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A proposed model for the dissemination and transmission of Staphylococcus saprophyticus in the community. The arrows represent the dissemination and transmission of S. saprophyticus isolates that belonged to lineage G (green) and lineage S (yellow). Lineage G S. saprophyticus strains are of animal origin and enter the slaughterhouse through production animals, such as pigs, persist on the equipment, and contaminate the meat in processing chain. Lineage G strains could enter the community through contaminated meat and workers colonized in the slaughterhouse. Lineage S strains most likely are of humans and primate origin and probably are disseminated by person-to-person contact within the community.
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus is a primary cause of community-acquired urinary tract infections (UTIs) in young women. S. saprophyticus colonizes humans and animals but basic features of its molecular epidemiology are undetermined. We conducted a phylogenomic analysis of 321 S. saprophyticus isolates collected from human UTIs worldwide during 1997-2...
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Citations
... The role of S. saprophyticus in bioremediation is not well-documented compared to its pathogenic aspects. It is primarily recognized as an etiologic agent of lower urinary tract infections [52]. Its virulence potential in causing UTIs is attributed to several factors. ...
Bioremediation of surfactants in water bodies holds significant ecological importance as they are contaminants of emerging concern posing substantial threats to the aquatic environment. Microbes exhibiting special ability in terms of bioremedia-tion of contaminants have always been reported to thrive in extraordinary environmental conditions that can be extreme in terms of temperature, lack of nutrients, and salinity. Therefore, in the present investigation, a total of 46 bacterial isolates were isolated from the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean and screened for degradation of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). Further, two Gram-positive psychrotolerant bacterial strains, ASOI-01 and ASOI-02 were identified with significant SDS degradation potential. These isolates were further studied for growth optimization under different environmental conditions. The strains were characterized as Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Bacillus pumilus based on morphological, biochemical, and molecular (16S RNA gene) characteristics. The study reports 88.9% and 93.4% degradation of SDS at a concentration of 100 mgL −1 , at 20 °C, and pH 7 by S. saprophyticus ASOI-01 and B. pumilus ASOI-02, respectively. The experiments were also conducted in wastewater samples where a slight reduction in degradation efficiency was observed with strains ASOI-01 and ASOI-02 exhibiting 76.83 and 64.93% degradation of SDS respectively. This study infers that these bacteria can be used for the bioremediation of anionic surfactants from water bodies and establishes the potential of extremophilic microbes for the utilization of sustainable wastewater management.
... These bacteria have widely been recognized as nonpathogenic commensal, with a limited number of documented cases associating them with diseases. In contrast, it is important to highlight that S. saprophyticus, which exhibits the most closely related evolutionary lineage to S. xylosus, possesses considerable significance as an opportunistic pathogen [68]. Specifically, S. saprophyticus contracted from contaminated food has long been implicated in urinary tract infections in young teenagers [68,69]. ...
... In contrast, it is important to highlight that S. saprophyticus, which exhibits the most closely related evolutionary lineage to S. xylosus, possesses considerable significance as an opportunistic pathogen [68]. Specifically, S. saprophyticus contracted from contaminated food has long been implicated in urinary tract infections in young teenagers [68,69]. Moreover, M. lentus and M. sciuri are considered etiological agents of exudative epidermitis with zoonotic potentials [70]. ...
Methicillin resistance, mediated by the mecA gene in staphylococci and mammaliicocci, has caused tremendous setbacks in the use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine due to its high potential of presenting the multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype. Three other mec analogs exist, of which the mecC has evolutionary been associated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in wild animals, thus loosely referred to as the wild MRSA. In this study, we present an epidemiological review and genomic analysis of non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci that carry the mecC-mediated methicillin resistance trait determine whether this trait has any relevant link with the One Health niches. All previous studies (2007 till 2023) that described the mecC gene in non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci were obtained from bibliometric databases, reviewed, and systematically analyzed to obtain the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence determinants, mobilome, and other genetic contents. Moreover, core genome single-nucleotide polymorphism analysis was used to assess the relatedness of these strains. Of the 533 articles analyzed, only 16 studies (on livestock, environmental samples, milk bulk tanks, and wild animals) were eligible for inclusion, of which 17 genomes from 6 studies were used for various in silico genetic analyses. Findings from this systematic review show that all mecC-carrying non-aureus staphylococci were resistant to only beta-lactam antibiotics and associated with the classical SCCmec XI of S. aureus LGA251. Similarly, two studies on wild animals reported mecC-carrying Mammaliicoccus stepanovicii associated with SCCmec XI. Nevertheless, most of the mecC-carrying Mammaliicoccus species presented an MDR phenotype (including linezolid) and carried the SCCmec-mecC hybrid associated with mecA. The phylogenetic analysis of the 17 genomes revealed close relatedness (<20 SNPs) and potential transmission of M. sciuri and M. lentus strains in livestock farms in Algeria, Tunisia, and Brazil. Furthermore, closely related M. sciuri strains from Austria, Brazil, and Tunisia (<40 SNPs) were identified. This systematic review enhances our comprehension of the epidemiology and genetic organization of mecC within the non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci. It could be hypothesized that the mecC-carrying non-aureus staphylococci are evolutionarily related to the wild MRSA-mecC. The potential implications of clonal development of a lineage of mecA/mecC carrying strains across multiple dairy farms in a vast geographical region with the dissemination of MDR phenotype is envisaged. It was observed that most mecC-carrying non-aureus staphylococci and mammaliicocci were reported in mastitis cases. Therefore, veterinarians and veterinary microbiology laboratories must remain vigilant regarding the potential existence of mecA/mecC strains originating from mastitis as a potential niche for this resistance trait.
