging from elements made of aluminum to zinc. The article presents various decarbonization strategies available to foundries, such as: the use of renewable energy, the use of more efficient melting technologies, or the implementation of low-energy technologies throughout the production process. Application examples from different parts of the world illustrate how these strategies are already being put into practice, as well as the potential obstacles and challenges to full decarbonization.
... Commonly, an IWEMG is powered by non-traditional renewable energy sources. The majority of these sources are intermittent, which presents a significant challenge in terms of power generation and load balance maintenance in order to ensure the stability and reliability of an electrical microgrid [37]. This intermittency necessitates robust solutions that can maintain consistent power and water supplies, highlighting the pivotal role of energy storage systems. ...
... Great efforts have been made to find viable solutions, such as electrical energy storage (EES), load switching via demand management, interconnection with external networks, and so on. EES has been identified as one of the most promising approaches among all possible solutions [37][38][39], providing a reliable buffer that enables the continuous operation of both power and water generation systems. A classification takes into account its primary energy source, so it is divided into five categories: electrical, mechanical, thermal, electrochemical, and magnetic [40]. ...
... In this case, the existence of the hydrogen reservoir offers the possibility of generating electricity when needed [39,45]. Pumped hydro storage power plants can be considered as energy-intensive ESSs that have been used in the power system for decades [37,[46][47][48]. The flywheel energy storage system, FESS, is an electromechanical ESS that stores electrical energy in mechanical form. ...
Isolated water and energy microgrids (IWEMGs) serve as vital solutions for enhancing the well-being of remote and rural communities, particularly in areas where water and energy resources are scarce. This has spurred research into the interdependence between the water and energy sectors (water–energy nexus), a field that has grown in response to technological advancements. Through a systematic optimization framework, this review critically evaluates the integration of various technologies within IWEMGs, encompassing infrastructure, management, and strategic planning, while considering economic and social impacts. IWEMGs incorporate diverse technologies for the infrastructure, management, and strategic planning of water and energy resources, integrating economic and social considerations to inform decisions that affect both immediate and long-term sustainability and reliability. This article presents an exhaustive review of the literature on IWEMG management, employing an approach that synthesizes existing studies to enhance the understanding of strategic IWEMG management and planning. It introduces a structured taxonomy for organizing research trends and tackling unresolved challenges within the field. Notably, the review identifies critical gaps, such as the lack of comprehensive data on water demand in isolated locations, and underscores the emerging role of game theory and machine learning in enriching IWEMG management frameworks. Ultimately, this review outlines essential indicators for forthcoming research, focusing on the optimization, management, and strategic planning of IWEMG resources and infrastructure, thereby setting a direction for future technological and methodological advancements in the field.
... For a comprehensive review of batteries and other electrical energy storage technologies, the reader is referred to the comprehensive review paper [111]. Considerable research has been carried out on rechargeable batteries due to their numerous applications in laptops, mobile phones, electric vehicles, and renewable energy storage, among others [112][113][114]. ...
... When the battery is charging, Li + ions are deintercalated from the cathode and flow through the electrolyte, and an equal number of lithium ions from the electrolyte are intercalated in the carbon anode. This process is reversed on discharge, with electron flow through an external circuit [111,116,117]. ...
Full- and reduced-order observers have been used in many engineering applications, particularly for energy systems. Applications of observers to energy systems are twofold: (1) the use of observed variables of dynamic systems for the purpose of feedback control and (2) the use of observers in their own right to observe (estimate) state variables of particular energy processes and systems. In addition to the classical Luenberger-type observers, we will review some papers on functional, fractional, and disturbance observers, as well as sliding-mode observers used for energy systems. Observers have been applied to energy systems in both continuous and discrete time domains and in both deterministic and stochastic problem formulations to observe (estimate) state variables over either finite or infinite time (steady-state) intervals. This overview paper will provide a detailed overview of observers used for linear and linearized mathematical models of energy systems and review the most important and most recent papers on the use of observers for nonlinear lumped (concentrated)-parameter systems. The emphasis will be on applications of observers to renewable energy systems, such as fuel cells, batteries, solar cells, and wind turbines. In addition, we will present recent research results on the use of observers for distributed-parameter systems and comment on their actual and potential applications in energy processes and systems. Due to the large number of papers that have been published on this topic, we will concentrate our attention mostly on papers published in high-quality journals in recent years, mostly in the past decade.
... Components that store energy can be utilized to perform a variety of purposes, namely network stability, frequency regulation, network operational support, voltage support, demand management, etc. [53], [64]. The ESS technology can be categorized into five distinct categories, depending on the types of energy that is being stored: such as mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, and thermal [65], [80]. This paper only focuses on three types i.e. mechanical, electrical, and electrochemical energy storage. ...
... In literatures [45], [72], [80] energy storage systems (ESS) are generally broadly categorized in terms of the forms of energy stored and their functions. Furthermore, the most widely used method for categorizing ESS is based on the form of energy stored. ...
... Furthermore, the most widely used method for categorizing ESS is based on the form of energy stored. Therefore, ESS can be categorized into five broad categories, namely mechanical, electrical, electrochemical, chemical, and thermal energy storage systems [65], [80] as shown in Figure 2. ...
Due to the increasing trend in worldwide energy consumption, many new energy technology systems have emerged in the past decades. The implementation of energy storage system (ESS) technology in energy harvesting systems is significant to achieve flexibility and reliability in fulfilling the load demands. In this paper, several types of energy storage technologies available in the market are discussed to view their benefits and drawbacks. The main aim of this review is to provide a platform for readers especially those who seek to know more about ESS at a glance, to decide which ESS technology is best suited for any specific applications. This review would serve as a base for the initial state to make the right decision by referring to the criterias and characteristics of energy resources to get the optimal ESS technology. A comprehensive comparison among the various types of ESS technologies is outlined and elaborated to provide a better and clearer picture to the readers. Last but not least, the relevant recommendations and alternative choices for services related to the harvesting of solar PV energy are described too. It is hoped that the findings of this review article may be helpful to all readers interested in ESS technology.
