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A possible interpretation of the peak of V CPD in the BDR of TBH 2 Pc/PTCBI/ITO due to the lateral charge transfer from H 2 Pc to PTCBI
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Generally, p-n junction-based solar energy conversion has the disadvantage of a loss in potential gain in comparison with the photon energy. In this study, we found a more positive potential for a lateral domain interface of p-n junction than for a conventional p-n junction. A terrace bilayer (TB) p-n junction of phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc) and 3,4,9,1...
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... for the SKPM measurement, a source of error was the sample-tip probe capacitance due to the geometrical effect of the tip apex 54 . The tip dependence was within the error for the sample above, as shown in Figure S5, where a sample was mea- sured using two different tips of the cantilever. However, the sample dependence of V CPD was larger than the tip dependence, as shown in Figure S6, for the same type of sample series. ...
Context 2
... is that the V CPD peak originates from the localization of positive charges due to the lateral component of the p-n junction, where the charge transfer occurs not only in the substrate's normal direction but also in the lateral direc- tion. As a result of such a lateral polarization, a positive peak might occur in the BDR, as shown in Fig. ...
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Contact electrification (CE) (or triboelectrification) is a well‐known phenomenon, and the identity of the charge carriers and their transfer mechanism have been discussed for decades. Recently, the species of transferred charges in the CE between a metal and a ceramic was revealed as electron transfer and its subsequent release is dominated by the...
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... A material with a low WF value (a high V CPD value) will donate electrons to a higher WF value (a low V CPD value) caused by the Fermi level alignment. 40 The KFPM measurement was implemented by using a Pt type of cantilever tip (work function of Pt = 5.0 eV) and setting up the ITO surface to be connected to the electrical ground. The cantilever tip was set to 50 nm above the sample. ...
... Hence, the holes from the BiVO 4 enter the solution to complete the oxidation reaction as well as the electrons from the BiVO 4 migrate to the cathode achieve the reduction reactions, respectively. Compared with a conventional heterojunction, masses of ultra-micro p-n heterojunction electrodes and porous structures formed on the BDD, which significantly promotes its charge transport efficiency [4,54]. The M30 shows the best PEC performance indicates that an optimized parameter for obtaining the ultra-micro p-n heterojunction is needed. ...
... The M30 shows the best PEC performance indicates that an optimized parameter for obtaining the ultra-micro p-n heterojunction is needed. The poor PEC activity for the M75 and M60 is explained as there is no ultra-micro p-n Compared with a conventional heterojunction, masses of ultra-micro p-n heterojunction electrodes and porous structures formed on the BDD, which significantly promotes its charge transport efficiency [4,54]. The M30 shows the best PEC performance indicates that an optimized parameter for obtaining the ultra-micro p-n heterojunction is needed. ...
Constructing heterojunction is an attractive strategy for promoting photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance in water splitting and organic pollutant degradation. Herein, a novel porous BiVO4/Boron-doped Diamond (BiVO4/BDD) heterojunction photoanode containing masses of ultra-micro electrodes was successfully fabricated with an n-type BiVO4 film coated on a p-type BDD substrate by magnetron sputtering (MS). The surface structures of BiVO4 could be adjusted by changing the duration of deposition (Td). The morphologies, phase structures, electronic structures, and chemical compositions of the photoanodes were systematically characterized and analyzed. The best PEC activity with the highest current density of 1.8 mA/cm2 at 1.23 VRHE was achieved when Td was 30 min, and the sample showed the highest degradation efficiency towards tetracycline hydrochloride degradation (TCH) as well. The enhanced PEC performance was ascribed to the excellent charge transport efficiency as well as a lower carrier recombination rate, which benefited from the formation of BiVO4/BDD ultra-micro p-n heterojunction photoelectrodes and the porous structures of BiVO4. These novel photoanodes were expected to be employed in the practical PEC applications of energy regeneration and environmental management in the future.
... For example, one of the first applications of the SAW device on live-cell studies was cell seeding, where the frequency of SAW was set at approximately several 10 MHz sufficient to move a drop of cell suspension toward the artificial scaffold. The SAW device has also been utilised to manipulate and sort cells using a wave ranging from 10 to 100 MHz, and producing an acoustic wave wavelength of 15 to 150 µm of water to manipulate cells within 20 to 100 µm in diameter [107]. This frequency range is sufficient to trap cells in the microfluidic, considering the attenuation of SAW occurred through different media, such as glass, PDMS, and liquid. ...