... From the genomic data of 321 human UTI isolates collected from eight countries in four continents during 1997-2017, two lineages, G and S, with distinctive evolutionary histories, were identified, enriched in different sets of genes, and both disseminated geographically. The high relatedness of the UTI isolates from different patients in the same country and in different countries led to the hypothesis that these could belong to a cross-border chain of transmission through a food source [81]. ...
... The genes that seemed to be associated with an increased pathogenic potential of S. saprophyticus were those encoding a SplE-like protein and a gene cluster encoding a complete accessory secretory system associated with a serine-rich adhesion similar to SraP. In addition, the genes encoding resistance to the antimicrobial drugs trimethoprim (dfrG), lincosamide (lnuA), streptogramin B (erm44v), or macrolides (mphC-msrA) were also associated with the strains from human infections [81]. ...
This narrative review was aimed at identifying the opportunistic bacterial pathogens that can be transmitted by contaminated food and represent a current threat for patients particularly susceptible to infections because of underlying conditions or predisposing factors. The analysis was focused on recent case or outbreak reports and systematic reviews published in the years 2019 to 2023 and resulted in sorting 24 bacterial groups comprising the genera or species able to cause a variety of systemic or invasive infections if ingested with food or drinking water. These included both bacteria known to cause mild infections in immunocompetent persons and bacteria considered to be innocuous, which are used in food fermentation or as probiotics. No recent cases of infections transmitted through dietary routes were reported for the critical nosocomial pathogens widely found in food products, primarily Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, the very first sources of their introduction into the clinical environment still need to be established. In many instances, risky dietary habits, such as eating raw fish, seafood, raw meat, unpasteurized milk, and their derived products or the lack of control in fermentation processes, has led to the reported illnesses, pointing out the necessity to improve the hygiene of production and consumer awareness of the risks.
... Ampicillin: blaPSE-1 Gentamicin: ant (2 )-Ia Sulfamethoxazole: sul1 Tetracycline: tetA, tetB, tetG and marRAB [104] The microbiota of meat and meat products includes not only foodborne pathogens but also spoilage and technological microorganisms, which may all be responsible for farm-to-fork transmission of AMR [4,83]. For example, technological microbiota like coagulase-negative staphylococci can harbour antimicrobial resistance genes by acquiring them from other bacterial genera, normally pathogenic bacteria through horizontal gene transfer [105,106]. ...
... Additionally, there are studies that confirm the hypothesis of foodborne bacteria transferring antimicrobial resistance genes to the human gut microbiota [89,90,[106][107][108][109]. Cao et al. (2022) worked with samples from 21 volunteers and pig and poultry carcasses and detected the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes (AMRGs) both in humans and food animals, conferring resistance to several antimicrobial classes: vancomycin, tetracycline and macrolides [90]. ...
... These authors compared isolates from different sources and suggested the dissemination of MRSA from the pig production chain to humans. Lawal et al. (2021) evaluated Staphylococcus saprophyticus from human and slaughterhouse samples (equipment, pork meat, workers' hands, and pigs' rectum) [106]. The authors found AMRGs conferring resistance mainly to biocides (qaac) and trimethoprim (dfrG), both in foodborne and human isolates. ...
According to the 2030 Agenda of the United Nations, one of the sustainable development goals is to ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns. The need to ensure food safety includes, other than microbiological hazards, concerns with antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. The emergence of resistant bacteria in the food industry is essentially due to the abusive, and sometimes incorrect, administration of antimicrobials. Although not allowed in Europe, antimicrobials are often administered to promote animal growth. Each time antimicrobials are used, a selective pressure is applied to AMR bacteria. Moreover, AMR genes can be transmitted to humans through the consumption of meat-harbouring-resistant bacteria, which highlights the One Health dimension of antimicrobial resistance. Furthermore, the appropriate use of antimicrobials to ensure efficacy and the best possible outcome for the treatment of infections is regulated through the recommendations of antimicrobial stewardship. The present manuscript aims to give the current state of the art about the transmission of AMR bacteria, particularly methicillin-resistant S. aureus, ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., along with other ESKAPE bacteria, from animals to humans through the consumption of meat and meat products, with emphasis on pork meat and pork meat products, which are considered the most consumed worldwide.
... are more frequent platelet contaminants, those bacteria are often identified as S. epidermidis and not S. saprophyticus (6,18). S. saprophyticus commonly colonizes the human urogenital tract and is a leading cause of urinary tract infections but is not typically implicated in transfusion-transmitted sepsis (27). ...
... Both ACBC and S. saprophyticus have been shown to contaminate the environment and can form biofilms (27)(28)(29), although synergistic growth enhancement between ACBC and S. saprophyticus has not been observed (30). Effective pathogen reduction was demonstrated in platelet components inoculated with implicated strains of ACBC and S. saprophyticus, but that finding might not reflect real-world conditions in clinical practice during this investigation (14,15). ...
During May 2018‒December 2022, we reviewed transfusion-transmitted sepsis cases in the United States attributable to polymicrobial contaminated apheresis platelet components, including Acinetobacter calcoaceticus‒baumannii complex or Staphylococcus saprophyticus isolated from patients and components. Transfused platelet components underwent bacterial risk control strategies (primary culture, pathogen reduction or primary culture, and secondary rapid test) before transfusion. Environmental samples were collected from a platelet collection set manufacturing facility. Seven sepsis cases from 6 platelet donations from 6 different donors were identified in patients from 6 states; 3 patients died. Cultures identified Acinetobacter calcoaceticus‒baumannii complex in 6 patients and 6 transfused platelets, S. saprophyticus in 4 patients and 4 transfused platelets. Whole-genome sequencing showed environmental isolates from the manufacturer were closely related genetically to patient and platelet isolates, indicating the manufacturer was the most probable source of recurrent polymicrobial contamination. Clinicians should maintain awareness of possible transfusion-transmitted sepsis even when using bacterial risk control strategies.
... Данный микроорганизм является частым возбуди телем неосложненной инфекции мочевыводящих путей [19]. Среди представителей Staphylococcus он занимает второе место по частоте выделения у пациентов с ин фекцией мочевыделительной системы [16,17]. ...
Objective. To review the key principles and functionality of AMRexpert online platform. Materials and Methods. The information part of the platform is comprised of rules based on the EUCAST recommendations and various standards for interpreting the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST, CLSI versions 2020-2022). The technical part of the platform was developed using C# programming language, Angular and Bootstrap frameworks. AST results of Serratia marcescens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus faecium specific isolates were analyzed for practical testing of the platform using EUCAST v.12.0, 2022 interpretation criteria. Results. The developed platform for the evaluation of microbiological reports includes a wide list of expert rules, various standards for the interpretation of the AST results. Consistent data input, the ability to switch forms between several microorganisms, and the presentation of evaluation results in the form of blocks allows all necessary information to be structured. Practical use of the platform is available for various infectious pathogens. Fast and efficient interaction between users is provided by different options for sharing and saving the results. Conclusions. The web-based application evaluates microbiological reports in a comprehensive approach, with the ability to apply the results later to prescribe antimicrobial therapy. The platform for the interpretation, verification and validation of the AST results – AMRexpert can be accessed at https://amrexpert.ru.
... There is currently no research discussing its antibiotic resistance ability Zell et al. (2008) S. saprophyticus Frequently colonizes humans and animals, it is related to urinary tract infections, acute pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis and patients in UTI with endocarditis Nalidixic acid and novobiocin Lawal et al. (2021) and Watanabe et al. (2022) S. sciuri Resistance to novobiocin, β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols, trimethoprim and fusidic acid Endocarditis, peritonitis, septic shock, urinary tract infection, endophthalmitis and pelvic inflammatory disease Nemeghaire et al. (2014) and Al-Hayawi (2022) S. warneri Rare cases of human disease, but reported in infections of prostheses and endovascular catheters and sepsis This verification is reinforced by the fact of detection of a strain of S. haemolyticus carrying mecA gene, and, moreover, to be resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus haemolyticus, MRSH). These results bring us to the crux of the matter, the complexity of keeping drinking water safe, even meeting the established standards. ...
The presence of opportunistic bacteria such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) in drinking water poses public health concerns because of its potential to cause human infection and due to its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) diversity. This study evaluated the occurrence, virulence markers and AMR of CoNS in 468 drinking water samples from 15 public fountains located in four urban parks of São Paulo city (Brazil). Out of 104 samples positive for the presence of Staphylococcus genus, we detected CoNS in 75 of them (16%), which did not meet the Brazilian sanitary standards for residual chlorine. All isolates were of concern to public health for being responsible for infection in humans from low to high severity, nine of them are considered the most of concern due to 63.6% being multiresistant to antimicrobials. The results demonstrated that CoNS in drinking water must not be neglected. It is concluded that the presence of resistant staphylococci in drinking water is a potential health risk, which urges feasible and quick control measures to protect human health, especially in crowded public places.