Acoustics have a wide range of uses, from noise-cancelling to ultrasonic imaging. There has been a surge in interest in developing acoustic-based approaches for biological and biomedical applications in the last decade. This review focused on the application of surface acoustic waves (SAW) based on interdigital transducers (IDT) for live-cell investigations, such as cell manipulation, cell separation, cell seeding, cell migration, cell characteristics, and cell behaviours. The approach is also known as acoustofluidic, because the SAW device is coupled with a microfluidic system that contains live cells. This article provides an overview of several forms of IDT of SAW devices on recently used cells. Conclusively, a brief viewpoint and overview of the future application of SAW techniques in live-cell investigations were presented.
... The utilization of longer wavelength reaching to near-infrared is also attractive to utilize the sunlight [48,199]. Very recently, lateral charge separation to the substrate direction was discovered for step shape electrode using Kelvin probe force microscopy [200]. It is noteworthy that phthalocyanine has another role as a catalyst. ...
Visible-light-driven photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photocatalytic water splitting systems featuring heterogeneous semiconductor photocatalysts (oxynitrides, oxysulfides, organophotocatalysts) signify an environmentally friendly and promising approach for the manufacturing of renewable hydrogen fuel. Semiconducting electrode materials as the main constituents in the PEC water splitting system have substantial effects on the device’s solar-to-hydrogen (STH) conversion efficiency. Given the complication of the photocatalysis and photoelectrolysis methods, it is indispensable to include the different electrocatalytic materials for advancing visible-light-driven water splitting, considered a difficult challenge. Heterogeneous semiconductor-based materials with narrower bandgaps (2.5 to 1.9 eV), equivalent to the theoretical STH efficiencies ranging from 9.3% to 20.9%, are recognized as new types of photoabsorbents to engage as photoelectrodes for PEC water oxidation and have fascinated much consideration. Herein, we spotlight mainly on heterogenous semiconductor-based photoanode materials for PEC water splitting. Different heterogeneous photocatalysts based materials are emphasized in different groups, such as oxynitrides, oxysulfides, and organic solids. Lastly, the design approach and future developments regarding heterogeneous photocatalysts oxide electrodes for PEC applications and photocatalytic applications are also discussed.
Since the 1960s, poly(benzobisimidazobenzophenathrolinedione) (BBL) has been the only n-type ladder-type conjugated polymer (LCP) that is utilized in thin film electronic devices. Its high electrochemical and thermal stabilities make it a promising candidate for organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) and thermoelectrics (OTEs) applications. Here we report the synthesis and characterization of a new π-extended poly(benzimidazoanthradiisoquinolinedione) (BAL). The tetrachlorinated BAL (Cl4-BAL) is fully soluble in methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and can be spin-coated into good quality thin films, enabling the fabrication and characterization of OTEs. Doping of Cl4-BAL films using our in-house benzyl viologen radical cation (BV●+) n-dopant shows better electrical air-stability as compared to BBL due to its very low LUMO value (-4.83 eV), making it a promising material toward air-stable n-doped conducting polymers.
Heterojunctions are especially attractive for photo‐electrocatalytic applications if both high‐performance photo and electrocatalysts are employed for their construction. Herein, a p–n heterojunction is synthesized using uniform patterns of p‐type boron doped diamond (BDD) and an n‐type anatase TiO2 film. The exposure ratios of the BDD patterns are varied to tune the photo‐electrocatalytic abilities of this heterojunction. A heterojunction with a BDD exposure ratio of 20% exhibits a photocurrent density of 0.63 mA cm⁻², which is 2.86‐fold higher than that obtained on a BDD film and 1.91‐fold higher than that obtained on a TiO2 film coated on a BDD film. It completely degrades methyl orange within 4 h, following the application of a 2.5 V bias potential, while the degradation efficiency on the BDD film and the TiO2 film is 56% and 45%, respectively. As confirmed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy, an accelerated production rate of •OH radicals is realized on this heterojunction. It originates from a synergistic effect between the BDD patterns that act as an ultra‐microelectrode array with a TiO2/BDD p–n heterojunction as well as facilitated charge separation in a lateral direction. This TiO2/BDD patterned heterojunction is thus promising as a new photo‐electrocatalyst for various catalytic applications.
Photoelectrochemical oxidation of thiols was enhanced with a threshold potential of −0.35 V vs. Ag/AgCl by a ZnPc/PCBM:P3HT/ZnO electode, which was prepared by removing the PEDOT:PSS/Au electrode of an inverted OPV device and coating it with ZnPc.