... Nalidixic acid and novobiocin Lawal et al. (2021) and Watanabe et al. (2022) S. sciuri Resistance to novobiocin, β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides and aminocyclitols, trimethoprim and fusidic acid. ...
The presence of opportunistic bacteria such as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) in drinking water poses public health concerns because of its potential to cause human infection and due to its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) diversity. This study evaluated the occurrence, virulence markers and AMR of CoNS in 468 drinking water samples from 15 public fountains located in four urban parks of São Paulo city (Brazil). Out of 104 samples positive for the presence of Staphylococcus genus, we detected CoNS in 75 of them (16%), which did not meet the Brazilian sanitary standards for residual chlorine. All isolates were of concern to public health for being responsible for infection in humans from low to high severity, nine of them are considered the most of concern due to 63.6% being multiresistant to antimicrobials. The results demonstrated that CoNS in drinking water must not be neglected. It is concluded that the presence of resistant staphylococci in drinking water is a potential health risk, which urges feasible and quick control measures to protect human health, especially in crowded public places.
HIGHLIGHTS
Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) was detected in chlorinated drinking water.;
High diversity of CoNs was found in drinking water.;
Ten species of CoNS and 25 phylogenetic variations were identified.;
High frequency of antibiotic-resistant CoNs was observed.;
A strain of S. haemolyticus carrying mecA gene and resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin (MRSH) was identified.;
... In spite of greater successful treatment, UTI caused by S. saprophyticus has higher recurrent infection frequency compared to Escherichia coli. Acute pyelonephritis, nephrolithiasis and endocarditis are some of rare complications of S. saprophyticus UTI [41]. S. saprophyticus had been isolated from Brazilian minas cheese, one of the most popular cheese in the country. ...
Acaudina molpadioides or locally known as ‘beronok’ is a high valued sea cucumber that is widely distributed in the muddy shores in the west coast Peninsular Malaysia and being consumed by the local people as traditional healthy delicacies. They are made into dishes and are usually consumed raw as ‘kerabu’. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterise the bacteria and fungus from the intestine of A. molpadioides using standard method for biochemical tests, safety assessments and molecular identification. A total of 100 samples were obtained randomly from Pulau Langkawi, Malaysia and 1642 isolates were obtained from the intestine. Biochemical tests, safety evaluation and molecular identification were performed. Six strains (AM8h, AM47e, AM59a, AM67d, AM80d, and AM84d1) were selected for characterisation as they showed distinct morphology and from the biochemical tests. Further molecular identification showed the strains were identified as Priestia megaterium, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum, Bacillus tropicus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Bacillus cereus, and Yarrowia lipolytica (GenBank accession number: MZ947169, MZ934727, MZ947170, MZ934728, MZ934726, and MZ956769). The results indicated that both bacteria and fungus were presence in the intestine of A. molpadioides, hence there is a need for adequate measures in consuming this sea cucumber raw.
... Staphylococcus saprophyticus (S. saprophyticus) is a gram-positive, coagulase-negative, and nonhaemolytic coccus that is present in the normal human gut ora (Ehlers and Merrill 2022). S. saprophyticus is frequently isolated from food such as beef, pork, and water; therefore, they are considered the primary source of S. saprophyticus infection in humans and animals (Lawal et al. 2021). S. saprophyticus is an opportunistic pathogen that infects when the host is immunocompromised (Nagy et al. 1993; Ehlers and Merrill 2022) and/or during seasonal changes (Kline and Lewis 2016). ...
Two six-banded armadillos ( Euphractus sexcinctus ) suddenly died in a zoo of Nanjing, Jiangsu province, China, after exhibiting weak breath, high temperature, and nasal bleeding. Autopsy revealed dark brown appearance and enlargement of the visceral organs and several granular white necrotic foci in the spleen and liver of the two armadillos. Histological analysis revealed serious congestion, haemorrhage, and multiple necrotic foci in the spleen and liver; lungs exhibited congestion. Moreover, the bacterium suspected to be responsible for the death of the armadillos was observed in the spleen and lung tissue samples. Several gram-positive cocci were observed in the contacting smears of liver tissue samples. Biochemical analysis revealed that the isolated bacterium was Staphylococcus saprophyticus and was designated as S.S NH2021; 16S rRNA and gap gene sequencing of the isolate provided similar findings. Strain S.S NH2021 was resistant only against penicillin. Moreover, the mice challenged with high load of the isolated bacterium died and exhibited histopathological changes similar to those observed in the armadillos. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on S. saprophyticus infection in armadillos. This study provides a reference for breeding and management of six-banded armadillos in zoos.
